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Intro -- Table of Contents -- DEDICATION -- PREFACE -- I-SECESSION AND CONFEDERATION -- II-LIFE AT THE CONFEDERATE CAPITALS -- III-TRIAL AND ERROR GOVERNMENT -- IV-CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS -- V-MOBILIZATION OF MANPOWER -- VI-CONSCRIPTION UNDER ATTACK -- VII-MORE MEN! -- VIII-OF OFFICERS AND MEN -- IX-ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION -- X-THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR -- XI-THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS -- XII-FOREIGN AFFAIRS -- XIII-THE PEACE MOVEMENT -- XIV-FINANCING THE WAR -- XV-THE LOYAL OPPOSITION -- APPENDIX - BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON CONFEDERATE CONGRESSMEN -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- PRIMARY SOURCES -- I. MANUSCRIPTS -- II. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS -- III. COLLECTED SOURCES -- IV. PAMPHLETS -- V. PERSONAL ACCOUNTS -- VI. NEWSPAPERS -- SECONDARY SOURCES.

A ready-reference encyclopedia, now in its Third Edition, detailing the workings and personalities of the U.S. Congress, written in language that will be comprehensible to any level of researcher. 250 entries provide in-depth coverage of how Congress functions. Entries range from short definitions to a series of core essays exploring the legislative process, the seniority system, the committee system, the budget process, and other broad areas

Intro -- MEMBERS OF CONGRESS: TRENDS IN CHARACTERISTICS AND TERMS OF SERVICE -- MEMBERS OF CONGRESS: TRENDS IN CHARACTERISTICS AND TERMS OF SERVICE -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATORS: TRENDS IN MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS SINCE 1945 -- SUMMARY -- CHARACTERISTICS OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATORS -- Age -- Congressional Service Tenure -- Representatives -- Senators -- Sex -- Representatives -- Senators -- Previous Occupation -- Representatives -- Senators -- Race and Ethnicity -- Representatives -- Senators -- Education -- Religion -- Representatives -- Senators -- Military Service -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS DATA TABLES -- Age -- Congressional Service Tenure -- Sex -- Previous Occupation -- Race/Ethnicity -- Education -- Religion -- Military Service -- APPENDIX: DEVELOPING MEMBER DATA -- Member Characteristics -- Congressional Service Tenure -- Comparing Members to the U.S. Population -- Education -- Previous Occupation -- Race and Ethnicity -- Religion -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: CONGRESSIONAL CAREERS: SERVICE TENURE AND PATTERNS OF MEMBER SERVICE, 1789-2011 -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- Data -- Summary Statistics -- AVERAGE SERVICE TENURE -- House of Representatives -- Senate -- Analysis -- The Rate of Members Seeking Re-Election -- Re-election Success Rate -- Discussion -- PATTERNS OF CONGRESSIONAL SERVICE -- Distribution of Service Experience -- Cross-Chamber Experience -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- End Notes -- Chapter 3: AVERAGE YEARS OF SERVICE FOR MEMBERS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1ST - 111TH CONGRESSES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ANALYSIS OF DATA -- House of Representatives -- Senate -- End Notes -- Chapter 4: FIRST-TERM MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE, 64TH - 112TH CONGRESSES

Intro -- DELEGATE REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS ANALYSIS AND CURRENT STANDING -- DELEGATE REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS ANALYSIS AND CURRENT STANDING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DELEGATES TO THE U.S. CONGRESS: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Evolution of Territorial Delegates -- Northwest Ordinance -- First Delegate -- Unincorporated Territories -- Delegates Rights and Responsibilities -- Committee Assignments and Voting -- Committee of the Whole Voting Rights -- Acknowledgments -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF AWARDING THE DELEGATE FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A VOTE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OR THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE* -- Summary -- Proposed Legislation and Rule Change -- Background -- The Meaning of the Term "State" in the House Representation Clause -- The Power of Congress to Provide Representation to Political Entities that Are Not States -- The Significance of the Case of National Mutual Insurance Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co. -- Whether the District of Columbia is a "State" for Purposes of Diversity Jurisdiction -- Whether the District of Columbia is a "State" for Purposes of Representation -- Whether Congress Has the Authority under the District Clause to Extend Diversity Jurisdiction to the District of Columbia -- Whether Congress Has the Authority under the District Clause to Extend House Representation to the District of Columbia -- The Significance of Limiting Delegate Voting to the Committee of the Whole -- Standing -- Conclusion -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VOTING REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS: AN ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS* -- Summary -- Introduction -- A Summary History of Legislative Options -- Constitutional Amendment -- Initial Efforts -- Continued Efforts -- States Fail to Ratify Constitutional Amendment -- Renewed Efforts

From the publisher: Provides a comprehensive history of the more than 120 African Americans who have served in the United States Congress. Written for a general audience, this book contains a profile of each African-American Member, including notables such as Hiram Revels, Joseph Rainey, Oscar De Priest, Adam Clayton Powell, Shirley Chisholm, Gus Hawkins, and Barbara Jordan. Individual profiles are introduced by contextual essays that explain major events in congressional and U.S. history. Illustrated with many portraits, photographs, and charts

"David Mayhew's (1974) thesis regarding the "electoral connection" and its impact on legislative behavior has become the theoretical foundation for much of the existing research on the modern U.S. Congress. In its most basic form, Mayhew's theory contends that once in office, legislators pursue whatever actions put them in the best position to achieve reelection. The electoral connection has traditionally been considered a phenomenon of the post-World War II environment, but legislative scholars have begun to suggest that Mayhew's argument applies to politics in earlier congressional eras as well. To assess these disparate claims more systematically, Carson and Sievert investigate whether legislators in earlier historical eras were motivated by many of the same factors that influence their behavior today, especially with regard to the pursuit of reelection. In this respect, they examine the role of electoral incentives in shaping legislative behavior across a wide swath of the nineteenth century. This entails looking at patterns of turnover in Congress across this period, the politics underlying renomination of candidates, the changing role of parties in recruiting candidates to run and its broader effect on candidate competition, as well as electoral accountability across a variety of dimensions. The results have wide-ranging implications for the evolution of Congress and the development of various legislative institutions over time"--

In posing questions such as: who is running America - Congress or the President?; how does Congress work?; how does an idea become a law? this book will stimulate student discussion. It covers topics such as: the origins and powers of Congress, Congressional procedures, Congressional leadership elections and constituents

The role of the Congress is essential to any study of American government and politics. It would be impossible to gain a complete understanding of the American system of government without an appreciation of the nature and workings of this essential body. This is an introductory text aimed at undergraduates studying American politics and American society. It looks at the workings of the United States Congress, and uses the Republican period of ascendancy, which lasted from 1994 until 2000, as an example of how the Congress works in practice. The book illustrates the basic principles of Congress using contemporary and recent examples, while also drawing attention to the changes that took place in the 1990s. The period of Republican control is absent from many of the standard texts and is of considerable academic interest for a number of reasons, not least the 1994 election, the budget deadlock in 1995 and the Clinton impeachment scandal of 1999. The book traces the origin and development of the United States Congress, before looking in depth at the role of representatives and senators, the committee system, parties in Congress, and the relationship between Congress and the President, the media and interest groups. This will be the first textbook on the market that enables students to incorporate these developments into their work and into their thinking about contemporary American politics and society.

Congress and the Nation is an authoritative reference on congressional trends, actions, and political and policy controversies. This award-winning series documents the most fiercely debated issues in recent American politics, providing a unique retrospective analysis of the policies of the U.S. Congress. Organized by policy area, each chapter contains summaries of legislative activity, including bills passed, defeated, or postponed