Suchergebnisse

Problems arising from the insolvency (bankruptcy) procedures of a unitary undertaking are currently very relevant, since, in the context of competition relations, the redistribution of ownership may also take place outside the framework of privatization legislation. This article is dedicated to the analysis of both theoretical and practical problems of the competitiveness of a unitary company. The authors of the paper point out that the lack of a special term for the designation of unitary enterprises on the right to economic management is one of the systemic shortcomings of Russian doctrine of civil law. The study methodology includes a group of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction), as well as a group of special methods: analysis of the content of scientific literature and analysis of the regulatory framework. It is concluded that Russian law should create a legal model that excludes the operation of non-proprietary entities alongside legal conditions that prevent abuse of their competitive status, both by the arbitration administrator and by the public legal entity that owns the debtor unitary enterprise.

El Area de Libre Comercio de las Americas (ALCA) tiene como objetivo unir en un solo mercado a las 34 economias del hemisferio. Las negociaciones deberan concluir en el ano 2005. Sin embargo, el ano 2000 es crucial dado que los temas a ser negociados seran fijados en la "agenda de negociacion". Inicialmente se establecieron doce grupos de trabajo y luego fueron transformados en nueve grupos de negociacion. Uno de estos se dedica a politicas de competencia, y probablemente sus resultados tendran los efectos mas duraderos en cuanto el control de las practicas de las empresas entre las economias del ALCA. En este trabajo se discute la razon por la cual se incluye en las negociaciones el tema de las politicas de competencia. (Apuntes/DÜI)

The objective of the investigation is to analyze the constituent elements of vertical agreements prohibited by Iran's competition law, in accordance with Chapter IX of the Law on the Implementation of General Policies and in accordance with Article 44 of the Constitution and, as set out in European Union competition law, Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. By vertical agreements it can be said that one of the types of agreements is wanted in the competition law. Any reference between natural or legal persons in the longitudinal direction (whether top to bottom or bottom up) that is not close to the consumer's interest is agreed. These agreements may include free clauses that are not compatible with the objectives of competition law. Methodologically, this is a documentary research close to comparative and legal hermeneutics. It is concluded that, to prohibit vertical agreements, they need to have the anti-competitive object or effect and also have a tangible impact on the closure of competition on the market.

The purpose of the research is devoted to the criminological description and explanation of the state of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions in Ukraine. A reading of the high level of latency of crimes according to article 369-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, evidence that it is at least 99% of its real level. The structure of match manipulation was revealed and analyzed according to the type of sport, the method of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions, as well as the subjects of bribery. The characteristic of the corresponding structural units is given. Methodologically, the basis of the research is the dialectical method that serves to interpret social and legal phenomena through documentary sources. It is concluded that the most intense criminal match-fixing is practiced in sports such as football, futsal, basketball, and volleyball. Among the ways to encourage athletes to commit illegal acts, bribery predominates (75%). At about the same level in terms of prevalence with small fluctuations in specific weight are structurally found ways to influence athletes such as incitement (10%) and conspiracy (8%).

In decentralized countries, national parties have both regional and national interests. We should therefore expect variation in national parties' policy positions on centre-periphery issues at the regional level. In order to test this hypothesis empirically, we content-analyze the regional-level manifestos of the two main national parties in Spain. We use a novel methodology that estimates national parties' policy positions along the centre-periphery dimension of competition. This methodology is an adaptation of the Comparative Manifestos Project national codification scheme to the regional electoral level. We show that the policy positions of national parties in Spain diverge between regions and that one of the main factors that accounts for this divergence is whether national parties have to compete for votes with regional parties. Adapted from the source document.

After several decades of nil political competition, Mexican political system began a process of increasing competition since late 1980. There are several theories that try to explain such phenomenon. Particularly, we present some evidence about the positive role of education on Mexico's political competition. Our results indicate that across Mexican states political competition is positively dependent on higher education. Furthermore, in light of current theories, we argue that education is a necessary condition for the former. Adapted from the source document.

Is party identification a stable characteristic of the Mexican electorate? Do Mexicans reflect their identity as a consistent & determinant element of electoral choice? What contextual factors account for the party identification patterns observed in the 2000 & 2006 elections? This article analyzes the stability of party identification confronted with contextual factors on the last presidential elections. The basic assumption of this argument is that individuals are influenced by the issues in which an electoral competition is defined. Thus, an important component of party identification occurs points out that the dimensions of the electoral competition influence the definition of party id. The idea of political "change" and, to a lesser degree, the ideological continuum "left-right" played an important role in identification with the two main parties: the PRI-PAN conflict in 2000, & the competition between PAN & PRD in 2006. Adapted from the source document.