Suchergebnisse

Abstract  Two of the most significant changes affecting U.S. society during the 20th century were transformations in family structure and the transition from a nonmetropolitan/farm society to a largely metropolitan society. In this study, classic sociological theory, developed to understand differences between metro and nonmetro society, was employed. Despite contentions that the residence variable is no longer viable, we hypothesized that nonmetro interaction patterns would result in nonmetro residents making more traditional and conservative choices relative to family formation. Analysis of data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth provided support for these contentions. Nonmetropolitan women were significantly more likely than metropolitan women to be married at the time of conception. Further, when comparing women who were not married at conception, nonmetro women were significantly more likely than metro women to get married prior to the birth of the child, and were significantly more likely to have the pregnancy result in a live birth.

The socialist conception views the advances made by the scientific revolution of the twentieth century as the means of solving many problems which transcend national boundaries, eg, averting nuclear war, protecting the environment, & the peaceful conquest of space. The formation of international organizations for the purpose of arriving at joint solutions for common problems of member countries is a positive step made possible by detente. A variety of international intergovernmental organizations (eg, the UN & the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) & nongovernmental organizations (religious, scientific, & trade groups) are examined. The socialist conception is the outgrowth of a multidisciplinary approach to all aspects of human development & interest. It seeks to direct the activities of international organizations toward the solution of practical problems & encourages scientific cooperation on all levels between nations, so that peaceful progress may be achieved. M. Cain.

AbstractRecent advances in systems theory have required a new term, 'holon' (a whole of parts functioning as part of a larger whole). These advances are complicated by differing interpretations provided by three competing kinds of general systems theory: Emergentism, structuralism and organicism. For emergentism, use of the term signifies a shift in emphasis from focusing on the dynamic equilibrium between a whole and its parts to that between the whole and the larger whole of which it is a part. For structuralism, the term serves in explaining subsystem adaptation to environmental and hierarchical constraints and determinations by invariant principles. By incorporating ideas from both emergentism and structuralism into its more intricate interpretations, the author claims that organicism presents a more adequate conception of the nature of holons—now regarded as essential to general systems thinking.