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This paper focuses on the customer orientation and considers an evolution of this notion, its modern interpretation, and conceptual model of customer-centric business approach. The main goal is to identify and classify the attributes of customer-centric approach. The subject of our study is a customer-centric approach, and the objects are attributes of this approach. As a research method, we use a meta-analysis of academic papers addressing customer orientation and related concepts. The model developed contains a combination of three types of customer centricity attributes and metrics of business performance of customercentric companies. This model forms the basis for further study of customer-centric approach peculiarities in different industries, and for the evaluation of the impact of customer-centricity level on business performance.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

This work aims to explore the ways the English philosopher John Locke shapes the terminology for describing the system of morality in philosophy. Terminology for presenting the principles, laws, and foundations of morality is chosen with respect to tradition of religious texts of the previous two centuries. Moreover, he does not use the concept of innate ideas, but tries to describe simple and complex ideas based on sensations, perceptions, and other psychological notions. However, we observe significant shifts in conceptual dominants that occur in Locke's text. The term 'conceptual dominant' being used in cognitive linguistics studying discourse is applied to Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The article examines in detail the concept of conceptual dominance in relation to Locke's philosophy and terminology of morality. This concept allows us to consider the emergence of a new point of view on human knowledge about the world, which is associated with its comprehension under the impact of socio-cultural factors that can bring to the fore certain conceptual characteristics in the semantics of language units in the process of communication. In Locke's discourse, a number of metaphors are highlighted that also help to understand how a scientist describes the processes of perception and understanding, among them LINE, PLANE, CONTAINER are highlighted, which help to describe the terminology of morality. We can observe that the scientist pays special attention to the perception of the world and the objects located in it, which become the SOURCES of knowledge ("fountains of knowledge"), as well as the heart, soul, understanding of a person. In his description, he relies on images known to his contemporaries.

Глагольная концептуальная метафора может производить большое количество нового семантического содержания, а именно новых глагольных семем, и данная семантика и соответствующие семантические изменения будут отражены в синтаксическом поведении и синтаксических представлениях глаголов, тем самым формируя изоморфное соотношение, т.е. интерфейсное отношение между глагольной метафорической семантикой и её синтаксическими особенностями. Данная статья посвящена анализу и исследованию семантико-синтаксического интерфейса концептуальной метафоры русского глагола при помощи метода интегрального описания Московской семантической школы, через грамматические формальные характеристики в широком смысле она фокусируется на анализе семантико-синтаксического интерфейса глаголов, которые метафорически представляют ментальную и речевую семантику, тем самым раскрывая формальный механизм в семантической вариации глагольной метафоры в глубине и доводя формальный семантический анализ и семантическое уточненное описание на микроуровне до углубленного, пытаясь открыть новый путь для семантического анализа и описания глагольных лексических единиц, и в то же время продвигая теоретическое исследование семантико-синтаксического интерфейса единиц языкового содержания на уровне глагольной концептуальной метафоры.
The verbal conceptual metaphor can derive a large number of new semantic contents, that is, the new verbal sememes, and these semantics and corresponding semantic changes will be reflected in the syntactical behavior and syntactical representations of verbs, thereby forming the correspondence between verb metaphorical semantics and syntactical features, that is, the interface relationship. The purpose of this article is to draw on the integrated description method of the Moscow Semantic School to analyze and study the semantic syntax of Russian verbal conceptual metaphor. Through the generalized grammatical formal characteristics, it focuses on the syntactical-semantic interface analysis of verbs that metaphorically represent mental and speaking (speech activity) semantics, thereby revealing the formal mechanism in the derivation of verb metaphors in depth, and leading the formal semantic analysis and micro-level refined semantic description work to in-depth, trying to open up a new path for the semantic analyses and descriptions of verbal lexical units, and at the same time promoting the theoretical research on the semantics-syntax interface of language content units at the level of verbal conceptual metaphor.

The article provides the reconstruction of the English terminological
system of morality and its language features in one of the most famous papers of
John Locke An Essay Сoncerning Human Understanding (1689). We study this
philosophical paper within the framework of cognitive and discursive paradigm of
linguistic knowledge and aim to investigate the ideas about human nature and the
principles behind the work of human mind. Laws and principles were formulated
by the scholar on the basis of nature determination in human thinking and ideas
appearance in individual psychological system. The article investigates in detail
conceptual dominants of the moral philosophy and terminology in Locke's paper
and, besides that, key metaphors in Locke's discourse used for the description of
human thinking including tabula rasa, empty cabinet, fountains of knowledge,
knowledge is light. On the one hand, these conceptual metaphors are deeply rooted
in the historical and philosophical context, and on the other, they were understandable to his contemporaries, as he used recognizable words and images. Locke not
only changes the actual linguistic representation of some of the traditional philosophical metaphors, but shifts the emphasis, leading to novel interpretations and
complicating the system of ideas as a whole. To understand main components of the
philosopher's framework we took into account earlier papers of various scholars as
the material for comparison. These components include the process by which new
types of knowledge are formed and pathways by which the already existing types
are recategorized under the impact of sociocultural factors. It was shown that the
system of morality is grounded on the 17th-century views on how the human mind
works and embodies the language representation of terminological sphere of morality.

Apart from their functions in the nervous system of animals, neurotransmitters operate as
regulatory agents and signals in diverse kingdoms of life. Many neurotransmitters at low
concentrations exert specific effects on microalgae, predominantly functioning as algal growth
stimulators. Neurotransmitters that promote microalgal biomass accumulation and enhance the
synthesis of lipids, polysaccharides, and other valuable products are of much potential
biotechnological interest in terms of projects aimed at producing "algal" drugs and food
additives, as well as biodiesel and other kinds of biofuel. Some microalgal species synthesize
their own neurotransmitters and/or facilitate their synthesis by the symbiotic microbiota in the
gastro-intestinal tract and, therefore, are expected to promote human physical and mental
health. Microalgae can exert neuroprotective effects; nevertheless, many microalgae produce
toxins affecting the functioning of the nervous system.

The article notes that despite the existing research in the field of the formation and development of financial markets, it is still important to search for ways to improve it. The measures taken to further develop and improve the financial market are not always effective. And the adopted normative and legislative acts often ignore each other. Analyzing the current state of the regional financial market, it is necessary to note the tendency for the sale of state shares in joint-stock companies, which often leads to a change in the form of ownership of enterprises, which in turn also affects the further development of the financial market.

The article presents political-psychological approach to understanding youth political leadership. This approach has complex character and allows to implement interdisciplinary synthesis of the provisions of different branches of social sciences and humanities to study the considered phenomenon in the framework of political science subject field. We highlight such basic parameters to determine youth political leaders as origin from the sphere of youth policy, young people's perception of such leaders as their own representatives, promotion of the career ladder in public policy and public administration. This study identifies and conceptually substantiates three dimensions of youth political leadership: personal-professional, status-role, image-symbolic. The article considers personal qualities and professional characteristics which are necessary for youth political leaders, status-role positions in the system of power hierarchy, career trajectories and political recruiting specificity, the features of youth political leaders' image shaping in the consciousness of youth.

Переход к экономике знания заострил внимание исследователей на развитии системы высшего образования и ее проблемах, а сами вузы поставил в конкурентную борьбу за ограниченные ресурсы. Свободная и управляемая конкуренция замыкает на себе цепочку взаимосвязанных, порой противоречивых в применении к столь социально значимой сфере, как высшее образование, понятий. Цель авторов данной исследовательской статьи – выявление с помощью метода концептуального анализа взаимосвязи между понятиями «конкуренция», «конкурентоспособность», «эффективность» и «сотрудничество» применительно к системе высшего образования. Конкуренция и сотрудничество рассматриваются как факторы, повышающие эффективность функционирования вузов. При этом в обоснованиях необходимости создания конкурентных условий для высших учебных заведений и в определениях понятия «эффективность» выявляются противоречия. Вузы рассматриваются как коммерческие организации, показатели деятельности которых замыкаются на их внутренней среде; исключаются из внимания основные функции этих образовательных учреждений: воспроизводство интеллектуального капитала и повышение качества человеческих ресурсов, а также ориентация на потребности рынка труда. Столь же ограничено и понятие «конкуренция»: оно представлено через индекс монополизации, рассчитанный в большинстве случаев через долю обучающихся студентов и не учитывающий особенности отечественной системы высшего образования. Тем не менее в работах о конкуренции и финансировании обращается внимание на общественное благо, создаваемое вузами, которое не всегда очевидно и требует финансового участия правительства. На основании результатов проведенного концептуального анализа авторы приходят к выводу, что в дискуссиях о конкуренции и эффективности вузов в контексте ассоциации их с коммерческим сектором происходит упущение целого ряда социально значимых элементов высшего образования и науки. ; The transition to the knowledge economy focused attention on the higher education system development and its problems, and put the universities in the situation of competition for limited resources. Free and controlled competition brings a chain of interrelated, sometimes contradictory concepts applied to higher education as a socially significant area. The authors of this research article by means of conceptual analysis aim at identifying the relationship between the concepts of «competition», «competitiveness», «efficiency», and «cooperation» regarding the higher education system. Competition and cooperation are considered to be factors which increase the efficiency of universities' functioning. At the same time, there are contradictions in the justifications for the need to create competitive conditions for universities and in the definitions of the concept of efficiency, University is understood to be a commercial organization, its indicators being locked in its internal environment, whereas its main functions (reproduction of intellectual capital, improving the quality of human resources, orientation to the needs of the labor market) come to be out of sight. No less limited is the concept of competition, which is represented through the index of monopolization, calculated mostly through the proportion of students enrolled, beyond taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian higher education system. However, the works on competition and financing draw attention to the public good created by universities, which is not always tangible and requires the financial participation of the government. Thus, the discussions on universities' competition and effectiveness in the context of their association with the commercial sector omit a number of socially significant elements of higher education and science.

The abstract of this article contains the aim of analyzing the conceptual foundations of the study of new social elevators. The author concludes that new social elevators in a regional society are described at the level of structural and organizational parameters, while social reality shows that new social elevators as mechanisms of upward social mobility based on building communities (networks, volunteering, subculture) are marked by the unity of structure and action, which requires the consolidation of a regional society and, above all, at the level of regional elites, support leadership initiatives and the development of common ways to achieve new social elevators designed to become a catalyst for regional development.

This article investigates the trends of Russian journalism regarding its regional component. The author distinguishes the great impact of the PR governmental activity and its influence on the media, which makes it turns it into an instrument of informational influence. Author assumes, that that journalism can be reborn as social and important profession only if mass media become a place for open political discussion. ; Анализируются тенденции развития отечественной журналистики в современных региональных условиях. Обозначается проблема значительного влияния пиар­структур на редакционную деятельность СМИ, что постепенно превращает журналистику в инструмент информационного воздействия на общество. Утверждается, что вернуть журналистике статус значимой профессии, служащей интересам общества, возможно путем возрождения в СМИ открытого обсуждения действий власти и политических событий.

The article is devoted to formation and development of e-democracy in modern Russian realities. Due to the increasing role of the Internet in political life mechanisms and tools of e-democracy are under consideration as well as new forms of cross-personal communication. Special attention is paid to the political crowdsourcing as a main tool of e-democracy. The given article contains the practice of Russian and foreign crowdsourcing projects. ; Статья посвящена становлению и развитию электронной демократии в современных российских реалиях. В связи с возрастающей ролью Интернета в политической жизни рассматриваются механизмы и инструменты e-democracy, а также новые формы коммуникации граждан. Особое внимание уделено политическому краудсорсингу как основному инструменту электронной демократии. В статье подробно рассмотрена практика применения краудсорсинга в российских и зарубежных политических проектах.

The need to study the experience of political modernization in Kazakhstan is determined by the fact that the modern Russian Federation largely exhausted the inertial potential of the 1990s, trying to build a model of political modernization, which took into account the national (Russian), world (Western) and regional experience of political and social reforms.The aim of the study was to identify the features of political modernization in Kazakhstan. Based on this goal the following tasks were solved:• to define theoretical and methodological aspects of political modernization;• to identify the features of the study of political modernization in modern political science;• to study the basic concepts of political modernization and features of modernization processes in posttraditional societies.To implement the above goals and solve problems were used methods of discourse analysis. That is why the theoretical and methodological basis of the work is based on the methods developed in the framework of studies of political modernization. ; Необходимость изучения опыта политической модернизации в Казахстане определяется тем, что современная Российская Федерация, в значительной степени исчерпав инерционный потенциал развития 1990-х, стремится выстроить такую модель политической модернизации, которая учитывала бы национальный (российский), мировой (западный) и региональный (включая пример Казахстана) опыт проведения политических и социальных реформ.Цель исследования заключалась в выявлении особенностей политической модернизации в Казахстане. Исходя из поставленной цели в работе, были решены следующие задачи:• определены теоретико-методологические аспекты политической модернизации;• выявлены особенности изучения политической модернизации в современной политической науке в целом;• изучены основные концепции политической модернизации и особенности модернизационных процессов в посттрадиционных обществах, включая Казахстан.Для реализации поставленной цели и решения указанных задач были использованы различные методы научного анализа (системный, институциональный, культурологический). Поэтому в теоретико-методологической основе работы лежат методы, выработанные в рамках исследований политической модернизации.

The article offers a structural and functional and semantic analysis of metaphors representing the source domain "medicine" which are observed in the German political discourse from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics. This group of conceptual metaphors, describing the socioeconomic reality of modern Germany, is based on both traditional and occasional images. ; В статье представлен структурно-семантический анализ метафор концептуальной сферы-источника «Медицина», функционирующих в немецком политическом дискурсе, с позиций когнитивной лингвистики. Эта группа концептуальных метафор базируется как на узуальных, так и на окказиональных образах и описывает социально-экономическую реальность современной Германии.

This article analyzes the problems in Criminal Law in accordance with the tasks mentioned in the Strategy of Actions for further improvement of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and identifies priority directions for the improvement of criminal law.