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Conditional probability distributions seem to have a bad reputation when it comes to rigorous treatment of conditioning. Technical arguments are published as manipulations of Radon–Nikodym derivatives, although we all secretly perform heuristic calculations using elementary definitions of conditional probabilities. In print, measurability and averaging properties substitute for intuitive ideas about random variables behaving like constants given particular conditioning information.One way to engage in rigorous, guilt‐free manipulation of conditional distributions is to treat them as disintegrating measures—families of probability measures concentrating on the level sets of a conditioning statistic. In this paper we present a little theory and a range of examples—from EM algorithms and the Neyman factorization, through Bayes theory and marginalization paradoxes—to suggest that disintegrations have both intuitive appeal and the rigor needed for many problems in mathematical statistics.

Abstract
Despite educational and employment advancements, research indicates that traditional and sexual scripts are nevertheless often considered and adhered to as related to gendered conditioning. This manuscript reviews the traditional sexual script and sexual script theory, provides application illustrations of the theories and discusses the implications of such conditioning, particularly for women.

Abstract  The "classical" development of conditioning, due to Kolmogorov, does not agree with the "practical" (more intuitive, but unrigorous) way in which probabilists and statisticians actually think about conditioning. This paper describes an alternative to the classical development. It is shown that standard concepts and results can be developed, rigorously, along lines, which correspond to the "practical" approach, and so as to include the classical material as a special case. More specifically, let Xand Y be random variables (r.v.'s) from (Ω, f, P) to (x, fx) and (y. fy.), respectively. In this paper, the fundamental concept is the conditional probability P(AX = x), a function of xε x which satisfies a "natural" defining condition. This is used to define a conditional distribution Py/x, as a mapping x × fy‐R such that, as a function of B, Pylx=x,(B) is a probability measure on fy. Then, for a numerical r.v. Y, conditional expectation E(Y/X) is defined as a mapping x →r̄ whose value at x isE(Y/X = x) = ydPY/x=i(y). Basic properties of conditional probabilities, distributions, and expectations, are derived and their existence and uniqueness are discussed. Finally, for a sub‐o‐algebra and a numerical r.v. Y, the classical conditional expectation E(Y) is obtained as E(Y/X) with X = i, the identity mapping from (Ω, f) to (Ω).

An attempt was made to condition depressive responses through exposure to statements of depressing events. Behavioral measures of depression involved voice intensity, response latency and duration, as well as check list ratings and verbal reports. Experimental and demand characteristics
groups differed significantly in reports of depression compared with the neutral group. Results were discussed in terms of demand characteristics of the experiment, characteristics of the conditioning stimuli, and sensitivity of the response measures.

Air conditioning boosts man's efficiency no less than his comfort. Air-conditioned homes, offices, and factories unmistakably raise human productivity and reduce absenteeism, turnover, mistakes, accidents and grievances, especially in summer. Accordingly, many employers every year cool workrooms and offices to raise summer profits. Employees in turn find cool homes enhancing not only comfort and prestige but also personal efficiency and income. With such economic impetus, low-cost summer cooling must irresistibly spread to all kinds of occupied buildings. Refrigeration provides our best cooling, serving well where people are closely spaced in well-constructed, shaded, and insulated structures. However, its first and operating costs bar it from our hottest commercial, industrial, and residential buildings. Fortunately, evaporative cooling is an economical substitute in many regions. First used in Southwest homes and businesses and in textile mills, it soon invaded other fields and climates. In 1946, six firms produced 200,000 evaporative coolers; in 1958, 25 firms produced 1,250,000, despite the phenomenal sale of refrigerating window air conditioners. Though clearly secondary to refrigeration, evaporative cooling is 60 to 80 percent is economical for moderate income groups and cheaper to buy and operate. Thus, it climates where summers are short. Moreover, it cheaply cools hot, thinly constructed mills, factories, workshops, foundries, powerhouses, farm buildings, canneries, etc., where refrigerated cooling is prohibitively expensive

The idea that human minds can be taken over & "conditioned" has developed from Pavlovian behaviorism to modern aversion therapy. Its currency was greatly boosted by the idea of "brainwashing" in the Korean War, & by "hidden persuaders" in the late 1950s. The idea of conditioning has come to mean any idea that has somehow sneaked into a person's head without completely free assent. As developed in philosophy & the social sciences, the idea has led to a conception of the moral life as a constant struggle against conditioning pressures -- gender, race, class, etc. In fact, although people are often socially influenced, they cannot be "conditioned" in any serious sense at all; the plausibility of the idea depends upon contrasting an unnatural condition of mental alertness with a no less unnatural condition of receptive passivity. AA.