Suchergebnisse

LEPII working note; NT4/2008 the EU's gas security issues, in particular following Russia's disentanglement with Ukraine, have emerged as one of the major issues of its energy policy. Faced with Europe's traditional suppliers, Algeria and Russia, the Caspian countries born from the collapse of the Soviet Union are currently potential sources of diversification due to the large gas reserves. However, their realisation remains closely conditioned by the realisation of a number of export routes. The latter are the challenge of fierce competition with Russia, which aims to promote its own export routes. From this point of view, agreements between Russia and China with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan could redesign the gas map of the area and make it more difficult to supply Europe from Caspian. ; Note de travail du LEPII ; NT4/2008 Les questions de sécurité gazière de l'UE, notamment suite aux démêlés de la Russie avec l'Ukraine, émergent comme une des questions majeures de sa politique énergétique. Face aux fournisseurs traditionnels de l'Europe que sont l'Algérie et la Russie, les pays de la Caspienne nés de l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, sont aujourd'hui des sources potentielles de diversification en raison de l'importance de leurs réserves gazières. Leur concrétisation reste cependant étroitement conditionnée par la réalisation d'un certain nombre de voies d'exportation. Ces dernières sont l'enjeu d'une concurrence exacerbée avec la Russie qui entend promouvoir ses propres logiques en matière de routes d'exportation. De ce point de vue, les accords passés entre d'un coté la Russie et de l'autre la Chine avec le Kazakhstan et le Turkménistan pourraient redessiner la carte gazière de la zone et rendre plus difficile l'approvisionnement de l'Europe à partir de la Caspienne.

The aim of this paper is to present an empirical analytical framework to address the actions of the decision-making body in the shaping of the foreign policy agenda, including a case study on its participation in the design of the Argentine foreign policy agenda between December 1999 and May 2003. In order to do this, a number of methodological approaches have been brought together in a complementary way, including qualitative and quantitative data from different sources (files, observation, interviews). The study illustrates that the issues which form part of Argentina's public agenda on foreign policy mainly depend on the ability of political actors to achieve cooperative outcomes and to ensure that these are enforced in time. ; El objetivo del artículo es presentar un esquema analítico de base empírica a partir del cual sea posible abordar el accionar del cuerpo decisional legislativo en la conformación de la agenda de política exterior, tomando como caso de estudio la participación de este en el diseño de la agenda de política exterior argentina entre diciembre de 1999 y mayo de 2003. Para ello, se articularon enfoques metodológicos a partir de lo que se conoce como complementación, esto es, la complementación de datos de distinta naturaleza (cualitativos-cuantitativos) y de distintas fuentes (archivos, observación, entrevistas). El trabajo permite concluir que los temas que forman parte de la agenda pública de política exterior argentina dependen fundamentalmente de la habilidad de los actores políticos para lograr resultados cooperativos y hacerlos cumplir en el tiempo. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

We propose a Kronecker product model for correlation or covariance matrices in the large dimensional case. The number of parameters of the model increases logarithmically with the dimension of the matrix. We propose a minimum distance (MD) estimator based on a log-linear property of the model, as well as a one-step estimator, which is a one-step approximation to the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE). We establish rates of convergence and central limit theorems (CLT) for our estimators in the large dimensional case. A specification test and tools for Kronecker product model selection and inference are provided. In a Monte Carlo study where a Kronecker product model is correctly specified, our estimators exhibit superior performance. In an empirical application to portfolio choice for S&P500 daily returns, we demonstrate that certain Kronecker product models are good approximations to the general covariance matrix.

2319 2328 27 ; S ; [EN] The design of bending-active structures is a challenging problem, due to the high non-linearity of the activation process, the coupling between member sizing, structural shape and the deformability and buckling sensitivity inherent in the resulting lightweight configurations. Due to the large number of form-finding variables, the choice of member sizing is one of the main difficulties at the conceptual phase. In this paper, authors propose a design tool to generate efficient structural configurations for braced bending-active tied arches using multi objective optimization strategies. Initially, a non-linear FE analysis is performed for each plausible configuration and at each generation of the optimization algorithm. In a second step, a genetic algorithm classifies the solutions and establishes new structural configurations according to best performance. Solutions are evaluated in terms of stresses in the active member and cables, and maximum deflections, as required by design codes for pedestrian bridges. Results are given in terms of non-dimensional parameters, in order to make them applicable to a wide variety of scales The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grant BIA2015-69330-P (MINECO), the European Union programme through grant ERASMUS Traineeships 2017 - E+ and the support from CALTER Ingenieria and SOFiSTiK AG for providing a software license Bessini, J.; Shepherd, P.; Monleón Cremades, S.; Lazaro, C. (2020). Design of bending-active tied arches by using a multi-objective optimization method. Structures. 27:2319-2328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.045

Summary: In parallel with the expansion of the communist movement, a number of dissident currents emerged, which led to swimming in the community, both nationally and internationally. One of the most notable breaks was the separation of trotskism, where various aspects and groups were covered, heterogeneous in ideological and political terms. Because of its historical importance, in Chile the greatest dissent in the communist movement was hidal. This course, after several attempts to demonstrate its loyalty to Komintern, was welcomed by international trotskism, which, while reluctant about its possible inconsistency in doctrine, saw the possibility of forming a strong and potentially hegemonic party in that country. Relations of left-wing communist people with the International Secretariat, they highlight Chileans' ambiguous stance towards the formation of the International IV and their perseverance in taking political decisions that are independent of both international organisations. ; Resumen: A la par de la expansión del movimiento comunista, en su seno aparecieron diversas corrientes disidentes, que llegaron a provocar cismas en su seno, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Una de las rupturas más notables fue la separación del trotskismo, corriente donde tuvieron cabida diversas vertientes y grupos, heterogéneos en lo ideológico y político. Por su importancia histórica, en Chile la mayor disidencia en el movimiento comunista fue el hidalguismo. Esta corriente, después de varias tentativas de demostrar su lealtad a la Komintern, fue acogida por el trotskismo internacional que, aunque receloso de su eventual inconsistencia doctrinaria, vio en el hidalguismo la posibilidad de formar un partido fuerte y potencialmente hegemónico en este país. Las relaciones de los "comunistas de izquierda" con el Secretariado Internacional ponen de manifiesto la postura ambigua de los chilenos hacia la formación de la IV Internacional, así como su perseverancia en tomar decisiones políticas independientes de ambas ...

Following the outbreak of COVID-19, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented to contain the spread of the pandemic. Despite the recent reduction in the number of infections and deaths in Europe, it is still unclear to which extent these governmental actions have contained the spread of the disease and reduced mortality. In this article, we estimate the effects of reduced human mobility on excess mortality using digital mobility data at the regional level in England and Wales. Specifically, we employ the Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, which offer an approximation to the changes in mobility due to different social distancing measures. Considering that changes in mobility would require some time before having an effect on mortality, we analyse the relationship between excess mortality and lagged indicators of human mobility. We find a negative association between excess mortality and time spent at home, as well as a positive association with changes in outdoor mobility, after controlling for the time trend of the pandemic and regional differences. We estimate that almost 130,000 excess deaths have been averted as a result of the increased time spent at home. In addition to addressing a key scientific question, our results have important policy implications for future pandemics and a potential second wave of COVID-19.

The article presents the effects of external intervention both technical (rehabilitation of networks) and institutional (creation of associations of water users) in a semi-traditional irrigation system in northern Morocco. This intervention identified new challenges and led to tensions, followed by a conflictual process of negotiation and the search for a compromise acceptable to all parties, but above all to the dominant groups. In the light of this analysis, the text then discusses a number of more general questions concerning the institutional dynamics of the irrigated paid systems: the link between investment and ownership rights, the ideological foundations of coordination mechanisms, and the relationship between conflict and change in water management institutions. ; International audience ; The article presents the effects of external intervention both technical (rehabilitation of networks) and institutional (creation of associations of water users) in a semi-traditional irrigation system in northern Morocco. This intervention identified new challenges and led to tensions, followed by a conflictual process of negotiation and the search for a compromise acceptable to all parties, but above all to the dominant groups. In the light of this analysis, the text then discusses a number of more general questions concerning the institutional dynamics of the irrigated paid systems: the link between investment and ownership rights, the ideological foundations of coordination mechanisms, and the relationship between conflict and change in water management institutions. ; L'article présente les effets d'une intervention externe à la fois technique (réhabilitation des réseaux) et institutionnelle (création d'associations d'usagers de l'eau) dans un système d'irrigation semi- traditionnel du Nord du Maroc. Cette intervention a défini des enjeux nouveaux et induit des tensions, puis un processus conflictuel de négociation et de recherche d'un compromis acceptable pour toutes les parties, mais surtout pour les groupes ...

RESUMEN This work focuses on the study of large headgear during the Clásico Tardío period (650-900 d.C.) as objects of social identity. To this end, a case study was carried out on aquatic snake headgear, which were visual elements used by a network of allies led by Kanu'l dinasty during the 7th century. In this work, I believe that there are three types of aquatic snake headgear that were linked to the Kanu'l dinasty, as well as one that was linked to the dear of Dos Pilas. At the end of the Clásico Tardío, aquatic snake headgear became local adaptations to a number of highest-profile signs that sought to legitimise their position at the top of the Maya socio-political order. ; RESUMEN Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de los tocados mayas durante el periodo Clásico Tardío (650-900 d.C.) como objetos de identidad social. Para ello se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso de los tocados de serpiente acuática, los cuales fueron elementos visuales utilizados por una red de aliados encabezada por la dinastía Kanu'l durante el siglo VII. En este trabajo planteo que hay tres tipos de tocados de serpiente acuática que estuvieron relacionados con la dinastía Kanu'l, así como uno más que se vinculó con el señorío de Dos Pilas. A finales del Clásico Tardío los tocados de serpiente acuática se convirtieron en adaptaciones locales en diversos señoríos mayas que buscaban legitimar su posición en lo alto del orden sociopolítico maya.

If a revolution is taken to be a decisive break with the past, how can there be a heritage of revolution? Conversely, how does any revolution affect tangible and intangible heritage, as well as shifting conceptions of heritage? In this introduction to four papers dedicated to the theme of 'Heritage and Revolution', we provide an overview of changing conceptualizations of both ideas and how they have shaped each other since the French Revolution first radically changed both. This special section's papers developed from the 2017 Annual Seminar of the Cambridge Heritage Research Group. 2017, as the centenary of the February and October Russian Revolutions, provided a global opportunity for reflection on these themes and for analysis of how contemporary heritagization of revolution (or lack thereof) molds and is molded by a society¿s conception of itself and its past. At at time of shifting political and heritage paradigms worldwide, this topic remains timely and fascinating. This work was supported by the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research [grant number JCNM.GFAC]

We summarize several results about non-simplicity, solvability and normal structure of finite groups related to the number of conjugacy classes appearing in the product or the power of conjugacy classes. We also collect some problems that have only been partially solved.

This article intends to study the energy transition in Brazilian Amazonia, region for a long time isolated, late of development, but with real potentialities. The energy transition is there correlated to the specificities of this territory, in a process of inclusion within the national economy of a Brazil proud of its large proportion of renewable energies which intends to diversify its energy balance. The case of the State of the Pará, in oriental Amazonia, can be considered as "monohydroelectric " oriented. It differs from the case of the State of Amazonas which tends to an energy mix. The energy transition is understood here as a process of development by which a society rapidly growing and expanding, as the Brazilian, resolves its shortages of energy resources taking into consideration climatic impacts; more specifically in Amazonia, where the environmental issue stays in the center of policies of territorial development and in particular as far as the hydroelectric potential is concerned. We try here an approach of those paradoxes. ; Cet article se propose d'étudier la transition énergétique en Amazonie brésilienne, région longtemps isolée du reste du pays, en retard de développement, mais aux potentialités réelles. La transition énergétique qui s'y opère est corrélée avec les spécificités de ce territoire, lui-même en cours d'inclusion dans un Brésil fort de sa proportion en énergies renouvelables et qui entreprend de diversifier son bilan énergétique. Ainsi, le cas de l'État du Pará en Amazonie orientale que l'on peut qualifier de « monohydroélectrique » se distingue-t-il du cas de l'État d'Amazonas qui s'oriente vers un mix énergétique. La transition énergétique est bien comprise ici comme un processus de développement par lequel une société en pleine croissance comme celle du Brésil résout ses pénuries de ressources énergétiques tout en se préoccupant des impacts climatiques, et plus spécialement pour l'Amazonie, où la question environnementale reste au centre des politiques de développement territorial ...

The contribution is intended to analyse, in line with the rouge of this issue, the arguments used by the Conseil constitutionnel in its decision declaring the prohibition of homosexual marriage to be lawful. The analysis of the judgment is preceded by a reconstruction of the constitutional rules governing marriage and the family, as well as a comparison between the rules governing Pacs and the matrimonial regime, in order to understand both the reasons for the claims of homosexuals' rights, dictated by the significant differences between Pacs and marriage, and the space left for any intervention by the legislature. ; International audience This contribution aims to analyze, in line with the theme of the current issue, the arguments made by the French Constitutional Council in the decision upholding the ban on gay marriage. The analysis of the sentence is preceded by a survey of the constitutional regulation of marriage and family and by a comparision between the regulation of marriage and Pacs, in order to clarify the reasons founding the struggle for gay rights in France, dictated by the differences between Pacs and marriage, and the space left for a possible intervention of the Legislator. ; The contribution is intended to analyse, in line with the rouge of this issue, the arguments used by the Conseil constitutionnel in its decision declaring the prohibition of homosexual marriage to be lawful. The analysis of the judgment is preceded by a reconstruction of the constitutional rules governing marriage and the family, as well as a comparison between the rules governing Pacs and the matrimonial regime, in order to understand both the reasons for the claims of homosexuals' rights, dictated by the significant differences between Pacs and marriage, and the space left for any intervention by the legislature. ; Il contributo intende analizzare, in linea con il fil rouge di questo numero, le argomentazioni utilizzate dal Conseil constitutionnel nella decisione in cui ha sancito la legittimità del divieto di matrimonio ...

Since 2010, austerity plans are increasing in Europe to deal with the state debt crisis and to reassure the markets. The measures adopted by the various European governments, as well as the recommendations issued by the European bodies, are mainly of three types: reforms of social protection, privatisation, freezing of civil servants' salaries and reduction of their number. Cuts are foreseen in social spending, structural reforms are imposed: increasing the retirement age, increasing labour market flexibility, reducing unemployment benefits to make work more attractive, mandatory working hours for recipients of assistance, increased competition in health and social services. These policies lead to the destruction of social cohesion in the countries of southern and eastern Europe and further undermine the lack of solidarity between the peoples of Europe. Europe must lead tomorrow's policies and support countries in their efforts to invest in society. ; Depuis 2010, les plans d'austérité se multiplient en Europe pour faire face à la crise de la dette des États et pour rassurer les marchés. Les mesures adoptées par les différents gouvernements européens, ainsi que les recommandations émises par les instances européennes, sont principalement de trois types : réformes de la protection sociale, privatisations, gel du salaire des fonctionnaires et réduction de leur nombre. Des coupes sont prévues dans les dépenses sociales, des réformes structurelles sont imposées : augmentation de l'âge de départ à la retraite, flexibilisation accrue du marché du travail, baisse des prestations chômage pour rendre le travail plus attractif, heures de travail obligatoire pour les bénéficiaire de l'assistance, compétition renforcée dans le domaine des services sanitaires et sociaux. Ces politiques mènent à la destruction de la cohésion sociale des pays du Sud et de l'Est de l'Europe et ruinent un peu plus encore le peu de solidarité existant entre les peuples européens. L'Europe doit demain montrer la voie des politiques à mener pour ...

After having so much hoped in the Oslo Declaration of Principles (1993), the 1980s ended up with a stalemate in the peace process confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising — the Intifada Al Aqsa- and the use of increasingly massive military actions on the Israeli side. Successive failures in the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) have the effect of putting the number back at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was this refocusing on the demographic situation, which had lost its centrality in the 1980s, which this article tries to analyse in order to better understand the reality of Israel's territorial strategy. ; International audience The Return of the number : permanences and limits of the Israeli territorial strategy. After having hoped so much in the Declaration of Principles (Oslo 1- 1993), the Nineties have been closed on the sentiment that the Peace process was in a deadlock. This statement was confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising -the Intifada Al Aqsa- and, on the Israeli side, by resorting to massive military actions. The successive failures of the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) resulted in to replace the number in a key position in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. This is this re-emergence of the demographic question, which had lost its key position during the Nineties that this article proposes to analyse for better seizing the reality of the territorial strategy of Israel. ; After having so much hoped in the Oslo Declaration of Principles (1993), the 1980s ended up with a stalemate in the peace process confirmed by the second Palestinian uprising — the Intifada Al Aqsa- and the use of increasingly massive military actions on the Israeli side. Successive failures in the negotiations (Camp David, 2000, Taba, 2001) have the effect of putting the number back at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was this refocusing on the demographic situation, which had lost its centrality in the 1980s, which this article tries to analyse in order to ...

The offence of persecution under § 238 StGB was reformed by the Act of 1 March 2017, and it was no longer a successful offence to become a fit and proper offence. It is therefore no longer necessary for the perpetrator to cause a serious disturbance to the life of the person harassed, but it is sufficient that his conduct is objectively appropriate for that purpose. However, the controversial analogous clause in paragraph 1 (5), which has been stripped of unconstitutional for breach of the principle of certainty and which the legislature has decided not to repeal, in order to continue to allow the punishment of actions not expressly provided for but of similar seriousness, remains. The crime of persecution of § 238 StGB was reformed by the Law of March 1st, 2017, ceasing to be a result crime to reward a suitability crime. So that the authorisation is not longer required to cause a serious disturbance in the way of life of the harassed person, but it is enough that his conduct is objectively appropriate for it. However, a controlversial analogical clause remains in section 1, number 5 of § 238 StGB. It has been passed as unconstitutional for violating the principle of certainty, but the legislator has decided not to repeal it, in order to continue the punishment of actions not expressly foreseen, but of similar severity ; El delito de persecución del § 238 StGB fue reformado por la Ley de 1 de marzo de 2017, dejando de ser un delito de resultado para convertirse en un delito de idoneidad. De modo que ya no se requiere que el autor cause una perturbación grave en la forma de vida de la persona acosada, sino que basta que su conducta sea objetivamente adecuada para ello. Ahora bien, se conserva la polémica cláusula analógica del número 5 del apartado 1, que ha sido tachada de inconstitucional por vulnerar el principio de certeza y que, sin embargo, el legislador ha decidido no derogar, con el fin de seguir permitiendo el castigo de acciones no previstas expresamente, pero de gravedad semejante. The crime of ...