Suchergebnisse

The research offers a way of studying the formation of lexical and phraseological units in the French politically correct discourse. Despite a quite scrutinous study of various aspects of modern ideology and politically correct language – mostly, in the English language, – the issue how to model politically correct language remains obscure. This paper attempts to identify formation models of not just individual language units in French that have the potential to mitigate and camouflage negative social practices and tabooed life phenomena, but also entire nominative areas of politically correct discourse. Within the framework of this research, the authors has carried out a conceptual analysis of politically correct lexical and phraseological units of the modern French language representing different areas, and identified regular conceptual models of the formation of a politically correct vocabulary. At the present stage of the research, it is possible to state that metonymic models play a leading role in the replenishment of a politically correct language. The study helps to identify seven metonymic conceptual units of an organized system. Inside the units, concepts are clustered and arranged according to the degree of generalization, which corresponds to the extent of their euphemistic potential to mitigate and camouflage represented phenomena. The concepts of different units correlate in the formation of the language unit semantics. The research describes the basic models of such interaction.

Abstract
The present study begins with an introduction to "sound symbolism" from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Such frameworks provide that while the relationship between sound and meaning within the lexicon is in general arbitrary, languages may also feature specific, statistically significant relationships between particular sounds and particular semantic domains, whether language specific or motivated by more general cognitive tendencies. An example from modern Mandarin leads to a broader consideration of this phenomenon within Old Chinese (OC), with particular reference to the reduplicative vocabulary, or dieyin ci 疊音詞, of the Book of Odes corpus. The author presents a series of persistent associations between sound and meaning in this subset of the OC lexicon, with statistical evidence adduced in support of their cognitive reality for OC speakers. Finally, this article offers a tentative exploration of the role of such "expressive" or "ideophonic" vocabulary in producing particular poetic effects relating to point of view and to conceptual metaphor.

Urban vocabulary has been influenced by global patterns of modernity, capitalism and anglophone academia. These lexicons are increasingly standardised and shape dominant conceptual approaches in city debates. However, contemporary urban theories indicate a shift toward understanding the 'urban' and 'cities' from multiple perspectives. An emerging urban vocabulary is being built to capture the significance of place, complex power dynamics and changing geographical landscapes. This special issue presents diverse perspectives on how urban lexicons can be decentred from anglophone thought, operate as organising urban logics, serve larger political projects, and shape and are reshaped by grounded urban practice. Articles from the Middle East and South Asia discuss the margins of vocabulary and how vocabularies located in the global South enable us to think through dilemmas of knowledge production. We contribute to debates on decolonising power and authority in urban thought by expanding on how to theorise from the South.

A comparison of models of cognitive organization in the personality descriptors of three languages indicates that common conceptual themes underlie the meanings and uses of personality descriptors cross‐culturally. Two crosscutting dimensions, interpreted as solidarity/conflict and dominance/submission, consistently organize the interrelation of trait‐descriptors in a number of distinct languages. This finding leads to the speculation that these dimensions represent a universal conceptual schema produced by the interaction of innate psycholinguistic structures and fundamental conditions of human social life, for example, the potential for concord or discord in the goals and actions of multiple actors (solidarity/conflict), and for the asymmetrical influence of one actor upon another (dominance/submission). The appearance of similar structures in other types of vocabulary used to describe and explain interpersonal behavior (such as terms for emotions and social roles) suggests that these conceptual dimensions reflect basic themes in folk interpretations of social behavior. [cognitive anthropology, language, universal, personality, interpersonal themes]

The concept of strategy in the usual vocabulary has become present, crossing a multitude of spheres of social, political, economic and organizational life, far exceeding the boundaries of a reserved use, including the military field. In contemporary language, the term "strategy" is no longer a quality confined to interaction between states at global level and, even more, to military interaction, but it is used to express the idea of organization, plan or planning. It can be used in the field of business or politics, at local, national or international level. Based on these reasonings, we are currently present in the wider use of the concept of strategy. At present, the concept of "geostrategy" is a topic increasingly used in the discourse of politicians, but it also becomes a topic on the table of representatives of the academic community. Currently, the term "strategy" refers to the relationship between space and strategy, referring to the impact of these areas on international relations. "Geostrategy". It becomes an object of study of the combinations between the geographical and the strategic factor in determining the position of a state towards its neighbors, towards the region, or towards other international actors. Often, international actors, in order to achieve certain interests, resort to the use of certain strategies. This article aims to analyze the main conceptual-theoretical approaches of the geostrategy phenomenon.

Social justice is a crucial ideal in contemporary political thought. Yet the concept of social justice is a recent addition to our political vocabulary, and comparatively little is known about its introduction into political debate or its early theoretical trajectory. Some important research has begun to address this issue, adding a valuable historical perspective to present-day controversies about the concept. This article uses this literature to examine two questions. First, how does the modern idea of social justice differ from previous conceptualisations of justice? Second, why and when did social justice first emerge into political discourse?

This article reviews ten years of political and analytical discussions regarding the global development agenda on girls' schooling and gender equity. It considers struggles over the purpose and realizability of the global agenda, and attempts to widen frameworks to go beyond gender parity in access and enrollment. Drawing on a case study of one global NGO that took a women's rights approach, it shows how difficult it has been, even in the best kind of organizational environment, to realize a women's rights agenda that linked education to other forms of empowerment. These difficulties are confirmed by critical reflections on participation in the conference convened to review ten years of the work of the United Nations Girls' Education Initiative (UNGEI). However, the conclusions, while acknowledging problems of multiple sites of action, silences, and the attenuation of transformatory agendas, nonetheless point to a richer conceptual vocabulary, a wider range of actors, and clearer strategic orientation than a decade ago.

Many years after its emergence in the vocabulary of comparative politics, the label of 'anti-system' is still one of the most used to describe a party or group that exerts a radical form of opposition. However, the term has been used in an increasingly idiosyncratic manner, which makes it inappropriate for comparative research. The origins of the concept reside in the writings of Sartori on party systems in the 1960s and 1970s, where it mainly referred to the totalitarian parties of the inter-war and post-war decades. Since its inception, however, the concept of an anti-system party has not only been used in party system analysis, but also in the context of empirical studies of various aspects of the life of democratic regimes, to indicate challenges to its stability, legitimacy or, more recently, consolidation. This article reconstructs the concept of 'anti-systemness' by disentangling its different empirical referents in party system theory and in the empirical analysis of democracy, and proposes a more refined typology of 'anti-system parties'.

More than ever, social scientists have reason to question the assumption that work is the human activity of value and leisure is little more than a respite from work; a way to consume its fruits and prepare for more work. This article compares four conceptualizations of the demanding activities people choose for themselves in their spare time. Each one is based on relatively recent empirical studies and presented to social science with a distinct term: `serious leisure', `specialized play', `edgework', and `consumption within a fantasy enclave'. Any conceptual representation allows certain interpretations of social phenomena and blocks others. In this case, vastly different pictures emerge, depending on the conception chosen. Thus, the major finding of the article is that sociology urgently needs to assess its vocabulary in order to understand how the modern predicament affects men and women in their freest moments.

The semantics of geographically limited vocabulary is considered in the aspect of the actual problem of interaction and interpenetration of lexical systems of literary language and dialects. The material extracted from literary texts (prose by Volgograd writers) and the converse of the Don Cossack dialects speakers living in the Volgograd region (records made by the expeditionary method and direct interview of informants at the points of dialectological survey of territories within the program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects) is compared. Contextual and graphical methods of dialectisms semantization are described. The linguistic techniques of revealing the meanings of dialect words with the help of literary analogues, as well as various markers signalling the inclusion of an element that is not commonly used in the utterance, are determined. The models of using the appropriate language means formed on the basis of the constructive principle of their organization for the disclosure of the ideological and artistic intent of the work are characterized. It can serve as a means of updating and enriching the expressive fund of the Russian language, or for the purpose of adequate understanding in communication of different speech culture representatives the subject-conceptual correspondences of linguistic units. The general and special techniques of direct and indirect semantization of lexical units are revealed. They reflect the artistic-figurative and visual-symbolic concretization of reality in the perception of the world. The functional role of the vocabulary under consideration as a resource-forming element of the modern Russian literary language is substantiated.

THE DEBATE ON LANDMINES HAS BEEN MARKED BY A LACK OF A SHARED CONCEPTUAL VOCABULARY. THE ARGUMENTS FOR A TOTAL BAN ARE COUNCHED PRIMARILY IN MORAL TERMS, WHILE THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST A BAN EMPLOY MILITARY AND STRATEGIC TERMS. THIS GAP COULD BE BRIDGED BY USING THE VOCABULARY OF THE JUST WAR TRADITION. THE JUST WAR TRADITION ALL BUT OUTLAWS LANDMINES SINCE THE GRAVE SIDE-EFFECTS SEEM IMPOSSIBLE TO ELIMINATE COMPLETELY.