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Ties together the seemingly disparate literatures of globalization & "shatterbelt states" as a means of investigating the changing conflict behavior of high-risk states. The objective of this research is to ascertain empirically whether the circumstances that generate aggression by high-risk states are the same as those for others. In addition, by examining how conflict behavior has changed over time, & in conjunction with trade openness, these tests speak to the importance of economic interdependence as a mitigating counterforce to aggressive tendencies. Results indicate that domestic instability & fragmentation are more directly tied to high-risk state behavior than are systemic influences. In contrast, the probability that low-risk states originate or participate in conflicts, & resort to violence, is tied to international factors. Surprisingly, increased repression seems to result from the opposite circumstances. Lastly, & most importantly, trade openness has an important pacifying effect on high-risk states, but appears to be irrelevant to the conflict behavior of all others. Globalization, it appears, mitigates the violence that is often initiated by high-risk states. These results offer important preliminary evidence for understanding high-risk states & the strategies that may reduce their aggressiveness. 8 Tables, 4 Figures, 2 Graphs, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

The article is devoted to the study of the dominant strategies of conflict behaviour and communicative tolerance of cadets and students of the educational organisation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The results of an empirical study conducted on a sample of 7770 cadets and trainees are considered. It is shown that communicative tolerance determines strategies of conflict behaviour and has an impact on staff turnover. It was revealed that cadets and students of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.Ya. Kikot' demonstrate a high level of communicative tolerance, which is manifested in their attitude to various social groups, acceptance of the individual characteristics of colleagues, faculty, management. The structure of conflict behaviour strategies defines the presence of indicators of "avoidance and self-blame" (the direction of reaction to oneself, with the acceptance of guilt or responsibility for correcting the situation that has arisen, and it is not subject to condemnation) and "aggressiveness and conflict." The conducted research confirmed the need to continue working on the formation of conflict-free behaviour and communicative tolerance of cadets and trainees in the system of staff turnover prevention and the creation of a number of psychological and pedagogic conditions. Scientific and practical recommendations on the formation of conflict-free behaviour and communicative tolerance of cadets and trainees in the system of staff turnover prevention are proposed.

In the current context of limited resources and economic, social and labour changes, organizational conflicts are becoming more and more competitive. Two possible explanations for this approach to conflict in Spain are the low trust between unions and management and the long tradition of confrontation in industrial relations. In this study we analyse the conflict pattern from worker representatives and the relation to trust in management and union support. The hypotheses are tested in a quantitative study of 719 representatives. Results show that a) representatives use a competitive conflict style; b) trust is negatively related to this style; and c) union support is positively related to the style. We explore how societal culture and historical industrial relations tradition explain these relations.

War provides economic opportunities, such as the capture of valuable natural resources, that are unavailable in peacetime. However, belligerents may prefer low-intensity conflict to total war when the former has a greater pay-off. The paper therefore uses a two-actor model to capture the continuum from total war to complete peace that often characterises Africa's conflicts. This is in contrast to the existing literature with its focus on mutually exclusive states of total war or complete peace, an assumption which is more relevant to Europe's inter-state wars than to Africa's civil wars. The paper also discusses changes in the economic incentives of belligerents that may induce peaceful behaviour. – aid ; conflict ; natural resources ; sub-Saharan Africa