Suchergebnisse

Vier Phasen sind bei der Entstehungsgeschichte des PAC zu unterscheiden: Die Gründung der 'ANC Youth League' (1944) als Interessensvertretung nur der Schwarzen innerhalb des ANC und deren spätere Abspaltung vom ANC (1940-58); die Status-Kampagne der beiden Befreiungsbewegungen vor dem Hintergrund des Aufstandes von Sharpeville (1960) und dem offiziellen Verbot von ANC und PAC (1959-63); der organisatorische Aufbau des PAC außerhalb der RSA und interne Richtungskämpfe innerhalb der Organisation (1964-81) sowie schließlich die Bemühungen um internationale Anerkennung (1981-85; Anerkennung und Unterstützung vor allem durch Simbabwe, Iran, Libyen und die VR China). (DÜI-Hlb)

Over the past five years, Congress has achieved a great deal for U.S. national security in its debate of and legislation on China, but there is a risk of overshooting a well-reasoned policy response and generating costly escalation.

In November 1868, the Ministry of Enlightenment of Russia approved the Charter of the Russian Chemical Society (RCS), one of the Founding Members of which had been Dmitri Mendeleev. The first report on Mendeleev Periodic Table of Chemical Elements was delivered during a meeting of the RCS in March 1869. Therefore 1869 is considered by the world science as the year of discovery of the Periodic Law and formulation of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. Year 2019 is the 150th anniversary since Dmitry Mendeleev discovered the Periodic System, and the United Nations proclaimed this year to be the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT2019). After a series of transformations, in 1992 the RCS became the Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society. In 2019, the RCS is holding anniversary events. The extraordinary Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry is one of them. It will be held in Saint Petersburg in September 2019 and will host approximately 3,000 foreign and Russian participants. English-speaking symposia, conferences and round tables on current issues of strategic development of science and technology are planned as a part of the Congress.

A comprehensive report on the XX Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry is presented. The most interesting reports are considered, among them are: presentation of Nobel Prize winner Professor D. Shechtman on quasi-periodical crystals; report of Professor S. Dmitriev about completing Mendeleev's Periodic Table of chemical elements with super heavy elements (atomic numbers 113–118); lecture of then RAS President Academician V. Fortov on the behavior of chemical elements under extremal conditions of superhigh pressures where materials basically change their properties; presentation of Professor K. Ganesha on a new generation of peptide nucleic acids analogs capable of selectively binding DNA or RNA molecules; the combined report of Academicians O. Chupakhin and V. Charushin on the intensive entry of the nucleophilic functionalization of C–H bonds into the theory and practice of organic synthesis, and others. Possibilities of cooperation of fundamental science and leading industrial companies are discussed. Significant attention is given to the modern chemical education as well.

In the history of Chinese people staying on Russian territory there is still a lot of questions and areas for investigation and clarification. It is clear that the interaction between the Russians and the Chinese had a direct impact on the further development of Russian- Chinese relations. One of the unique event in the history of Russian-Chinese relations was the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in Moscow region in the Pervomayskoe village. It was the only Congress of the CPC held abroad and the Congress, where Marxism was adopted by the Chinese Communists, and later it was spread to China. In fact, the Congress was the starting point of the process of Marxism Sinification. The delegates of the 6th Congress included the Chinese immigrants who worked and studied in the USSR. They are directly influenced by the October Revolution which changed their way of thinking, these were people who perceived the ideas of Marxism-Leninism early, they organized the holding of this congress, where examined in detail the possible ways of the Chinese revolution. By adopting Marxism- Leninism and starting its propaganda, they have made a significant contribution to its spread in China in the form of Sinificated Marxism. The further destiny and life of overseas Chinese were different, but almost all of them were closely linked to the Chinese revolution and the transformation process in the Chinese society in the middle of the 20th century. The authors described in detail the composition of the participants and organizers of the Congress, analyzed the content of speeches and reports of the head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at the congress, considered the further destiny of the participants and delegates.

Цель. В статье рассматривается проблема войны и мира в документах IV конгресса Коммунистического Интернационала. Этот форум был призван выработать научно-обоснованную стратегию мирового коммунистического движения в условиях завершения становления Версальско-Вашингтонской системы международных отношений. Анализируется не только сложившийся в начале 1920-х годов мировой порядок, но и теоретические и тактические установки IV конгресса по вопросу «империалистических», национально-освободительных, революционных и гражданских войн, а также проблема сохранения мира и создания Соединенных Штатов Европы и Азии.Методологическую основу исследования составляют принципы объективности, историзма, критического подхода к использованным источникам и всестороннего анализа поставленной проблемы.Результаты. В статье прослеживается взаимосвязь теоретических представлений руководства Коминтерна о войне и мире с идеей мировой революции; отмечается, что отказ от нее и поворот «вправо» в решениях IV конгресса связан с внешнеполитическими интересами Советской России; анализируются два различных сценария развития событий, предложенных теоретиками Коммунистического Интернационала. «Правым» лидерам Коминтерна, ориентированным на интеграцию Советской России в мировую экономическую систему, удалось одержать на конгрессе временную победу над «левыми», нацеленными на новое «революционное наступление». Была предпринята попытка сближения с европейской социал-демократией. Выдвинут лозунг «единого фронта».Область применения результатов. Результаты работы могут быть использованы для дальнейших исследований в области истории и политологии, а также в ходе преподавания этих дисциплин в вузе. ; Purpose. The article deals with the problem of war and peace in the documents of the IV Congress of the Communist International. The forum was launched to develop a science-based strategy to the world communist movement in the conditions of the completion of the formation of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations. The author analyzes not only the world order formed in the early 20-ies, but also the theoretical and tactical setup of the IV Congress on "imperialist", national-liberation, revolutionary and civil wars, as well as the problem of the preservation of peace and the establishment of the United States of Europe and Asia.The methodological basis of the study comprises the principles of objectivity, historicism, a critical approach to the sources used and comprehensive analysis of the problem.Results. The article traces the correlation of the Comintern leadership's theoretical concepts on war and peace with the idea of world revolution. It notes that the rejection of the revolution and turn "right" in decisions of the IV Congress was linked to foreign policy interests of the Soviet Russia. Two different scenarios proposed by the theoreticians of the Communist International are analyzed. In general, during the Congress, "right" leaders of the Comintern, oriented on integration of the Soviet Russia into the global economic system, managed to temporary win over the "left", aimed at a new "revolutionary offensive". Attempt of rapprochement with the European social democracy was made nominated by the slogan of "united front."Practical implications. The results of the analysis can be used for further research in the field of history and political science, as well as in the teaching of these subjects in institutes of higher education.