Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Landfilling prevails in waste management options in Romania like others new EU members, being contrary to the concept of waste hierarchy promoted in recent years by EC. Waste disposal is done usually in non-compliant landfills and Government established a program to close these sites. This paper aims to analyse the transition from traditional waste management systems to an integrated system at national, regional and local scale. Assessment of landfills location based on buffer analysis (using GIS techniques) is made according to the proximity of five critical factors (CF) such as: residential area, industry & commercial units, agricultural lands, rivers & lakes, forest and protected areas, all these factors being sensitive to pollution. Thus, most of these old sites are badly or improperly located related to surroundings and only few have an acceptable location in the study area! Therefore, the proposed method can be a necessary tool in EIA studies of these environmental threats at regional scale.

International audience ; Open dumps was the main option of the local communities in household waste management, this practice being banned after July 16, 2009. The paper examines the correlation between dumpsites volumes, population density and local geographical conditions in the context that in most rural administrative-territorial units of the county there were no facilities for waste collection. The geographical distribution of dumpsites volumes reflects the disparities between different areas of the county and on the other hand, it highlights the spaces exposed to pollution. Also, the comparative analysis between 2004 (pre-accession) and 2009 (post-accession) reflects a rudimentary waste management system in this period which favored the waste dumping. This paper analyses the issues of rural waste management and its environmental implications at local scale. Such approaches are necessary for a proper analysis of EU environmental policies implementation at regional and local level.

International audience ; This paper examines the current challenges in urban waste management systems under EU regulations for a newcomer state. Piatra Neamț is among the first Romanian cities which made the transition from a traditional to a modern waste management infrastructure through ISPA funds. These changes are poor reflected in rate of recyling and treatment so far according to analysis of waste streams. The paper performs a critical review of waste management services and also assesses the vulnerability to illegal dumping. Inappropriate sites of waste management facilities contribute to environmental pollution and urban landscape degradation. Comparative analysis between pre-accession period vs. current situation highlights one the one hand the improvements in this sector and on the other hand the difficulties to comply EU targets.

Como se puede apreciar previo a la declaratoria de emergencia sanitaria ocasionado por el COVID-19, las ciudades eran centros estratégicos en un mundo de cambios y desarrollo de los medios de comunicación, y esto se debe a la influencia de la demanda del público al momento de consumir; es por ello, que es una realidad que la vía pública de la provincia de Lima, es un escenario propicio para el desarrollo de diversas actividades económicas, por lo que cada vez son más las estrategias de comunicación que apuestan por ingresar al sector de publicidad en los espacios abiertos y públicos de la provincia de Lima, por ello, resulta importante obtener un panorama amplio, en el extremo de lograr un adecuado aprovechamiento de los espacios geográficos en la ciudad, a través de mejores ubicaciones para instalar anuncios y avisos publicitarios, ello sin afectar no sólo el desarrollo diario y continúo de las actividades humanas, como por ejemplo ir al trabajo, salir a almorzar o transitar por lugares de compra, solo por comentar algunos casos, sino que se logre una armonía y conservación del medio ambiente. Estas acciones implican tener alguna interacción con el medio externo, es por ello, que se tiene una aceptación de un 95% con mayor contacto son las calles y avenidas. En la actualidad, la provincia de Lima cuenta con un total de 683 de vías metropolitanas (expresas, arteriales y colectoras) espacios públicos que, entre otras formas de uso, a través de la normativa metropolitana establecida en la norma que regula la ubicación de anuncios y avisos de publicidad en la provincia de Lima -Ord. N° 1094-MML, mediante una autorización municipal que otorgará el derecho de uso de éstos espacios públicos las personas jurídicas y/o naturales que lo soliciten, en conformidad a las competencias que la Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades-LOM, le brinda a dicha comuna edil la regulación en las vías metropolitanas de la provincia, por ello, en atención a su función reguladora del espacio físico urbano de la ciudad, es que a través de ordenanzas provinciales regulan no sólo los lineamientos técnicos y legales sino se establece los requisitos que los anuncios y avisos publicitarios deben seguir .Sin embargo, pese a la existencia de una normativa a nivel provincial, respecto de la cual las comunas distritales de la provincia de Lima adaptan a sus ordenanzas que regulan su jurisdicción, se tiene que dicho dispositivo legal no ha podido generar un impacto positivo en lo social, ambiental, económico, entre otros, ello por cuanto según un reporte periodístico del 30 de diciembre de 2019 en el diario El Comercio, señaló que de 19 vías metropolitanas, el 80% de anuncios y/o avisos publicitarios no cuentan con autorización municipal que les permita su funcionamiento, lo cual genera no sólo un clara desacato a los dispositivos legales sino que dicha conducta infractora viene ocasionando y/o afectando la preservación y afectación del medio ambiente y los espacios públicos, la tranquilidad y salud de los ciudadanos, y una afectación económica no sólo de los administrados que cuentan con una autorización formal sino en la recaudación de la entidad pública. Un reporte del Ministerio del Ambiente (MINAM) con el apoyo de Marisol Núñez, profesora de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) reveló que la competencia de marcas en el mercado provoca problemas a la salud, a su vez explicó que los efectos de la contaminación visual se relacionan con el mal humos y el estrés, deteriorando la calidad de vida, afectando directamente en su desarrollo personal y posibles problemas de salud cardiovascular en las personas. Por otro lado, según información obtenida por acceso a la información de la corporación edil provincial, en el año 2019 como resultado de las labores de inspección a 31 vías metropolitanas (principales)se reportó un total de 1873 anuncios y avisos publicitarios instalados sin autorización municipal, hecho que no sólo genera alarma y preocupación ante los diferentes perjuicios que ocasiona a la ciudad y sus habitantes, sino que si se tiene como información, que en dicho año, la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima había otorgado un total de 179 autorizaciones de anuncios y avisos publicitarios en toda la ciudad, se puede concluir que la informalidad viene generando un impacto sobre el ciudadano induciendo a repetir estas conductas infractoras al no acatar las leyes y coloca en un estado de exposición al peligro a todo ciudadano que transita de diversas modalidades por éstas vías metropolitanas, ya que la ubicación y su posterior instalación de anuncios y avisos publicitarios sin haber sido analizados y/o evaluados técnico y legal, son supuestos de posibles daños y perjuicios a la integridad. Como se mencionó en los párrafos precedentes la comuna provincial es competente para regular sobre temas de acondicionamiento territorial. A continuación, se indica el artículo que se debe cumplir para este tipo de trabajo en vía pública. En el literal l) del Art. 18° de la LOM -Ley N° 27972-, entre otros, se establece que la comuna edil está facultada para brindar la autorización de la instalación e ubicación de publicidad comercial y anuncios luminoso, por ello, a través de la Ord. N° 1874-MML que aprobó el TUPA de la acotada corporación edil, mediante la Ord. N° 1094-MML regula el procedimiento para la autorización de ubicación de anuncios y avisos publicitarios en Lima, y la Ord. N 203-MML establece el procedimiento para ejecutar obras en las áreas de propiedad pública. Aun contando con dos procedimientos administrativos que regulan un solo propósito, conlleva a la generación de tiempos muertos lo cual tiene como resultados tangibles la percepción por parte del ciudadano de una atención deficiente lo que conlleva a la poca confianza de los usuarios de un adecuado desarrollo de dicha gestión. Asimismo, la Municipalidad Metropolitana percibió un ingreso total de 3 ́834,137.70 soles entre los años 2019 y2020 que provienen de éstos procedimientos, es por ello, que se deberá abordar la mejora de la gestión a través de la aplicación de simplificación administrativa, utilizando herramientas como por ejemplo, las que se encontrará en la Política Nacional de Modernización de la Gestión Pública -Eje transversal de Gobierno Abierto – respecto al uso de medios electrónicos donde por medio de una plataforma digital se permita mejorar el servicio de calidad a los usuarios y con ello hacer de éstos unos procesos dinámicos y accesibles para que los agentes económicos del mercado puedan acceder con mayor facilidad. En ese sentido, en aras de recuperar los espacios públicos utilizados indebidamente e indiscriminadamente, lograr con esta mejora un adecuado ordenamiento territorial, un control de la contaminación visual y evitar una afectación al medio ambiente, a la salud y derecho de propiedad del ciudadano, así como la búsqueda del restablecimiento del principio de autoridad y con ello optimizar la atención y buen servicio al ciudadano. ; As can be seen prior to the declaration of a health emergency caused by COVID-19, cities were strategic centers in a world of change and development of the media, and this is due to the influence of public demand at the time to consume; That is why it is a reality that the public thoroughfare of the province of Lima is a favorable setting for the development of various economic activities, so that more and more communication strategies are committed to entering the advertising sector in the open and public spaces of the province of Lima, therefore, it is important to obtain a broad panorama, in order to achieve an adequate use of the geographical spaces in the city, through better locations to install advertisements and advertisements, it Without affecting not only the daily and continuous development of human activities, such as going towork, going out for lunch or passing through places of purchase, just to comment on some cases, but harmony and conservation of the environment is achieved. These actions imply having some interaction with the external environment, which is why there is an acceptance of 95% with greater contact with the streets and avenues. These actions imply having some interaction with the external environment, which is why there is an acceptance of 95% with greater contact with the streets and avenues.Currently, theprovince of Lima has a total of 683 metropolitan roads (express, arterial and collector) public spaces that, among other forms of use, through the metropolitan regulations established in the rule that regulates the location of advertisements and advertising notices in the province of Lima -Ord. N ° 1094-MML, through a municipal authorization that will grant the right to use these public spaces to legal and / or natural persons who request it, in accordance with the powers that the Organic Law of Municipalities-LOM, provides to said commune council regulation in the metropolitan roads of the province, therefore, in attention to its regulatory function of the urban physical space of the city, is that through provincial ordinances they regulate not only the technical and legal guidelines but also the requirements that the Advertisements and advertisements should follow.However, despite the existence of regulations at the provincial level, with respect to which the district communes of the province of Lima adapt to their ordinances that regulate their jurisdiction, it is necessary that said legal device has not been able to generate a positive impact on the social, environmental, economic, among others, because according to a journalistic report of December 30, 2019 in the newspaper El Comercio, it indicated that of 19 metropolitan roads, 80% of advertisements and / or advertisements do not have municipal authorization that allows them to function, which generates not only a clear disregard for legal provisions but that said offending conduct has been causing and / or affecting the preservation and impact of the environment and public spaces, the tranquility and health of citizens, and an economic affectation not only of the administered that have a formal authorization but also in the collection of the public entity.A report from the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM) with the support of Marisol Núñez, professor at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) revealed that the competition of brands in the market causes health problems, in turn explained that the effects of Visual pollution are related to bad smoke and stress, deteriorating the quality of life, directly affecting their personal development and possible cardiovascular health problems in people.On the other hand, according to information obtained by accessing the information of the provincial council, in 2019 as a result of the inspection work on 31 metropolitan (main) roads, a total of 1873 advertisements and advertisements installed without municipal authorization were reported. , a fact that not only generates alarm and concern about the different damages that it causes to the city and its inhabitants, but if it is taken as information, that in said year, the Metropolitan Municipality ofLima had granted a total of 179 authorizations for advertisements and advertising notices throughout the city, it can be concluded that informality has been generating an impact on the citizen, inducing them to repeat these offending behaviors by not complying with the laws and placing all citizens who pass through them in various ways in a state of exposure to danger metropolitan roads, since the location and their subsequent installation of advertisements and advertisements without having been analyzed and / or evaluated technically and legally, are assumptions of possible damages to integrity.As mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the provincial commune is competent to regulate issues of territorial conditioning, therefore, in literal l) of Art. 18of the LOM -Law No. 27972-, among others, it is established that the Edil commune is empowered to provide authorization for the location and installation of luminous signs and commercial advertising, therefore, through Ord. N ° 1874-MML that approved theTUPA of the limited municipal council, but through Ord. N ° 1094-MML that regulates the procedure to authorize the location of advertisements and advertisements in Lima, and Ord. N 203-MML that establishes the procedure to execute works in public propertyareas, however, the fact of having two administrative procedures that regulate a single purpose, leads to the generation of downtime, which has tangible results in the perceptionfor the citizen of a deficient attention which entails to the little confidence of the users of a suitable development of this management.Likewise, the Metropolitan Municipality received a total income of 3'834,137.70 soles between the years 2019 and 2020 that come from these procedures, which is why the improvement of management should be addressed through the application of administrative simplification, using tools several such as, for example, those that will be found in the National Policy for the Modernization of Public Management -Transversal Axis of Open Government -regarding the use of electronic media where through a digital platform that allows improving the quality service to users and thereby make these processes dynamic and accessible so that the economic agents of the market can access it more easily.Inthis sense, in order to recover public spaces used improperly and indiscriminately and thereby achieve an adequate territorial ordering, control of visual pollution and avoid affecting the environment, health and property rights of the citizen, as well asthe search for the reestablishment of the principle of authority and thereby optimize the attention and good service to the citizen. ; Escuela de Postgrado

Purpose Religion has always been an important part of human civilization and has largely determined its paths. When speaking of tourism, religion has been one of the oldest motives for traveling. That kind of traveling found its place in the complex mechanism of touristic migrations as a selective tourism type called religious or faith tourism. Although Croatia as a country full of historical and art valuables has great potential for further religious tourism development, there is a lack of scientific and objective analysis of this specific area. Like any other form of selective tourist offer, it is also required to manage religious tourism in order to ensure efficient and sustainable economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the religious tourism destinations, to look at the parameters that influence the effective synergy of the religious tourism destination factors, and to consider the needs of guests - religious tourists, in order to ensure positive economic effects with sustainable development in the destinations. Accordingly, the focus of the planned research is to find an optimal model for strategic management of religious tourism destinations. Methodology Various different methods of scientific research and suitable combinations thereof are employed when conducting scientific research, formulating and presenting results relevant for the defence of a doctoral thesis. For the empirical part of the research, a scientific model for the development of religious tourism was formulated and tested. Scientific research, formulation and presentation of research results in this doctoral dissertation has been accomplished by application of general methodological principles, commonly used in economic research. Acquired data has been analysed using methods of descriptive and inferential statistics. For the purpose of examining the sample of respondents that participated in conducted surveys, distributions according to gender, age groups, marital status, household income, employment status and degree of education have been determined. Distribution according to place of residence has also been determined for respondents who have gone on a religious journey at least once and responded to the survey. Distribution of respondents according to aforementioned characteristics is presented by simple bar charts. In addition to their application in describing the sample, descriptive statistical methods have been used to provide insight into research variables. For this purpose, three measures of central tendency (arithmetic mean, median and mode), as well as two measures of dispersion (standard deviation and interquartile range) have been calculated. Distribution of responses has also been presented by way of multiple bars. Considering that the responses were measured by ordinal scale, differences in evaluations and attitudes among individual groups have been analysed by means of nonparametric statistical tests. The Mann–Whitney test was used to test the significance of difference between two groups. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyse differences between three or more groups. In cases where latter determined that there were at least two analysed groups with a significant difference, the Dunnin test was used for the purpose of their identification. It should be noted that empirical significance levels adjusted by Bonferroni correction are given alongside all Dunnin test results. Differences confirmed at a significance level below 5% were considered statistically significant for the purpose of this research. Statistical analysis of data was performed using statistical packages SPSS and Statistica, while graphical representations were generated using Microsoft Excel. Findings Two questionnaire surveys have been conducted for research purposes. A survey of attitudes of people who have gone on at least one religious journey or pilgrimage was conducted on a sample of 502 respondents, and a survey of attitudes and the level of involvement of local population in the management and application of sustainable tourism criteria in religious tourism destinations, as well as their level of satisfaction with the quality of living in the same observed religious destinations, was conducted by means of an online questionnaire, created using Google Forms, on a sample of 315 respondents. The survey was conducted in eleven selected religious destinations in the Republic of Croatia, namely: Ilača, Aljmaš, Slavonski Brod, Pleternica, Voćin, Ludbreg, Marija Bistrica, Krašić, Trsat, Sinj and Blato on the island of Korčula. The survey focused on the local population of a religious destination and on pilgrims, religious travellers and visitors of Croatian sanctuaries, keeping in mind the creation of a representative sample within the statistical dataset. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire in Croatian language. Statistical data analysis has been performed on questionnaires collected from pilgrims and religious travellers in religious tourism destinations and the results are presented in this paper. The results of conducted analyses of collected questionnaires show that the majority of residents of religious destinations have indicated a presence of unplanned tourism development within their destination and they predominantly agree with the assertion that unplanned tourism development has a negative impact on balanced economic and sustainable social development, which may lead to significant negative economic and social trends within their destination. It has been determined that local residents of religious destinations mostly agree that a synergetic effect of a religious destination's strategic management with the local community and higher-ranked church officials has an impact on the efficiency of strategic management, whereas pilgrims and religious travellers somewhat agree with this statement. The majority of residents who live in religious tourism destinations, including those involved in the hospitality and tourism industries, believe that religious tourism generates positive effects on their communality and agree that religious tourism benefits the development of their community in different ways. Almost 90% of respondents agree that tourism creates new job opportunities for the local population and contributes to youth employment, while over 90% of respondents agree that tourism has a significant impact on the town's aesthetics. Almost 88% of respondents agree that tourism increases sales of local products, thereby improving the quality of life of local residents through the development of events and infrastructure, while more than three quarters of respondents agree that tourism raises the level of environmental awareness and fosters conservation and renovation of cultural and sacral heritage. While local residents somewhat agreed with most assertions concerning the negative effects of tourism, such as that tourism effects an increase in the price of goods and services, causes an increase in number of seasonal workers, reduction in the number of permanently employed persons and precipitates an abundant production of waste, the majority of residents disagreed with the assertion that tourism development bears a negative impact on the development of other economic sectors. Survey respondents agreed with most of the statements evaluating the importance of factors which impact the defining of a tourism product of a religious tourism destination, such as statements concerning the spiritual significance of a religious destination (67%), the spiritual need of an individual worshipper (77%), and religious destination safety (64%), while only one factor was deemed irrelevant for the definition of a religious tourism destination's tourism product by the majority of respondents (63%), namely the importance of the opportunity of travelling with pets. Pilgrims and religious travellers somewhat agreed with most of the claims regarding the impact of the parish community on the volume of tourists at a religious tourism destination, whereas they mostly agreed with the assertion that the proactivity of the parish priest and his ability to motivate parishioners significantly affects the number of pilgrimages and the number of pilgrims. Residents of a religious destination have indicated a lack of synergy among religious tourism stakeholders in the process of making decisions on the development of religious tourism and for the most part agree (84%) that successful tourism management of their destination requires strategic planning with the broader local community and involvement of all religious tourism stakeholders in tourism development decision-making, which is functionally tied to success in properly drawing up and implementing a sustainable strategic plan of development of the destination. In-depth interviews have also been conducted for the purpose of the doctoral dissertation. The interviews were formulated as semi-structured and were conducted with priests who manage church shrines at six religious destinations, namely: Aljmaš, Ilača, Voćin, Ludbreg, Marija Bistrica and Trsat. The second part of the research also involved in-depth interviews, but with directors of the tourist associations of the city of Rijeka, Vukovar-Srijem County, Marija Bistrica, Ludbreg, Osijek-Baranja County, and Sinj. In-depth interview contributors were selected for being the most competent representatives of their institutions, able to provide answers to questions posed within the scope of the subject being analysed, and for having the most practical experience in dealing with the aforementioned issues, thus they were the most relevant persons to provide answers. Upon analysing the responses obtained through in-depth interviews conducted with priests, church sanctuary managers and tourist association directors, one can conclude that all research questions have been answered, stating that religious tourism in Croatian destinations is not sufficiently valued, that insufficient attention is paid to ensure sustainable development of religious tourism in religious destinations and noting a lack of mutual cooperation between tourist associations and managers of sanctuaries, who are the key stakeholders of religious tourism in religious destinations. A proposal of a model for strategic management of a religious tourism destination is presented at the end of the paper. A vital part of the model involves the establishment of a strategic management structure for a religious destination which should certainly be unbiased and have executive power. Strategic management structure for a religious destination established in this manner should certainly be local enough to involve all key religious tourism stakeholders, such as representatives of local government, the church institution, the private sector, the local population, associations, pilgrims, religious travellers and tourists as key stakeholders of sustainable tourism development, encouraging them to cooperate in matters of sustainable tourist development of a religious destination. Such a structure should be strong enough and large enough so that its successfully established communication and coordination can determine a common development strategy and other instruments of religious tourist destination management which are founded on balanced principles of sustainable tourism development. Originality The scientific contribution of the doctoral dissertation is polysemantic. It can be viewed in the determination of certain economic rules, but also in the theoretical and applicative sense, which is evident in the presented results and conclusions of conducted research on selected religious destinations in the Republic of Croatia. In the theoretical sense, the contribution to the economic science is evident in the comprehensive and detailed overview of extensive, primarily foreign, scientific literature based on which key concepts pertaining to the topic of this paper have been systematized and defined. The analysis of reviewed scientific literature enabled the interpretation of important economic patterns, which emphasises the theoretical contribution of this paper. Unfortunately, domestic authors do not pursue the observed subject matter to a sufficient degree, and thus domestic literature dealing with the subject matter of this doctoral dissertation ‒ religious tourism ‒ is lacking, so this doctoral dissertation has at least partly filled the existing void in domestic scientific and technical literature. The paper's scientific contribution in the theoretical sense can be expressed through better understanding of the role and importance of sacral heritage and religious events on the successfulness of a religious tourism destination, as well as through cognitive facts resulting from research which can serve as a basis for defining models for religious tourism events founded on sacral heritage that can significantly impact the improvement of level of satisfaction of pilgrims, religious travellers, tourists and the local population with the ultimate goal of improvement of the economic impact on the religious destination, but also the economy as a whole. The theoretical impact is emphasised through the use of a valid and reliable measurement instrument (survey questionnaire and in-depth interview) used in the collection of primary data, so the scientific contribution is also emphasised through the applicability of statistical methods in the analysis of research data. Based on analyses of conducted research, by implementing the research results in its development strategies, planning and establishment of a religious and tourism events offering focusing on religion, culture, tradition and sacral heritage while ensuring sustainability, the management of a tourist destination can devise and implement models of religious and tourism events in accordance with the requirements of pilgrims, religious travellers, tourists and the religious destination itself. In the applicative sense of the scientific contribution, research results can aid the management and all stakeholders in religious destinations, serving as guidelines for strategic management, planning and implementation of tourism events based on religion, culture, tradition and sacral heritage, which will have a significant impact on the preservation of originality of culture, tradition and sacral heritage and its promotion on the tourism market, thus creating a unique religious tourism product and ensuring the recognisability of a religious destination. So with the approach of strategic management of a religious tourism destination, development of religious tourism going forward must be founded on criteria of sustainable development, i.e. on development of religious tourism which caters to the needs of attending pilgrims, religious travellers, tourists and the domestic population, satisfying economic, social, environmental and aesthetic requirements of the society, at the same time preserving religious and cultural identity and environmental processes, as well as resources of future development. Significant economic and non-economic effects will be achieved through sustainable development of the religious tourism offering and strategic management of a tourism destination.

Background: Tropical rain forests are highly biodiverse and provide globally important ecosystem services. In the face of increasing dominance of human-modified landscapes in tropical regions, sustainably managing these forests may contribute to maintain ecosystem integrity while fulfilling society's demand for forest goods. Sustainable forest management is based on the assumption that forest ecosystems are resilient to silvicultural interventions and that their ecosystem functions recover across felling cycles. So far, our understanding of tropical forest responses to silvicultural interventions is rather limited, especially regarding the medium to long-term post-logging recovery. Aims: The aim of this thesis was to analyse the effects of silvicultural intervention intensity and type (harvesting and thinning) on recovery of important forest attributes and functions related to biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and timber provision. In addition to the disturbance regime, vegetation attributes of the remaining forest stand may affect recovery. In less diverse ecosystems, it has been demonstrated that diversity in species or traits may increase resilience to disturbances because species complement each other for resource use (niche-complementarity hypothesis), or dominant species with their traits may drive ecosystem processes (mass-ratio hypothesis). However, such effects have not been investigated yet in relation to the resilience of tropical forests. Here, the effects of niche-complementarity and biomass-ratio hypotheses on biomass resilience were investigated. Research questions: 1. What are the dynamics of tree communities in the process of recovering diversity and composition relative to intervention intensity and type? 2. How is the aboveground biomass recovery affected by disturbance intensity and attributes of the remaining tree community? 3. How is the development of growing stock of commercial timber species affected by silvicultural intervention intensity and type? Study site and experiment: Data analysed in this thesis come from a unique long-term study on management effects on forest ecosystem recovery. The experiment with an area of 180 ha was established in 1981 in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil by the forest management group of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Trees (DBH ≥ 5 cm) were measured and permanently labelled in 35 permanent sample plots of 0.25 ha each. Eight repeated inventories took place from 1981 to 2012. Additionally, six control plots (0.25 ha) have been monitored in unlogged forest as of 1983. Intervention intensities comprised logging (on average 61 m³ ha−¹) and associated damage to remaining trees (1982) and thinning (1993/1994). These interventions together resulted in a gradient of reduction in basal-area ranging on average from 19 to 53% relative to pre-logging stocks. Analytical approach: Relative recovery of diversity, composition, biomass and timber stocks (in relation to pre-logging conditions) and other response variables (e.g., diversity and recruitment) were compared among intervention intensities, types and to the unlogged control. Furthermore, temporal changes in response variables were investigated in some cases (e.g., composition and growth rates). Effects of post-disturbance tree-community attributes on biomass resilience were further investigated using structural equation modelling. Results and discussion: Tree diversity was not impaired by silvicultural interventions but high intervention intensities (logging followed by medium and high thinning intensities) substantially affected the recovery of tree species composition (DBH ≥ 10 cm). This change in composition was underlined by shifts in the trait-mean of wood density towards lower values overtime, indicating a transition towards pioneer dominated communities. Such change may affect ecosystem functioning, for instance, species interactions due to lower availability of fleshy fruits. Moreover, the reduction of basal area through harvesting damage and thinning had a stronger effect on species composition than logging of mature trees itself. These findings demonstrate that intensive thinning should be avoided and they point to the importance of reduced impact logging for easing damage to retained trees and hence lessen possible unintended changes to tree species composition. These measures may enhance species composition recovery and maintenance of biodiversity at other trophic levels. Stand-level aboveground biomass recovery rates (DBH ≥ 10 cm) were largely determined by basal area remaining and less by post-disturbance composition. Below a post-logging basal area of ca. 23 m² ha−¹ and following intensive thinning interventions, recovery rates were impaired. The weak support for both the niche complementarity and the biomass-ratio hypotheses was possibly related to high functional redundancy in these species-rich forests, or because some species modulate post-intervention biomass recovery rather than overall diversity or community-mean trait values. These results suggest that heavy interventions may impair biomass resilience. Moreover, these forests retained high biomass stocks and fast recovery rates (on average 6.8 Mg ha−¹ year−¹), indicating the potential of managed tropical forests to contribute to climate change mitigation. Recruitment of small stems (5 cm ≤ DBH < 15 cm) and volume increment of future crop trees (15 cm ≤ DBH < 50 cm) temporarily increased following silvicultural interventions. High recruitment and growth rates were mainly driven by long-lived pioneer species so that future harvests will have to deal with a different pool of commercial species. When only the 22 commercial tree species that were harvested in 1982 were considered, the recovery in harvestable volume (DBH ≥ 50 cm) over 30 years ranged from 19 to 57%. However, if 30 additional tree species were considered that have been recognized as commercial timber species since, the recovery in the volume of the harvestable growing stock ranged from 27 to 143%. Light to medium thinning intensities promoted recovery, whereas intensive selection harvesting and follow-up thinning impeded recovery of harvestable growing stocks. These findings point to the importance of silvicultural interventions oriented towards future crop trees of target species to enhance recovery and reduce changes in composition of the commercial growing stock. Conclusions: A common finding was that the recovery in different important ecosystem attributes (tree species composition, biomass and timber stocks) within 30 years following initial logging was impaired when basal area was reduced more than 20% relative to pre-logging stocks. Furthermore, the results indicate that heavy harvesting damage and thinning may lead to unintended ecosystem changes that may affect the provision of ecosystem services. Results further suggest that current maximum harvesting intensity allowed by legislation (i.e., 30 m³ ha−¹ for a 30-year felling cycle) for the Brazilian Amazon is not likely to impair tree species composition and biomass recovery. Lastly, this thesis constitutes one of the few studies to date that addresses a comprehensive view of post-logging recovery over such a long-time period. The knowledge presented here contributes to improving our understanding of the resilience of tropical rain forests to silvicultural interventions. ; Contexto da pesquisa: Florestas tropicais são biodiversas e proporcionam serviços ecossistêmicos de importância global. Considerando a dominância crescente de paisagens antrópicas em regiões tropicais, o manejo sustentável destas florestas pode contribuir para manter a integridade dos ecossistemas e, concomitantemente, atender a demanda por produtos florestais para a sociedade. O manejo florestal sustentável é baseado na suposição de que os ecossistemas florestais são resilientes às intervenções silviculturais e que funções ecossistêmicas recobrem entre os ciclos de corte. No entanto, o entendimento sobre as respostas de florestas tropicais às intervenções silviculturais é limitado, especialmente no que se refere ao recobrimento de médio a longo prazo, após a colheita de madeira. Objetivos do estudo: O objetivo desta tese de doutorado foi analisar os efeitos da intensidade e do tipo (exploração e desbaste) de intervenção silvicultural no recobrimento de atributos e funções florestais importantes e relacionados à conservação da biodiversidade, sequestro de carbono e fornecimento de madeira. Além do regime de distúrbio, características da floresta remanescente também podem afetar o recobrimento. Em ecossistemas menos diversos, já foi demostrado que a diversidade, em espécies ou traços funcionais, pode aumentar a resiliência a distúrbios. Isso porque as espécies se complementam quanto ao uso dos recursos (hipótese de complementaridade de nichos ecológicos) ou porque espécies dominantes, com seus traços funcionais, podem determinar processos ecossistêmicos (hipótese de proporção de massas – mass-ratio em inglês). Tais efeitos ainda não foram investigados para a resiliência de florestas tropicais ao manejo florestal. Neste estudo, os efeitos das hipóteses de complementaridade de nichos ecológicos e de proporção de massas foram testados para a resiliência de biomassa. Perguntas da pesquisa: 1. Qual é a dinâmica da comunidade arbórea no processo de recobrimento de sua diversidade e composição em relação à intensidade e ao tipo da intervenção? 2. Como o recobrimento de biomassa acima do solo é afetado pela intensidade do distúrbio e características da vegetação (comunidade arbórea) remanescente? 3. Como o desenvolvimento do estoque de madeira de espécies comerciais é afetado pela intensidade e pelo tipo de intervenção silvicultural? Área de estudo e experimento: Dados analisados nesta tese de doutorado provêm de um estudo de longo-prazo para avaliar efeitos do manejo florestal madeireiro no recobrimento do ecossistema florestal. O experimento tem uma área de 180 ha e foi implementado em 1981 pelo grupo de manejo florestal da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental na Florestal Nacional do Tapajós, Pará, Brasil. Árvores com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foram medidas e permanentemente identificadas em 35 parcelas permanentes de 0.25 ha cada. Oito inventários florestais foram conduzidos de 1981 a 2012. Além disso, seis parcelas permanentes (0.25 ha) em floresta não-manejada foram monitoradas a partir de 1983. As intensidades de intervenção compreenderam a exploração (em média 61 m³ ha־¹) e danos associados às árvores remanescentes (1982) e desbaste (1993/1994). O efeito cumulativo dessas intervenções resultou em um gradiente de redução de área basal variando em média de 19 a 53% em relação ao estoque antes da exploração. Abordagem analítica usada para as análises: O recobrimento relativo (em relação às condições da floresta antes da exploração) para diversidade, composição de espécies, biomassa e estoque de madeira e também outras variáveis respostas como diversidade e recrutamento, foram comparadas entre as intensidades e tipo de intervenções, bem como em relação à floresta não manejada. Além disso, mudanças temporais foram investigadas em alguns casos, por exemplo para a composição de espécies e taxas de crescimento. Os efeitos das características da floresta remanescente na resiliência da biomassa também foram investigados usando modelos de equações estruturais. Resultados e discussão: A diversidade arbórea não foi prejudicada pelas intervenções silviculturais, mas altas intensidades de intervenção (exploração seguida de média à alta intensidade de desbaste) influenciaram, substancialmente, a composição de espécies arbóreas (DAP ≥ 10 cm). Essa mudança na composição de espécies foi acompanhada pelo decréscimo do valor médio de densidade da madeira sobre o tempo, indicando uma transição para comunidades dominadas por espécies pioneiras. Esta alteração pode influenciar o funcionamento do ecossistema como, por exemplo, a interação entre espécies, pela menor disponibilidade de frutos para a fauna. Além disso, a redução de área basal, pelo dano da colheita e pelo desbaste, teve uma influência maior na composição de espécies do que o corte de árvores alvo da colheita. Estes resultados demonstram que desbaste intensivo deve ser evitado e indicam a importância da exploração de impacto reduzido para diminuir danos à floresta remanescente e, consequentemente, reduzir o risco de mudanças não intencionais na composição de espécies arbóreas. Essas medidas podem facilitar o recobrimento da composição de espécies e a manutenção da biodiversidade em outros níveis tróficos. Taxas de recobrimento de biomassa acima do solo (DAP ≥ 10 cm) foram fortemente afetadas pela quantidade de área basal remanescente após a intervenção e pouco influenciadas pela composição da floresta remanescente. Abaixo de um nível pós-corte de área basal de aproximadamente 23 m² ha−¹ e seguindo desbastes intensos, taxas de recobrimento foram reduzidas. O baixo suporte estatístico, para as hipóteses de complementaridade de nichos ecológicos e de proporção de massas, pode estar relacionado à alta redundância funcional que, possivelmente, ocorre nestas florestas ricas em espécies ou porque, ao invés dos valores médios de características funcionais, algumas espécies podem determinar o recobrimento de biomassa após as intervenções. Estes resultados sugerem que intervenções intensivas podem prejudicar a resiliência da biomassa. Além disso, essas florestas retêm alto estoque de biomassa e rápidas taxas de recobrimento (em média 6.8 Mg ha−¹ ano−¹), indicando o potencial de florestas tropicais manejadas para contribuir com a mitigação das mudanças climáticas. O recrutamento da regeneração avançada (5 cm ≤ DAP < 15 cm) e o incremento volumétrico de árvores para colheita futura (15 cm ≤ DAP < 50 cm) aumentou temporariamente após as intervenções silviculturais. Alto recrutamento e taxas de crescimento foram determinados, principalmente, por espécies pioneiras de longa vida, de modo que futuros ciclos de corte serão compostos por um grupo diferente de espécies comerciais. O recobrimento do volume para colheita (DAP ≥ 50 cm) ao longo de 30 anos variou de 19 a 57%, quando considerando somente as 22 espécies comerciais exploradas em 1982. No entanto, ao incluir 30 espécies, que foram reconhecidas como comerciais a partir de 1982, o recobrimento em volume para colheita variou de 27 a 143%. Baixa à média intensidade de desbaste promoveu o recobrimento, mas alta intensidade de corte seletivo, seguido de intensivo desbaste, impediu o recobrimento do estoque de madeira. Estes resultados apontam para a importância de tratamentos silviculturais orientados a árvores para colheita futura visando melhorar o recobrimento e reduzir mudanças na composição de espécies do estoque madeireiro. Conclusões: Um resultado comum foi que o recobrimento em diferentes e importantes atributos (composição de espécies arbóreas, biomassa e estoque de madeira) dentro de 30 anos após a exploração foi prejudicado, quando a área basal foi reduzida para mais de 20% em relação ao estoque antes da exploração. Além disso, os resultados indicam que alta intensidade de danos associada com a exploração, e intensivos desbastes podem conduzir a mudanças inintencionais no ecossistema o que, por sua vez, pode afetar a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. Os resultados também sugerem que a atual intensidade de corte, permitida pela legislação (isto é, 30 m³ ha−¹ para um ciclo de corte de 30 anos) para a Amazônia brasileira, não irá prejudicar o recobrimento da composição de espécies arbóreas e biomassa. Por fim, esta tese de doutorado constitui um dos poucos estudos, até o momento, que consideram uma visão abrangente do recobrimento pós-colheita sobre um longo período de tempo. O conhecimento aqui apresentado contribui para melhorar o entendimento sobre a resiliência de florestas tropicais às intervenções silviculturais.

El Objeto de la tesis son las ciudades de Gibellina y Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), destruidas, en su totalidad o en parte, por un violento terremoto en enero de 1968. El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la relación entre permanencia y transformación en la arquitectura de la ciudad a través del análisis de un caso extremo donde una catástrofe provoca una fractura repentina en la evolución, física y social, de la historia de un lugar. El proceso de reconstrucción evidencia como estos elementos se combinan en el proyecto arquitectónico y en el uso del espacio construido para que la ciudad se mantenga viva. En los últimos 40 años Gibellina y Salemi han sido un laboratorio de la arquitectura y de las ciencias humanas, en una dimensión analizable en un único estudio; el Belice un banco de pruebas para la cultura política y arquitectónica italiana, que no tenía, entonces, herramientas legislativas para actuar al margen de la cultura de la emergencia. Gibellina y Salemi son el sujeto de una investigación histórica que sitúa la mirada en el presente y en el uso. Las dos ciudades, física y social, dialogan: la primera cambia y requiere que lo haga también la segunda. ¿Cómo la historia interrumpida puede seguir su curso? ¿Cómo la conservación y la innovación de los elementos espaciales y culturales de una comunidad garantizan su supervivencia? ¿Cómo la memoria rememorada hace avanzar hacia el futuro? Estas preguntas nacen de unas hipótesis iniciales. La primera es que la construcción de la ciudad sea un proceso continuo donde territorio y sociedad son los términos de un diálogo constante. La segunda concierne al propio mecanismo de la catástrofe el cual no puede leerse solo como acontecimiento luctuoso, sino como portador de un punto de vista nuevo, de la oportunidad de hacer las cosas de manera diferente. La memoria, para acabar, cobra un papel fundamental combinando permanencia y transformación tanto en el proyecto de arquitectura como en el uso de la ciudad. Si el análisis de un caso concreto puede aclarar los mecanismos de producción, transformación y transmisión de la arquitectura en el tiempo, podremos entender, mediante él, cómo se mantiene a lo largo de la historia la conexión entre un territorio y su cultura. La tesis reordena las etapas de la reconstrucción y propone un punto de vista diferente con respecto a mucha literatura sobre Belice, situando el análisis del texto urbano en su específico contexto histórico, geográfico y cultural, sin expresar juicios a posteriori e investigando las razones contingentes de las elecciones llevadas a cabo. La tesis se compone de tres partes según una estructura cronológica clásica. En la primera se analiza el Belice según los parámetros de construcción y resistencia. La teoría del territorio como paisaje construido y culturalizado se refiere a la tradición italiana desde Assunto hasta Natarelli. La lectura de Rossi es fundamental para entender la ciudad como artefacto que evoluciona en el tiempo. La teoría sociogenética de Muntañola relaciona proyecto, territorio y sociedad, mientras que la psicología ambiental, Pol, ayuda a comprender lo urbano desde el punto de vista del sujeto que lo habita. El análisis de la arquitectura en el tiempo se hace a partir de la teoría del tipo como estructura que, en la tradición de Quatremère de Quincy, es releída y actualizada por Caniggia y Muratori en los setenta y, más recientemente, por Martí y Moneo. Para la reflexión sobre forma, figura y símbolo nos referimos a Colquhoun y para el concepto de espacio prototípico en psicología ambiental a Valera. Fuera de la arquitectura, la topología y la teoría psicogenética de Piaget sugieren un interesante punto de vista para entender la evolución del tipo en el tiempo. Con estas bases se identifican y describen los tipos urbanos y arquitectónicos fundamentales del Belice antes 1968. La segunda parte se apoya en los estudios de Muntañola sobre la poética en arquitectura y utiliza la teoría de las catástrofes del matemático René Thom para defender la duplicidad del concepto de catástrofe: como trauma y como solución. El análisis de estos puntos de vista aplicados a la arquitectura hace reflexionar sobre como "regla" y "modelo" intervienen en el proyecto de arquitectura en un contexto de destrucción de la forma urbana y disolución del contexto social al que pertenece. El estudio de los planes para Gibellina y Salemi ha sido hecho de acuerdo con esta nueva orientación. En la tercera parte, la teoría de la memoria de Ricoeur ayuda a entender como resistencia y transformación se entrelazan en los diferentes proyectos de reconstrucción a través de los elementos de topos, tipo y uso. La relación del texto arquitectónico con su contexto histórico y social se cumple en el "habitar reflexivo". ; Oggetto della tesi sono le città di Gibellina e Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), distrutte, nella loro totalità o in parte, da un violento terremoto nel gennaio del 1968. Obiettivo della tesi è indagare la relazione tra permanenza e trasformazione nell'architettura della città attraverso l'analisi di un caso estremo in cui una catastrofe opera una frattura repentina nell'evoluzione, fisica e sociale, della storia di un luogo. Il processo di ricostruzione mostra come i due elementi si combinano nel progetto architettonico e nell'uso dello spazio costruito per consentire alla città di mantenersi viva. Durante gli ultimi 40 anni Gibellina e Salemi sono state un laboratório dell'architettura e delle scienze umane, in una dimensione analizzabile in un unico studio; il Belice un banco di prova per la cultura politica e architettonica italiana priva, allora, di strumenti legislativi per operare oltre la cultura dell'emergenza. Gibellina e Salemi sono il soggetto di una ricerca storica, che situa lo sguardo nel presente e sull'uso. Le due città, fisica e sociale, dialogano: la prima si modifica e richiede che lo faccia anche la seconda. Come la storia interrotta prosegue il suo corso? Come la conservazione e il rinnovamento degli elementi spaziali e culturali di una comunità ne garantiscono la sopravvivenza? Come la memoria fa avanzare verso il futuro? Queste domande nascono da alcune ipotesi di partenza. La prima è che la costruzione della città sia un processo continuo in cui territorio e società sono i termini di un dialogo costante. La seconda riguarda il meccanismo stesso della catastrofe che non può essere letta solo come evento luttuoso, ma tale da portare con sè il germe costruttivo di un punto di vista nuovo, della opportunità di fare le cose diversamente. La memoria, infine, ha un ruolo fondamentale nel combinare permanenza e trasformazione tanto nel progetto di architettura come nell'uso della città. Se l'analisi di un caso concreto può far luce sui meccanismi di produzione, trasformazione e trasmissione dell'architettura nel tempo, potremo, per suo tramite, capire come il legame tra un territorio e la sua cultura si mantiene nella storia. La tesi riordina le tappe della ricostruzione e propone un punto di vista diverso rispetto a molta letteratura sul Belice, situando l'analisi del testo urbano all'interno del suo specifico contesto storico, geografico e culturale, senza esprimere giudizi a posteriori e indagando le ragioni contingenti delle scelte operate. La tesi si compone di tre parti secondo una struttura cronologica classica. Nella prima, si analizza il Belice secondo i parametri di costruzione e resistenza. La teoria del territorio come paesaggio costruito e culturalizzato si rifà alla tradizione italiana da R. Assunto fino a E. Natarelli. La lettura di A. Rossi è fondamentale per intendere la città come manufatto che si evolve nel tempo. La teoria sociogenetica di J. Muntañola relaziona progetto, territorio e società, mentre la psicologia ambientale, E. Pol, aiuta nella comprensione dell'urbano dal punto di vista del soggetto che lo abita. L'analisi della resistenza dell'architettura nel tempo viene a fatta a partire dalla teoria del tipo come struttura che, nella tradizione di Quatremère de Quincy, è riletta e aggiornata da G. Caniggia e S. Muratori negli anni '70 e più recentemente da C. Martì e R. Moneo. Per la riflessione su forma, figura e simbolo ci siamo riferiti ad A. Colquhoun e per il concetto di spazio prototipico in psicologia ambientale a S. Valera. Al di fuori dell'architettura, la topologia e la teoria psicogenetica di J. Piaget suggeriscono un interessante punto di vista per capire l'evoluzione del tipo nel tempo. Su queste basi si identificano e descrivono i tipi urbani ed architettonici fondamentali del Belice prima del 1968. La seconda parte si appoggia agli studi di Muntañola sulla poetica in architettura e utilizza la teoria delle catastrofi del matematico R. Thom per sostenere la duplicità del concetto di catastrofe: come trauma e come soluzione. L'analisi dei due punti di vista applicati all'architettura fa riflettere su come regola e modello intervengono nel progetto di architettura in un contesto di distruzione della forma urbana e di dissoluzione del contesto sociale di appartenenza. Lo studio dei piani per Gibellina e Salemi è fatto a partire da questo nuovo orientamento. Nella terza parte la teoria della memoria di P. Ricoeur ci aiuta a capire come resistenza e trasformazione si declinano nei diversi progetti di ricostruzione mediante i tre elementi di topos, tipo e uso. La relazione del testo architettonico con il suo contesto storico e sociale trova compimento nell'abitare riflessivo. ; This thesis explores the cities of Gibellina and Salemi (Belice Valley, Sicily), which were entirely or partially destroyed by a major earthquake in January 1968. The aim of the thesis is to study the relationship between permanence and transformation in the architecture of the city by analysing an extreme case in which a disaster causes a sudden fracture in the physical and social evolution of the history of a place. The reconstruction process shows how these elements are combined in the architectural project and use of built-up space in order to keep the city alive. In the last forty years Gibellina and Salemi have been a laboratory for architecture and human sciences on a scale that can be analysed in one study. Belice is a testbed for Italian political and architectural culture which at that time did not possess the legislative means to act outside the emergency culture. Gibellina and Salemi are the subject of historical research focusing on the present and on use. Both cities, physically and socially, maintain a dialogue: the former changes and forces the latter to do so also. How can uninterrupted history continue its course? How do the conservation and innovation of the spatial and cultural elements of a community ensure its survival? How does remembered memory lead us into the future? All of these questions are borne out of initial hypotheses. The first is that the construction of a city is a continual process in which land and society are the terms of ongoing dialogue. The second concerns the mechanism of the disaster itself, which must not be seen merely as a painful event but as the bringer of a new perspective - the chance to do things differently. Finally, memory plays a key role by bringing together permanence and transformation both in the architectural project and in the use of the city. If analysing a specific case can shed light upon the mechanisms of production, transformation and transmission of architecture in time, we shall thereby be able to understand how the connection between a land and its culture is upheld through history. This thesis reorders the reconstruction stages and proposes a fresh point of view with regard to the bulk of the literature on Belice, placing the urban text analysis within its historical, geographical and cultural context without making judgements and exploring the underlying reasons for the choices made. It is split into three parts in the classical chronological structure. Firstly, Belice is analysed in terms of construction and resistance. The theory of territory as a built and culturalized landscape refers to the Italian tradition from Assunto to Natarelli. The reading of Rossi is vital to understanding the city as an artefact that evolves over time. Josep Muntañola's theory of sociogenetics links project, territory and society, whilst Enric Pol's work on environmental psychology provides insight into the urban from the perspective of its inhabitants. My analysis of architecture over time is underpinned by the theory of the type as structure which, in the tradition of Quatremère de Quincy, was revisited and updated by Caniggia and Muratori in the 1970's and, more recently, by Martí and Moneo. I shall refer to Colquhoun on form, figure and symbol, and to Valera on the concept of prototypical space in environmental psychology. Moving beyond the architectural domain, Jean Piaget's theory of psychogenetics provides a fascinating point of view for understanding the evolution of type in time. These are the underlying principles that have been taken to identify and describe the fundamental urban and architectural types in Belice before 1968. The second section is based on Muntañola's studies on the poetic in architecture and uses mathematician René Thom's catastrophe theory to support the twofold nature of the catastrophe concept: as a trauma and as a solution. The analysis of these points of view as applied to architecture leads to a consideration of how 'rule' and 'model' intervene in the architectural project in a context of destruction of the urban form and breakdown of the social setting to which it belongs. The plans for Gibellina and Salemi have been studied in accordance with this new direction. In the third part, Ricoeur's memory theory is useful in understanding how resistance and transformation are intertwined in the various reconstruction projects through the three elements topos, types and use. The relationship between the architectural text and its historical and social setting is brought about by "reflexive inhabiting". ; Postprint (published version)

El Objeto de la tesis son las ciudades de Gibellina y Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), destruidas, en su totalidad o en parte, por un violento terremoto en enero de 1968. El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la relación entre permanencia y transformación en la arquitectura de la ciudad a través del análisis de un caso extremo donde una catástrofe provoca una fractura repentina en la evolución, física y social, de la historia de un lugar. El proceso de reconstrucción evidencia como estos elementos se combinan en el proyecto arquitectónico y en el uso del espacio construido para que la ciudad se mantenga viva. En los últimos 40 años Gibellina y Salemi han sido un laboratorio de la arquitectura y de las ciencias humanas, en una dimensión analizable en un único estudio; el Belice un banco de pruebas para la cultura política y arquitectónica italiana, que no tenía, entonces, herramientas legislativas para actuar al margen de la cultura de la emergencia. Gibellina y Salemi son el sujeto de una investigación histórica que sitúa la mirada en el presente y en el uso. Las dos ciudades, física y social, dialogan: la primera cambia y requiere que lo haga también la segunda. ¿Cómo la historia interrumpida puede seguir su curso? ¿Cómo la conservación y la innovación de los elementos espaciales y culturales de una comunidad garantizan su supervivencia? ¿Cómo la memoria rememorada hace avanzar hacia el futuro? Estas preguntas nacen de unas hipótesis iniciales. La primera es que la construcción de la ciudad sea un proceso continuo donde territorio y sociedad son los términos de un diálogo constante. La segunda concierne al propio mecanismo de la catástrofe el cual no puede leerse solo como acontecimiento luctuoso, sino como portador de un punto de vista nuevo, de la oportunidad de hacer las cosas de manera diferente. La memoria, para acabar, cobra un papel fundamental combinando permanencia y transformación tanto en el proyecto de arquitectura como en el uso de la ciudad. Si el análisis de un caso concreto puede aclarar los mecanismos de producción, transformación y transmisión de la arquitectura en el tiempo, podremos entender, mediante él, cómo se mantiene a lo largo de la historia la conexión entre un territorio y su cultura. La tesis reordena las etapas de la reconstrucción y propone un punto de vista diferente con respecto a mucha literatura sobre Belice, situando el análisis del texto urbano en su específico contexto histórico, geográfico y cultural, sin expresar juicios a posteriori e investigando las razones contingentes de las elecciones llevadas a cabo. La tesis se compone de tres partes según una estructura cronológica clásica. En la primera se analiza el Belice según los parámetros de construcción y resistencia. La teoría del territorio como paisaje construido y culturalizado se refiere a la tradición italiana desde Assunto hasta Natarelli. La lectura de Rossi es fundamental para entender la ciudad como artefacto que evoluciona en el tiempo. La teoría sociogenética de Muntañola relaciona proyecto, territorio y sociedad, mientras que la psicología ambiental, Pol, ayuda a comprender lo urbano desde el punto de vista del sujeto que lo habita. El análisis de la arquitectura en el tiempo se hace a partir de la teoría del tipo como estructura que, en la tradición de Quatremère de Quincy, es releída y actualizada por Caniggia y Muratori en los setenta y, más recientemente, por Martí y Moneo. Para la reflexión sobre forma, figura y símbolo nos referimos a Colquhoun y para el concepto de espacio prototípico en psicología ambiental a Valera. Fuera de la arquitectura, la topología y la teoría psicogenética de Piaget sugieren un interesante punto de vista para entender la evolución del tipo en el tiempo. Con estas bases se identifican y describen los tipos urbanos y arquitectónicos fundamentales del Belice antes 1968. La segunda parte se apoya en los estudios de Muntañola sobre la poética en arquitectura y utiliza la teoría de las catástrofes del matemático René Thom para defender la duplicidad del concepto de catástrofe: como trauma y como solución. El análisis de estos puntos de vista aplicados a la arquitectura hace reflexionar sobre como "regla" y "modelo" intervienen en el proyecto de arquitectura en un contexto de destrucción de la forma urbana y disolución del contexto social al que pertenece. El estudio de los planes para Gibellina y Salemi ha sido hecho de acuerdo con esta nueva orientación. En la tercera parte, la teoría de la memoria de Ricoeur ayuda a entender como resistencia y transformación se entrelazan en los diferentes proyectos de reconstrucción a través de los elementos de topos, tipo y uso. La relación del texto arquitectónico con su contexto histórico y social se cumple en el "habitar reflexivo". ; Oggetto della tesi sono le città di Gibellina e Salemi (valle del Belice, Sicilia), distrutte, nella loro totalità o in parte, da un violento terremoto nel gennaio del 1968. Obiettivo della tesi è indagare la relazione tra permanenza e trasformazione nell'architettura della città attraverso l'analisi di un caso estremo in cui una catastrofe opera una frattura repentina nell'evoluzione, fisica e sociale, della storia di un luogo. Il processo di ricostruzione mostra come i due elementi si combinano nel progetto architettonico e nell'uso dello spazio costruito per consentire alla città di mantenersi viva. Durante gli ultimi 40 anni Gibellina e Salemi sono state un laboratório dell'architettura e delle scienze umane, in una dimensione analizzabile in un unico studio; il Belice un banco di prova per la cultura politica e architettonica italiana priva, allora, di strumenti legislativi per operare oltre la cultura dell'emergenza. Gibellina e Salemi sono il soggetto di una ricerca storica, che situa lo sguardo nel presente e sull'uso. Le due città, fisica e sociale, dialogano: la prima si modifica e richiede che lo faccia anche la seconda. Come la storia interrotta prosegue il suo corso? Come la conservazione e il rinnovamento degli elementi spaziali e culturali di una comunità ne garantiscono la sopravvivenza? Come la memoria fa avanzare verso il futuro? Queste domande nascono da alcune ipotesi di partenza. La prima è che la costruzione della città sia un processo continuo in cui territorio e società sono i termini di un dialogo costante. La seconda riguarda il meccanismo stesso della catastrofe che non può essere letta solo come evento luttuoso, ma tale da portare con sè il germe costruttivo di un punto di vista nuovo, della opportunità di fare le cose diversamente. La memoria, infine, ha un ruolo fondamentale nel combinare permanenza e trasformazione tanto nel progetto di architettura come nell'uso della città. Se l'analisi di un caso concreto può far luce sui meccanismi di produzione, trasformazione e trasmissione dell'architettura nel tempo, potremo, per suo tramite, capire come il legame tra un territorio e la sua cultura si mantiene nella storia. La tesi riordina le tappe della ricostruzione e propone un punto di vista diverso rispetto a molta letteratura sul Belice, situando l'analisi del testo urbano all'interno del suo specifico contesto storico, geografico e culturale, senza esprimere giudizi a posteriori e indagando le ragioni contingenti delle scelte operate. La tesi si compone di tre parti secondo una struttura cronologica classica. Nella prima, si analizza il Belice secondo i parametri di costruzione e resistenza. La teoria del territorio come paesaggio costruito e culturalizzato si rifà alla tradizione italiana da R. Assunto fino a E. Natarelli. La lettura di A. Rossi è fondamentale per intendere la città come manufatto che si evolve nel tempo. La teoria sociogenetica di J. Muntañola relaziona progetto, territorio e società, mentre la psicologia ambientale, E. Pol, aiuta nella comprensione dell'urbano dal punto di vista del soggetto che lo abita. L'analisi della resistenza dell'architettura nel tempo viene a fatta a partire dalla teoria del tipo come struttura che, nella tradizione di Quatremère de Quincy, è riletta e aggiornata da G. Caniggia e S. Muratori negli anni '70 e più recentemente da C. Martì e R. Moneo. Per la riflessione su forma, figura e simbolo ci siamo riferiti ad A. Colquhoun e per il concetto di spazio prototipico in psicologia ambientale a S. Valera. Al di fuori dell'architettura, la topologia e la teoria psicogenetica di J. Piaget suggeriscono un interessante punto di vista per capire l'evoluzione del tipo nel tempo. Su queste basi si identificano e descrivono i tipi urbani ed architettonici fondamentali del Belice prima del 1968. La seconda parte si appoggia agli studi di Muntañola sulla poetica in architettura e utilizza la teoria delle catastrofi del matematico R. Thom per sostenere la duplicità del concetto di catastrofe: come trauma e come soluzione. L'analisi dei due punti di vista applicati all'architettura fa riflettere su come regola e modello intervengono nel progetto di architettura in un contesto di distruzione della forma urbana e di dissoluzione del contesto sociale di appartenenza. Lo studio dei piani per Gibellina e Salemi è fatto a partire da questo nuovo orientamento. Nella terza parte la teoria della memoria di P. Ricoeur ci aiuta a capire come resistenza e trasformazione si declinano nei diversi progetti di ricostruzione mediante i tre elementi di topos, tipo e uso. La relazione del testo architettonico con il suo contesto storico e sociale trova compimento nell'abitare riflessivo. ; This thesis explores the cities of Gibellina and Salemi (Belice Valley, Sicily), which were entirely or partially destroyed by a major earthquake in January 1968. The aim of the thesis is to study the relationship between permanence and transformation in the architecture of the city by analysing an extreme case in which a disaster causes a sudden fracture in the physical and social evolution of the history of a place. The reconstruction process shows how these elements are combined in the architectural project and use of built-up space in order to keep the city alive. In the last forty years Gibellina and Salemi have been a laboratory for architecture and human sciences on a scale that can be analysed in one study. Belice is a testbed for Italian political and architectural culture which at that time did not possess the legislative means to act outside the emergency culture. Gibellina and Salemi are the subject of historical research focusing on the present and on use. Both cities, physically and socially, maintain a dialogue: the former changes and forces the latter to do so also. How can uninterrupted history continue its course? How do the conservation and innovation of the spatial and cultural elements of a community ensure its survival? How does remembered memory lead us into the future? All of these questions are borne out of initial hypotheses. The first is that the construction of a city is a continual process in which land and society are the terms of ongoing dialogue. The second concerns the mechanism of the disaster itself, which must not be seen merely as a painful event but as the bringer of a new perspective - the chance to do things differently. Finally, memory plays a key role by bringing together permanence and transformation both in the architectural project and in the use of the city. If analysing a specific case can shed light upon the mechanisms of production, transformation and transmission of architecture in time, we shall thereby be able to understand how the connection between a land and its culture is upheld through history. This thesis reorders the reconstruction stages and proposes a fresh point of view with regard to the bulk of the literature on Belice, placing the urban text analysis within its historical, geographical and cultural context without making judgements and exploring the underlying reasons for the choices made. It is split into three parts in the classical chronological structure. Firstly, Belice is analysed in terms of construction and resistance. The theory of territory as a built and culturalized landscape refers to the Italian tradition from Assunto to Natarelli. The reading of Rossi is vital to understanding the city as an artefact that evolves over time. Josep Muntañola's theory of sociogenetics links project, territory and society, whilst Enric Pol's work on environmental psychology provides insight into the urban from the perspective of its inhabitants. My analysis of architecture over time is underpinned by the theory of the type as structure which, in the tradition of Quatremère de Quincy, was revisited and updated by Caniggia and Muratori in the 1970's and, more recently, by Martí and Moneo. I shall refer to Colquhoun on form, figure and symbol, and to Valera on the concept of prototypical space in environmental psychology. Moving beyond the architectural domain, Jean Piaget's theory of psychogenetics provides a fascinating point of view for understanding the evolution of type in time. These are the underlying principles that have been taken to identify and describe the fundamental urban and architectural types in Belice before 1968. The second section is based on Muntañola's studies on the poetic in architecture and uses mathematician René Thom's catastrophe theory to support the twofold nature of the catastrophe concept: as a trauma and as a solution. The analysis of these points of view as applied to architecture leads to a consideration of how 'rule' and 'model' intervene in the architectural project in a context of destruction of the urban form and breakdown of the social setting to which it belongs. The plans for Gibellina and Salemi have been studied in accordance with this new direction. In the third part, Ricoeur's memory theory is useful in understanding how resistance and transformation are intertwined in the various reconstruction projects through the three elements topos, types and use. The relationship between the architectural text and its historical and social setting is brought about by "reflexive inhabiting". ; Postprint (published version)

Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit zeigt die Ursachen und Folgeprobleme von Landnutzungsänderungen, die in den letzten 40 Jahren auf den Naturraum von Almonte wirkten. Dieser im Südwesten von Andalusien in Spanien gelegenen ca. 86.000 ha großen Gemeindefläche kommt eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Im Westen grenzt die Nutzfläche an den Nationalpark Doñana, einem international bekannten Feuchtgebiet. Veränderungen in der Landnutzung können dadurch unmittelbar auf dieses Schutzgebiet wirken. Darüber hinaus stehen die Entwicklungen, die in Almonte einen Wandel hervorriefen beispielhaft für die Landschaften in der Küstenregion der Provinz Huelva. Die Ausdehnung des bewässerten Anbaus, vor allem für den Anbau von Erdbeeren, führte dazu, dass sich diese Region zur Erdbeerkammer Europas entwickelte. Zusammen mit der Bevölkerungszunahme und dem Ausbau des Tourismus belasten diese Veränderungen zunehmend den Aquifer Almonte-Marismas. Mittlerweile werden mit seinem Wasser ca. 250.000 Menschen versorgt und auf seiner Fläche ca. 14.000 ha Land bewässert. Nicht nur durch den bewässerten Anbau sondern auch den Beitritt zur EU- erfuhr dieser einst ökonomisch schwach entwickelte Raum deutliche Impulse, die einen Wandel in der Landnutzung hervorriefen. Ziel dieser Forschung war es die Veränderungen in der land- und Forstwirtschaftlichen Nutzung, ihre Ursachen sowie ihre Auswirkungen auf den Landschaftshaushalt zu untersuchen. Um die Impulse herauszufinden, die eine Nutzungsänderung induziert haben, wurden sozioökonomische und naturgeographische Aspekte sowie der Einfluss von agrarpolitischen Maßnahmen und hier hauptsächlich der EU-Agrarpolitik (GAP) untersucht. Die Veränderungen in der Landnutzung und ihre Auswirkungen wurden für den Raum Almonte durch Literatur- und Kartenauswertungen erfasst. Ergänzend erfolgte für die Dokumentation der Probleme in der Nutzung von Wasserreserven eine Recherche von Messdaten zur Grundwasserabsenkung sowie der Salz- und Nitratbelastung bei den spanischen Behörden. In drei ausgewählten Testgebieten wurden im Rahmen von Geländeerhebungen die Untersuchungen von Veränderungen und Auswirkungen vertieft. Dabei war es Aufgabe mit einfachen Geländemethoden flächenhaft zu prüfen, welche Auswirkungen die einzelnen Nutzungen auf die Boden- und Wasserpotenziale sowie auf die Kulturlandschaft haben. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Geländeerhebungen lag in der Erfassung der Nitratbelastungen in Boden und Wasser, in der Prüfung der Eignung des Wassers für die Bewässerung sowie in der Aufnahme von Bodenerosion und Landschaftsschäden. Die Untersuchungen der Nitratbelastungen wurden mit den Reflecto-quant Nitratschnelltests der Firma Merck, KGaA, Darmstadt in situ durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurde Nitrat auf ca. 30 km² (Quadratkilometer) Fläche mit 482 Messungen an 48 Probenahmepunkten im Grundwasser und mit 133 Messungen in einer Herbst und 159 Messungen in einer Frühjahrsbeprobung im Boden nachgewiesen. In den Fließgewässern wurde die Nitratkonzentration an 25 Messpunkten mit 281 Messwerten gemessen. Die Messungen erfolgten monatlich von 1996 bis 1997 und wurden durch eine Stichprobenmessung im Mai 2005 ergänzt. Die Bewertung der Ergebnisse erfolgte unter Anwendung von verschiedenen Methoden der Gewässerbeurteilung (u.a. SchALVO, 2001; LAWA, 1998; FAO; 1994 und Nitratrichtlinie, 91/676/EWG). Darüber hinaus wurde im Rahmen der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Gewässerreinhaltung die Umsetzung der EU-Wasser-Rahmenrichtlinie (EU-WRRL) analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung zeigen, dass das Naturpotenzial, die sozioökonomischen Verhältnisse, die Rentabilität der Anbauprodukte sowie die agrarpolitischen Maßnahmen einen beträchtlichen Einfluss auf die Flächennutzungen haben. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Veränderungen zum Teil erhebliche Landschaftsschäden hervorrufen. Die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen auf den Boden- und Wasserhaushalt zeigen, dass von einigen Nutzungen zum Teil nicht wiederherzustellende Gefährdung und Schädigung von Naturraumpotenzialen entstehen. Die Nitratnachweise an den Grundwassermesspunkten ergaben eine mittlere Belastung von 54 mg/l und überschreiten damit den Schwellenwert von 50 mg/l der EU-Nitratrichtlinie. Die Stichprobenmessung vom Mai 2005, die an der Mehrzahl der Brunnen dieses Messnetzes durchgeführt wurde ergab, dass die mittlere Nitratkonzentration fast gleich hoch geblieben ist. Hingegen zeigen die Nitratnachweise, die von der Landwirtschaftsbehörde im Rahmen der Nitratrichtlinie an wenigen Messpunkten erhoben werden mit einer mittleren Nitratkonzentration von 5 mg/l (1999) und 8,7 mg/l (2001) eine deutlich geringere Belastung (CONSEJE-RIÁ DE MEDIO AMBIENTE, 2002 und 2000). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit einer hohen Anzahl von Nitratmessungen eine wesentlich höhere Belastung nachgewiesen werden konnte, als an den 8 bzw. 9 Messpunkten, die von Seiten der Behörden für den Nitratnachweis beprobt werden. Bei den Fließgewässern wurde im Vorfluter Rocina der Median der Nitratkonzentration von 6 mg/l für den Santa Maria der Median der Nitratkonzentration von 18 mg/l ermittelt. Nach den Gewässergütekriterien der LAWA (1998) konnte der Santa Maria als kritisch belastet, der Rocina nach Hütter (1992) als unbelastet festgestellt werden. Die Stichprobenmessungen im Mai 2005 ergaben ähnliche Belastungen wieder. Die Auswertungen der Nitratgehalte im Boden ergaben dass die SchALVO-Überwachungswerte im bewässerten Anbau am häufigsten überschritten werden. Insgesamt ergaben die Erhebungen, dass im Grundwasser, den Fließgewässern sowie im Boden bei allen Nitratmessungen die Standorte mit bewässertem Anbau von Erdbeeren die höchsten Belastungen zeigten. Im Trockenfeldbau wurden erhöhte Nitratwerte in den Brunnen und Stickstoffgehalte in Böden vorgefunden in deren Einzugsgebiet einjährige Kulturen standen. Die höchsten Stickstoffgehalte wurden dann vorgefunden, wenn Getreide angebaut war. Die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen auf den Boden ergab im Trockenfeldbau, dass der Anbau von einjährigen Kulturen auf sandig-schluffigen, im Untergrund verfestigten tonig-lehmigen Böden, bei Hangneigungen von 3 % zu einem erhöhten Erosionsrisiko beiträgt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die EU- Programme zur Förderung des Anbaus von einjährigen Kulturen gerade in den neunziger Jahren zu weitreichenden Bodendegradierungen auf diesen Standorten führte, die bis heute das Ertragspotenzial dieser Böden beeinträchtigt. Von den agrarischen Nutzungen wurden der Wein- und der Olivenanbau als diejenigen Anbaukulturen vorgefunden, die am Besten an den Naturhaushalt angepasst sind. Alle Nachweise, die im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung geführt wurden, um Auswirkungen von Landnutzungen festzustellen: Bodendegradation, Erosion, Nitratbelastung im Grundwasser und den Vorflutern, Wirkungen auf die Wasserreserven sowie Beeinträchtigungen des Landschaftsbildes ergaben, dass diese Kulturen zu keiner nennenswerten Beeinträchtigung führen. Hingegen zeigen die Entwicklungen im bewässerten Anbau und der Anbau von einjährigen Kulturen zu erheblichen Beeinträchtigungen in den Landschaftshaushalt führen kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass sowohl innerhalb der EU- als auch der nationalen spanischen Agrarpolitik die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung dringend Vor Ort auf Standorteignung und Nachhaltigkeit zu prüfen ist. Hier sind umfangreiche Kontrollen notwendig, um sicherzustellen, dass die in der neuen GAP eingeführten Umweltstandards umgesetzt werden. Um eine nachhaltige Nutzung des Agrarraums und seiner Wasserreserven zu gewährleisten, ist ein intensiver Schutz notwendig. Dieser könnte umfassend geleistet werden, wenn der gesamte Aquifer als Wasserschutzgebiet ausgewiesen würde. ; This research project addresses the causes of changes in land use over the last 40 years in the community of Almonte and related problems in respect of the soil and water balance. In order to determine the factors that led to these changes, farming problems and agrarian policies are analysed with special consideration of EU agricultural policy. In addition, attention is paid to the current conflict between preserving the protected area of the Doñana National Park on the one hand and promoting agricultural development on the other. The environmental investigation focuses on problems related to water usage, identifying the nitrogen (N) content in soil and water and the extent of soil erosion. Agroecological and agropolitical conditions und their effectiveness as development motors in this region are also described. This research represents a contribution to the understanding of land use change and land degradation in Mediterranean areas. It has been conducted within the scope of the working group "Applied Geography of the Tropics and Subtropics (APT)" at the Department of Physical Geography of the University of Freiburg, Germany. It was funded by a scholarship from the special "University Program II of the State of Baden-Württemberg for Women Resuming their Studies" and a doctoral scholarship from the Heinrich-Böll-Foundation in Berlin. Almonte is located in the coastal region of the province of Huelva, South West Andalusia. The agriculturally utilised zone of this community comprises the area adjacent to the Cota Doñana National Park to the west. This park consists, apart from sandy areas like dunes, of wetlands formed by the Guadalquivir marshes and ecozones which are characterized by high groundwater levels. The water influenced zones play a uniquely important role as resting and breeding sites for migratory birds in Europe. However, the preserve's existence is increasingly coming under threat from economic developments in the sectors of agriculture, forestry, tourism and ur-ban development in the surrounding region. These changes have, on the one hand, contributed to an urgently needed economic upturn in this underdeveloped area. On the other hand, they are having an increasingly significant effect on natural re-sources. In Almonte, the principal factors under discussion in connection with these changing land use practices are overuse of groundwater reserves causing the groundwater horizon to fall, water contamination (fertilizers, pesticides) and huge sand deposits left by fluvial soil erosion (JUNTA ANDALUCIA, 2003 und 2003 A, GONZALES RUIZ & VILLA DIAZ, 2003, CUSTODIO, 2001 und 1995, COROMINAS, 1999, CASTELLS, 1992). These effects result primarily from land use changes due to: – increasing irrigated cultivation of crops for export (mainly strawberries and oranges) – abandoning areas traditionally used to grow crops, and – clearing forests and replanting with eucalyptus trees. Farming practices have also changed, primarily shifting from extensive, low-yield dry farming of grapes, olives and grain to intensive farming with the aim of maximum productivity. This productivity is achieved by applying new agricultural methods and equipment and large amounts of fertilizer either in dry or irrigation farming. Especially in the case of irrigation farming, which is predominantly practiced on sandy soils with a low nutrient storage capacity, the danger of fertilizers leaking into the groundwater and tributaries is very great. To study aspects of land use change and how they are affecting the environment, current and historical land use was charted by cartography and field work and documented for the community of Almonte and, in a more differentiated manner, at three test sites exhibiting the typical processes that are influencing land use change in this region. The environmental problems affecting the investigation areas of the community of Almonte were studied by documenting the general problems caused by land use change and extended data research concentrating mainly on water contamination (nitrogen and salinity) and declining water reserves. At the three test sites located on a total of about 30 km² erosion and soil degradation processes were intensively stud-ied, nitrogen levels in the groundwater and soil were measured in-situ by reflectometric methods using nitrate test sticks and the associated Reflectometer RQflex supplied by the Merck company (MERCK KGAA, Darmstadt). Additionally, the electrical conductivity and the pH value of the water were measured. The groundwater parameters were measured monthly at 48 fixed locations over a period of one year, whilst the soil nitrogen levels were determined at 68 sites at various depths, once in the spring and once in the fall. To determine nitrogen pollution in rivers and streams, these were monitored once a month at 31 riverside locations in the course of one year. All these studies were carried out between 1996 and 1998 and were supplemented for purposes of comparison by a review of the results consisting of two sam-ple measurements in June and May 2005. The results revealed that the highest nitrate levels in groundwater and streams and the highest soil nitrogen levels occurred at locations where strawberries are produced with artificial irrigation. In areas with dry farming, nitrate levels measured in groundwater and nitrogen levels in soils were higher where annual crops were cultivated. The highest levels in dry farming areas were found in grain growing areas. The results from the measurements of groundwater nitrate levels in the year 1996/97 in an area of about 30 square kilometers returned average nitrate levels above the 50 mg/l ceiling imposed by the EU nitrates directive ((91/676/EWG). In 2005, the aver-age value was close to 40 mg/l. The monthly nitrogen load measurements carried out in river courses during 1996/97 returned a median nitrate value of 6 mg/l for the Rocina, representing a natural nitrate level for surface waters according to HÜTTER (1992), and 18 mg/l for the Santa Maria, which represents a critical load (LAWA, 1998). Further, a clear relationship between agricultural usage and nitrate input into drainage water was established. As for the case of groundwater, the highest nitrate loads were found in receiving streams which drain irrigated areas. Regarding the methodology, the results indicate that with simple in situ measurements it is possible to cover a large investigation area quickly and effectively with dense coverage and a large number of measurements. The program was able to reveal a significantly higher degree of nitrate pollution than is indicated by official fig-ures based on just a few selected measurements (CONSEJERIÁ DE MEDIO AMBIENTE, 2002 and 2000). In addition, the results show that there is a need to expand the nitrate monitoring network by increasing the number of measurement points in the aq-uifer. With respect to the effects of land use change on soils in dry farming systems, it was found that in this region, annual crops can increase the risk of erosion on slopes of three percent gradient or more with a sandy-silty substratum. It was also possible to show that agro-political programs to encourage the growing of annual crops (for example wheat and sunflowers) were major contributors to severe soil degradation at these locations. As a result, the potential yields of these soils remain low to this day. The study also showed that grapes and olives are the agricultural products that are best adapted to this natural environment. Neither of these crops adversely affects the quality of the soil or water. This conclusion is valid in respect of all the factors investigated in the course of this research: land degradation, erosion, nitrate load in groundwater and receiving streams, effects on water reserves and disturbance of the natural landscape. Irrigated cultivation, in contrast, significantly disturbed the natural equilibrium. Various pressures on natural resources and extensive damage have resulted from factors such as high soil nitrogen and high levels of nitrate in water caused by irrigated agriculture, massive soil relocation and erosion in various areas, construction of artificial ponds for irrigation purposes and overexploitation of water reserves. The results, which have been elaborated using the coastal region of Huelva in Al-monte as a model show that there is an urgent need to revise agricultural practices based on the suitability of locations and sustainability as defined by the EU's agricultural policy and the Spanish agricultural authorities. In addition, an awareness of the local natural conditions in the growing regions must be seen as a prerequisite for establishing the necessary special programs. Also, it is necessary to develop programs to take account of the socioeconomic situation of the agricultural zone. The region's economic growth, which is urgently needed, is closely linked to the availability of water reserves. Besides being an important economic factor, water plays a crucial role in protecting wetlands. It is therefore vital to assign adequate im-portance to the quantity and quality of water for the entire Almonte-Marisma aquifer. This aquifer is the main source of water for some 250.000 people and an area of about 14.000 ha irrigation land. Good quality water is also needed to develop tourism. In view of the fact that we have been able to demonstrate that nitrate levels in the Almonte-Marismas irrigation area have tripled over the last 15 years – despite the fact that irrigated agriculture has only been practiced for the last 20 years – it is probable that these levels will continue to rise unless effective steps are taken to counteract the trend. This is to be underlined by an urgent call for action to provide better protection for this aquifer than is afforded by present EU-nitrate guidelines. A possible solution that could ensure sustainable use and adequate conservation of these water reserves would be to turn the entire aquifer into a water protection area. This would include legally binding rules on appropriate land use and a strict program of water and soil monitoring. With such a declaration the degree of compliance in re-spect of conserving or restoring groundwater quality could be monitored. A possible example which illustrates this kind of water monitoring is the German Water Protec-tion Ordinance of the State of Baden-Württemberg (SchALVO, 2001)). In contrast, the EU nitrates directive only prescribes programs aimed at reducing nitrate pollution without legally binding rules for farmers. Experience gained in Germany has shown how long it can take and how difficult it is to bring about a reduction in groundwater nitrate levels. Continuous efforts have been made for over 20 years to lower nitrate levels in German groundwater, and yet only in the last few years have some modest improvements been observed (LUBW, 2005; BMU, August 2004; FLAIG & LEHN, 2002).

Los conceptos bioeconómicos modernos invocan la importancia de definir los derechos de propiedad posibles de ser llevados a cabo dentro del contexto de gestión. La investigación pesquera debe considerar las expectativas locales, en cuanto a los investigadores, administradores, mayoristas, las industrias, el público en general, y necesita volver al nivel de comunidades o pescadores. Partiendo de ese supuesto, realizase un análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, dirigido a las pesquerías costeras de línea y redes de fondo. Se puede considerar como parte de un proyecto de planificación regional, en virtud de las peculiaridades sociales, económicas y culturales encontradas, el bajo Índice de Desarrollo de Humano (HDI) existente en esta Región, y la importancia de inserción social de las comunidades pesqueras menos favorecidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue aplicar un modelo bioeconómico pesquero desarrollado para las pesquerías del Mar Mediterráneo Norte-occidental, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Herramientas de Simulación de Pesquerías Mediterráneas), justificado por algunas similitudes existentes entre las pesquerías costeras de esa Región y del Estado de Pernambuco, entre las cuales la diversidad de especies y de los artes de pesca, las variaciones estacionales de las capturas, la comercialización, la dinámica de las flotas, etc. El modelo permitió extraer importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de la dinámica de la pesca costera, haciendo posible reproducirse las condiciones generales de como ocurre la actividad, así como simular las estrategias alternativas de gestión. Fue posible también observar y analizar las condiciones económicas, que pueden contribuir para que los tomadores de decisión logren un desarrollo sostenible de la actividad, de forma que las generaciones futuras también puedan beneficiarse del recurso. Para lograr los objetivos definidos, se plantearon cuestiones que involucran estos aspectos: ¿La planificación actual y las medidas de gestión para la pesca costera son adecuadas a la realidad local?; ¿Hay necesidad de quitar la presión/esfuerzo de las pesquerías tradicionales y diversificar la actividad para otros recursos y/o áreas de pesca?; y ¿Hay alguna viabilidad para invertir en la pesca costera? Así, las hipótesis levantadas, considerando las estrategias para llevar a cabo las medidas de gestión, son: La importancia de aplicar y adecuar modelos bioeconómicos para la gestión de la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala existente; Los niveles de biomasa actual de los estocs de peces de importancia económica son preocupantes y hay una necesidad para diversificar las pesquerías existentes; y La actividad de pesca de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector pesquero. El estudio propuesto fue desarrollado para apoyar los procedimientos de valoración y puede ser considerado como un factor determinante en la capacidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de valoración a ser aplicados para establecer los límites potenciales en el desarrollo de la investigación científica. Ciertamente, aun se necesita mucho trabajo para perfeccionar un modelo bioeconómico de gestión para la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, pero con ajustes y un análisis cuidadoso fue posible obtener resultados importantes e informaciones para la gestión de las pesquerías. De las hipótesis levantadas se puede concluir que el uso de modelos bioeconómicos para la valoración de estas pesquerías mostró ser una herramienta muy importante para la administración, que puede tener las informaciones basadas en los conceptos científicos para la definición y aplicación de estrategias de gestión para el desarrollo de las pesquerías; para la comunidad científica, que puede mejorar el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional de los estocs pesqueros de Pernambuco y la dinámica de las flotas; y para los pescadores, que pueden conjugar sus conocimientos empíricos con las informaciones de rendimientos del modelo para mejorar sus estrategias de pesca. De un punto de vista biológico y económico parece que las pesquerías costeras de línea y red de fondo de Pernambuco han alcanzado un equilibrio. Pero, la susceptibilidad de los estocs y la fragilidad institucional y productiva pueden indicar, que un estado crítico es evidente, llevando a la ineficacia económica, puesto que no es el resultado de una acción planeada. De los resultados obtenidos no hay evidencia del agotamiento de los estocs de peces comerciales, considerando las especies blancos de las pesquerías de línea y red, pero hay la necesidad de diversificar esas pesquería, porque cualquier aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca colapsaría esos estocs. Ese equilibrio biológico y económico debe mantenerse, con la aplicación de medidas de gestión para la reducción del nivel actual de esfuerzo, juntamente con medidas que pueden atender las demandas de los pescadores. Sin embargo, la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector, mostrando ser económicamente viable, deseable del punto de vista social y ecológicamente adecuada ; Os conceitos bioeconômicos modernos invocam a importância para definir os direitos de propriedade possíveis de serem implementados dentro do contexto de gestão. A pesquisa pesqueira deve considerar as expectativas locais, para os pesquisadores, administradores, atacadistas, as indústrias, o público em geral, e precisa ser devolvido ao nível de comunidades ou pescadores. Seguindo este conceito, realizou-se uma análise bioeconômica da pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, dirigida à pesca de linha-de-mão e à de rede-de-espera. Pode-se entendê-la como parte de um projeto de planejamento regional, em virtude das peculiaridades sociais, econômicas e culturais, o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDI) existente nesta Região, e a importância da inserção social das comunidades menos favorecidas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar um modelo bioeconômico pesqueiro desenvolvido para as pescarias da região Noroeste do Mar Mediterrâneo, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Ferramentas de Simulação de Pescarias Mediterrâneas), o qual justifica-se por algumas semelhanças existentes entre as pescarias costeiras do Mediterrâneo e do Estado de Pernambuco, tais como diversidade de espécies e petrechos de pesca, variações sazonais das capturas, o processo de comercialização, a dinâmica de frotas, etc. O modelo permitiu extrair contribuições significantes para a compreensão da dinâmica de pesca litorânea, tornando possível reproduzir as condições gerais de como a atividade ocorre e simular estratégias alternativas de gestão. Também foi possível observar e analisar as condições econômicas que podem contribuir para que os tomadores de decisão alcancem um desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, de forma que gerações futuras também possam beneficiar-se do recurso. Para alcançar os objetivos definidos, algumas perguntas considerando esses aspectos foram levantadas: O planejamento atual e as medidas de gestão para a pesca litoral são adequadas à realidade local?; Há alguma necessidade em remover a pressão/esforço sobre os estoques tradicionais e diversificar a atividade de pesca costeira para outros recursos e/ou áreas de pesca?; e Há alguma viabilidade em investir na pesca litoral? Assim, as hipóteses levantadas, considerando as estratégias para implementar medidas de gestão, foram: A importância em aplicar e adequar modelos bioeconômicos para a gestão da atividade de pesca de pequena escala existente; Os níveis de biomassa atual dos estoques de peixe de importância comercial são preocupantes e há uma necessidade em diversificar as pescarias existentes; e A atividade de pesca de pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade das políticas governamentais para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro. O estudo proposto foi desenvolvido para apoiar os procedimentos de avaliação, e pode ser considerado como um fator determinante na capacidade para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de avaliação a serem aplicados para estabelecer os limites potenciais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica. Certamente muito trabalho ainda é necessário antes que um modelo bioeconômico para a pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco seja aperfeiçoado, mas com alguns ajustes e análise criteriosa foi possível obter resultados importantes e informações para a gestão da pesca. Das hipóteses levantadas pode-se concluir que o uso de modelos bioeconômicos para a avaliação dessas pescarias mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a administração, que pode ter informações fundamentadas em evidências científicas para a definição e implementação de estratégias de gestão para o desenvolvimento de pescarias; para a comunidade científica, que pode enriquecer conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica de populações pesqueiras da costa pernambucana e a dinâmica de frotas; e para os pescadores, que podem igualmente enriquecer seus conhecimentos empíricos com os resultados do modelo e melhorar suas estratégias de pesca. De um ponto de vista biológico e econômico parece que as pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera alcançaram um equilíbrio. A suscetibilidade dos estoques pesqueiros e a fragilidade institucional e produtiva podem indicar, entretanto, que um estado crítico é evidente, conduzindo a ineficiência econômica, posto que não é o resultado de uma ação planejada. Dos resultados obtidos não há nenhuma evidência de que os estoques de peixes comercialmente importantes estejam esgotados, considerando as espécies alvo das pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera, mas há a necessidade de diversificar a pesca existente, porque qualquer aumento do esforço de pesca se colapsariam esses estoques. Esse equilíbrio biológico e econômico deve ser mantido, no entanto com a implementação de medida de conservação que encoraja a redução do nível atual de esforço, juntamente com medidas que possam atender as reinvidicações dos pescadores. Evidenciou-ser que a atividade de pesca em pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade de políticas governamentais para desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro, mostrando ser economicamente viável, desejável no ponto de vista social e ecologicamente adequado. ; Modern bioeconomic concepts invoke the importance to define the property rights possible to be implemented within a management context. In conducting a fishery research, local expectancies must be achieved, as for fisheries researchers, managers, stakeholders, industries, the concerned public at large, and it need to be devolved down to the level of communities or fishermen. Following this concept, a bioeconomic analysis of the coastal fishery of Pernambuco State, North-eastern Brazil, was conducted, directed to the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries management, as part of a regional planning project, in virtue of the found social, economic and cultural peculiarities, the existing low Human Development Index (HDI) of this Region, and the importance of social insertion of the less favoured fishing communities. The main objective of this study was to apply a bioeconomic fishing model developed for the North-western Mediterranean Sea fisheries, named MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO, justified by some existing similarities among Mediterranean and Pernambuco State coastal fisheries, such as diversity of species and fishing gears, seasonal variations of the captures, commercialisation process, fishing fleet dynamics, etc. The model allowed significant contributions for the understanding of the coastal fishing dynamics, making possible to reproduce the general conditions on how the activity occurs and to simulate alternatives management strategies. Also, it was possible to observe and analyse its economic conditions, helping decision-makers to achieve a sustainable development of the activity, so that future generations can also benefit from the resource. To achieve the defined objectives, questions concerning these aspects were raised: Current planning and management measures for the coastal fishery are adequate to the local and actual reality?; Is there a necessity to remove the pressure/effort on the traditional fishing stocks and to diversify the coastal fishery activity for other resources and/or fishing areas?; and Is there any feasibility to invest in the coastal fishery? Thus, the hypotheses raised considering the strategies to implement management measures were: The importance to apply and adequate bioeconomic model for the management of the small-scale existing fishing activity; Most important commercial fish stocks are depleted, with low biomass levels, and there is a necessity to diversify the existing fishery; and The small-scale fishing activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector. The proposed study was thus developed to support assessment procedures, and may be considered as a determining factor in the capacity for the development of assessment systems to be applied to establish the potential limits in the development of scientific research. Certainly much more work is needed before a bioeconomic model of the Pernambuco coastal fishery can be perfected, but with some adjustment and careful analysis it was possible to obtain important results and informations for fisheries management. From the raised hypotheses can be concluded that the use of bioeconomic models for the assessment of these fisheries showed to be a very important tool for the administration, which may have informations based on scientific advise for the definition and implementation of management strategies for fisheries development; for the scientific community, which may improve knowledge on the population dynamics of the fishing stocks off Pernambuco and the dynamics of fishing fleets; and for the fishermen, which can join their empirical knowledge with the model outputs informations to improve their fishing strategies. From a biological and economic point of view it seems that Pernambuco State handline and gillnet coastal fisheries has reached an equilibrium. The stock susceptibility and the institutional and productive fragility may indicate that a critical state is evident, leading to economic inefficiency, since it is not the result of a planned action. From the results obtained there is no evidence of commercial fish stocks depletion, inasmuch the target hand-liners and gill-netters species are considered, but that there is a necessity to diversify these fisheries, because any increase in fishing effort would collapse these commercial stocks. Such a biological and economic equilibrium should be maintained, nonetheless with the implementation of management conservation measures that encourage the reduction of the current level of effort, jointly with measures that can bring about fishermen claim. It became clear that the small-scale fishery activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector, showing to be economic viable, desirable on the social point of view and ecologically adequate. ; Postprint (published version)

Los conceptos bioeconómicos modernos invocan la importancia de definir los derechos de propiedad posibles de ser llevados a cabo dentro del contexto de gestión. La investigación pesquera debe considerar las expectativas locales, en cuanto a los investigadores, administradores, mayoristas, las industrias, el público en general, y necesita volver al nivel de comunidades o pescadores. Partiendo de ese supuesto, realizase un análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, dirigido a las pesquerías costeras de línea y redes de fondo. Se puede considerar como parte de un proyecto de planificación regional, en virtud de las peculiaridades sociales, económicas y culturales encontradas, el bajo Índice de Desarrollo de Humano (HDI) existente en esta Región, y la importancia de inserción social de las comunidades pesqueras menos favorecidas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue aplicar un modelo bioeconómico pesquero desarrollado para las pesquerías del Mar Mediterráneo Norte-occidental, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Herramientas de Simulación de Pesquerías Mediterráneas), justificado por algunas similitudes existentes entre las pesquerías costeras de esa Región y del Estado de Pernambuco, entre las cuales la diversidad de especies y de los artes de pesca, las variaciones estacionales de las capturas, la comercialización, la dinámica de las flotas, etc. El modelo permitió extraer importantes contribuciones para la comprensión de la dinámica de la pesca costera, haciendo posible reproducirse las condiciones generales de como ocurre la actividad, así como simular las estrategias alternativas de gestión. Fue posible también observar y analizar las condiciones económicas, que pueden contribuir para que los tomadores de decisión logren un desarrollo sostenible de la actividad, de forma que las generaciones futuras también puedan beneficiarse del recurso. Para lograr los objetivos definidos, se plantearon cuestiones que involucran estos aspectos: ¿La planificación actual y las medidas de gestión para la pesca costera son adecuadas a la realidad local?; ¿Hay necesidad de quitar la presión/esfuerzo de las pesquerías tradicionales y diversificar la actividad para otros recursos y/o áreas de pesca?; y ¿Hay alguna viabilidad para invertir en la pesca costera? Así, las hipótesis levantadas, considerando las estrategias para llevar a cabo las medidas de gestión, son: La importancia de aplicar y adecuar modelos bioeconómicos para la gestión de la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala existente; Los niveles de biomasa actual de los estocs de peces de importancia económica son preocupantes y hay una necesidad para diversificar las pesquerías existentes; y La actividad de pesca de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector pesquero. El estudio propuesto fue desarrollado para apoyar los procedimientos de valoración y puede ser considerado como un factor determinante en la capacidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de valoración a ser aplicados para establecer los límites potenciales en el desarrollo de la investigación científica. Ciertamente, aun se necesita mucho trabajo para perfeccionar un modelo bioeconómico de gestión para la pesquería costera de Pernambuco, pero con ajustes y un análisis cuidadoso fue posible obtener resultados importantes e informaciones para la gestión de las pesquerías. De las hipótesis levantadas se puede concluir que el uso de modelos bioeconómicos para la valoración de estas pesquerías mostró ser una herramienta muy importante para la administración, que puede tener las informaciones basadas en los conceptos científicos para la definición y aplicación de estrategias de gestión para el desarrollo de las pesquerías; para la comunidad científica, que puede mejorar el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional de los estocs pesqueros de Pernambuco y la dinámica de las flotas; y para los pescadores, que pueden conjugar sus conocimientos empíricos con las informaciones de rendimientos del modelo para mejorar sus estrategias de pesca. De un punto de vista biológico y económico parece que las pesquerías costeras de línea y red de fondo de Pernambuco han alcanzado un equilibrio. Pero, la susceptibilidad de los estocs y la fragilidad institucional y productiva pueden indicar, que un estado crítico es evidente, llevando a la ineficacia económica, puesto que no es el resultado de una acción planeada. De los resultados obtenidos no hay evidencia del agotamiento de los estocs de peces comerciales, considerando las especies blancos de las pesquerías de línea y red, pero hay la necesidad de diversificar esas pesquería, porque cualquier aumento en el esfuerzo de pesca colapsaría esos estocs. Ese equilibrio biológico y económico debe mantenerse, con la aplicación de medidas de gestión para la reducción del nivel actual de esfuerzo, juntamente con medidas que pueden atender las demandas de los pescadores. Sin embargo, la actividad pesquera de pequeña escala debe ser una prioridad de las políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo sostenible del sector, mostrando ser económicamente viable, deseable del punto de vista social y ecológicamente adecuada ; Os conceitos bioeconômicos modernos invocam a importância para definir os direitos de propriedade possíveis de serem implementados dentro do contexto de gestão. A pesquisa pesqueira deve considerar as expectativas locais, para os pesquisadores, administradores, atacadistas, as indústrias, o público em geral, e precisa ser devolvido ao nível de comunidades ou pescadores. Seguindo este conceito, realizou-se uma análise bioeconômica da pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, dirigida à pesca de linha-de-mão e à de rede-de-espera. Pode-se entendê-la como parte de um projeto de planejamento regional, em virtude das peculiaridades sociais, econômicas e culturais, o baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDI) existente nesta Região, e a importância da inserção social das comunidades menos favorecidas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aplicar um modelo bioeconômico pesqueiro desenvolvido para as pescarias da região Noroeste do Mar Mediterrâneo, denominado MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO (Ferramentas de Simulação de Pescarias Mediterrâneas), o qual justifica-se por algumas semelhanças existentes entre as pescarias costeiras do Mediterrâneo e do Estado de Pernambuco, tais como diversidade de espécies e petrechos de pesca, variações sazonais das capturas, o processo de comercialização, a dinâmica de frotas, etc. O modelo permitiu extrair contribuições significantes para a compreensão da dinâmica de pesca litorânea, tornando possível reproduzir as condições gerais de como a atividade ocorre e simular estratégias alternativas de gestão. Também foi possível observar e analisar as condições econômicas que podem contribuir para que os tomadores de decisão alcancem um desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, de forma que gerações futuras também possam beneficiar-se do recurso. Para alcançar os objetivos definidos, algumas perguntas considerando esses aspectos foram levantadas: O planejamento atual e as medidas de gestão para a pesca litoral são adequadas à realidade local?; Há alguma necessidade em remover a pressão/esforço sobre os estoques tradicionais e diversificar a atividade de pesca costeira para outros recursos e/ou áreas de pesca?; e Há alguma viabilidade em investir na pesca litoral? Assim, as hipóteses levantadas, considerando as estratégias para implementar medidas de gestão, foram: A importância em aplicar e adequar modelos bioeconômicos para a gestão da atividade de pesca de pequena escala existente; Os níveis de biomassa atual dos estoques de peixe de importância comercial são preocupantes e há uma necessidade em diversificar as pescarias existentes; e A atividade de pesca de pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade das políticas governamentais para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro. O estudo proposto foi desenvolvido para apoiar os procedimentos de avaliação, e pode ser considerado como um fator determinante na capacidade para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de avaliação a serem aplicados para estabelecer os limites potenciais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa científica. Certamente muito trabalho ainda é necessário antes que um modelo bioeconômico para a pesca costeira do Estado de Pernambuco seja aperfeiçoado, mas com alguns ajustes e análise criteriosa foi possível obter resultados importantes e informações para a gestão da pesca. Das hipóteses levantadas pode-se concluir que o uso de modelos bioeconômicos para a avaliação dessas pescarias mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a administração, que pode ter informações fundamentadas em evidências científicas para a definição e implementação de estratégias de gestão para o desenvolvimento de pescarias; para a comunidade científica, que pode enriquecer conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica de populações pesqueiras da costa pernambucana e a dinâmica de frotas; e para os pescadores, que podem igualmente enriquecer seus conhecimentos empíricos com os resultados do modelo e melhorar suas estratégias de pesca. De um ponto de vista biológico e econômico parece que as pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera alcançaram um equilíbrio. A suscetibilidade dos estoques pesqueiros e a fragilidade institucional e produtiva podem indicar, entretanto, que um estado crítico é evidente, conduzindo a ineficiência econômica, posto que não é o resultado de uma ação planejada. Dos resultados obtidos não há nenhuma evidência de que os estoques de peixes comercialmente importantes estejam esgotados, considerando as espécies alvo das pescarias de linha-de-mão e de rede-de-espera, mas há a necessidade de diversificar a pesca existente, porque qualquer aumento do esforço de pesca se colapsariam esses estoques. Esse equilíbrio biológico e econômico deve ser mantido, no entanto com a implementação de medida de conservação que encoraja a redução do nível atual de esforço, juntamente com medidas que possam atender as reinvidicações dos pescadores. Evidenciou-ser que a atividade de pesca em pequena escala deve ser uma prioridade de políticas governamentais para desenvolvimento sustentável do setor pesqueiro, mostrando ser economicamente viável, desejável no ponto de vista social e ecologicamente adequado. ; Modern bioeconomic concepts invoke the importance to define the property rights possible to be implemented within a management context. In conducting a fishery research, local expectancies must be achieved, as for fisheries researchers, managers, stakeholders, industries, the concerned public at large, and it need to be devolved down to the level of communities or fishermen. Following this concept, a bioeconomic analysis of the coastal fishery of Pernambuco State, North-eastern Brazil, was conducted, directed to the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries management, as part of a regional planning project, in virtue of the found social, economic and cultural peculiarities, the existing low Human Development Index (HDI) of this Region, and the importance of social insertion of the less favoured fishing communities. The main objective of this study was to apply a bioeconomic fishing model developed for the North-western Mediterranean Sea fisheries, named MEditerranean FIsheries Simulation TOols - MEFISTO, justified by some existing similarities among Mediterranean and Pernambuco State coastal fisheries, such as diversity of species and fishing gears, seasonal variations of the captures, commercialisation process, fishing fleet dynamics, etc. The model allowed significant contributions for the understanding of the coastal fishing dynamics, making possible to reproduce the general conditions on how the activity occurs and to simulate alternatives management strategies. Also, it was possible to observe and analyse its economic conditions, helping decision-makers to achieve a sustainable development of the activity, so that future generations can also benefit from the resource. To achieve the defined objectives, questions concerning these aspects were raised: Current planning and management measures for the coastal fishery are adequate to the local and actual reality?; Is there a necessity to remove the pressure/effort on the traditional fishing stocks and to diversify the coastal fishery activity for other resources and/or fishing areas?; and Is there any feasibility to invest in the coastal fishery? Thus, the hypotheses raised considering the strategies to implement management measures were: The importance to apply and adequate bioeconomic model for the management of the small-scale existing fishing activity; Most important commercial fish stocks are depleted, with low biomass levels, and there is a necessity to diversify the existing fishery; and The small-scale fishing activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector. The proposed study was thus developed to support assessment procedures, and may be considered as a determining factor in the capacity for the development of assessment systems to be applied to establish the potential limits in the development of scientific research. Certainly much more work is needed before a bioeconomic model of the Pernambuco coastal fishery can be perfected, but with some adjustment and careful analysis it was possible to obtain important results and informations for fisheries management. From the raised hypotheses can be concluded that the use of bioeconomic models for the assessment of these fisheries showed to be a very important tool for the administration, which may have informations based on scientific advise for the definition and implementation of management strategies for fisheries development; for the scientific community, which may improve knowledge on the population dynamics of the fishing stocks off Pernambuco and the dynamics of fishing fleets; and for the fishermen, which can join their empirical knowledge with the model outputs informations to improve their fishing strategies. From a biological and economic point of view it seems that Pernambuco State handline and gillnet coastal fisheries has reached an equilibrium. The stock susceptibility and the institutional and productive fragility may indicate that a critical state is evident, leading to economic inefficiency, since it is not the result of a planned action. From the results obtained there is no evidence of commercial fish stocks depletion, inasmuch the target hand-liners and gill-netters species are considered, but that there is a necessity to diversify these fisheries, because any increase in fishing effort would collapse these commercial stocks. Such a biological and economic equilibrium should be maintained, nonetheless with the implementation of management conservation measures that encourage the reduction of the current level of effort, jointly with measures that can bring about fishermen claim. It became clear that the small-scale fishery activity must be a priority of governmental policies for the sustainable development of the fishery sector, showing to be economic viable, desirable on the social point of view and ecologically adequate. ; Postprint (published version)

Part three of an interview with George Antonioni. Topics include: The importance of education and the careers of George's children. What it means to be an Italian. George's family now. Visiting Norma's family in Boston. ; 1 INTERVIEWER: … Social Studies teacher today? GEORGE: Well, first of all, I would tell them not too much has changed in the world. If you look at history, it's always been a -- there's always been turmoil. Today it's becoming more -- in our country, heavily rights-oriented, and we have forgotten what the Founding Fathers said. You have rights, but whatever your right, there is a responsibility; and we haven't been enforcing the responsibility part. We are so busy giving you rights that we're not reinforcing the idea that you've got to be responsible for your acts, and that if you go to look around in the courts, courts have been very lenient. But now, we've got these problems. Are we going to continue to just stress rights, or are we going to start looking at responsibility? And I think that's what the crux of the problem is, how to get America back to being responsible for their actions. You've been through the airports, and over the years they don't pay any attention, because it's my right to take this on the plane, it's my right to do this, and it's my right, but no one ever mentions responsibility. Well. And then I would also stress a point that America and Americans don't like long, drawn-out problems. We're so interested in quick solutions, and I would draw it back on -- just on Modern History. We had World War II. At the end of World War II, we don't talk about it, but there were riots. The military was almost in a state of riot. They had these rallies—I guess that would be a better term—in Paris, in Germany, in Manila. I was in Manila when it happened, and I remember walking around, we want to go home. If the war was over, let's go home. But the problem wasn't over yet. You know, the Russians were still throwing their weight around. But, no, we go home.2 INTERVIEWER: Okay. GEORGE: Korean War, the same thing. Let's get out. Vietnam, get out, forget the problem. And now we're running into it again. Even the Persian Gulf War. Some of us we want it. How long was the soldiers there? Their lives and the American public are saying get them back home. But the problem wasn't solved. So if we want to get a better world, we've got to start to have staying power. But that's not Italian stuff I'm telling you now. INTERVIEWER: No, it's history, and it's important. Now, did you have the same… you had mentioned the one generation of Italians or any ethnic group always tries to push their children to do more, get a better education, a better job. GEORGE: Yeah. INTERVIEWER: Did you do that with your own children? GEORGE: Well, I was always a firm believer. I was kind of a woman's rights person. My wife can tell you that. But I always believe that they should have the same thing men could have. I'm an educator, and I always believed education was a great profession. And so when my daughter was growing up, I kind of guided her towards being a teacher, and she always wanted to be a teacher, and she's an excellent teacher. In fact, she goes to school singing, too, you know, she likes it. But I always felt it would be a great profession for -- because we didn't have women's lib like we have today, but I always felt that this was a good job because if your husband dies, you're set. You're home when your children are home, so you can have the best of both worlds. You can be with your children and still get out in the world. And so I always want to make sure she had an education. I didn't worry about the boys going to college, but I always worried about my daughter going to college. I did not want 3 her to have to stay in an unhappy marriage or anything like that so she could be independent. And she's very happy as a school teacher. My two boys, George, teaches at the prison. He went to school, but school was never his ballgame. While he didn't like school, he never missed a day. Now you figure that out. INTERVIEWER: Now he's the entertainer? GEORGE: He was good, yeah. He teaches reading to other prisoners up at Ghana. And Chris is a college graduate also. But Chris, just happy being Chris. I mean, he doesn't miss a day of work and he's been working for the Victory Markets and does not want a promotion, but he's happy and they say if anything happened to me does have his college degree back of him if he wants to use it. But now with the grandchildren, Erin graduated from Syracuse, and she's finishing up at BU, and she wants to be in television, commentating, news reporting, things of that type. Ryan is in Fitchburg High, and right now all he's interested in is preparing for whatever athletic event he has. But he talks in terms of being in the Olympics as a skier, and he does enter national championship events. So he's only 16, so he's got a chance, so. But we always think of school. INTERVIEWER: Are these the children of your daughter? What is your daughter's name? GEORGE: Tina. INTERVIEWER: Okay. Does she go by her…? GEORGE: Married name. INTERVIEWER: Which is? GEORGE: Logan. INTERVIEWER: Logan. Where does she live?4 GEORGE: Right down the street, Northwest. She lives right over there. INTERVIEWER: Okay. GEORGE: Two streets over. INTERVIEWER: Nice and convenient. Now before, when you -- and many people do this. They apparently [unintelligible - 00:06:51] designation? GEORGE: Not really. You do what you do, then do the best you can, and that's it. If you want to go into those things, then you could say, "Well, I was the first one on the conservation commission." But see, a lot of these things, being first is timing. You were there at the right time. I was there at the right time. So if I want to list all the firsts I had, it's not that important. INTERVIEWER: No, it isn't. But as Italian? GEORGE: Oh, yes. Yes, yes. Yes, it's a different type of person, an Italian. Well, I don't have the attributes of the [unintelligible - 00:07:52] and things of that type. I mean, when you start getting into that, if you've been to Italy you can see all these things. I don't care what they say; these others can't do it or couldn't do it. And they talk French pastry. French pastry was not French pastry, but the Medici family brought it there when one of the women married a French king, and all these things. But everybody wants to say it's theirs. But no, they were a unique people. And of course what is an Italian? An Italian is a mixture of about 14 different races. Now there's no such thing as pure Italian, nor is there such a thing as a pure Frenchman or a pure Irishman, either. You're a mixture, and [they all are in] the right location [unintelligible - 00:08:48] the crossroads, just like the Greeks were, and you picked all these things up. Every group that comes through leaves some talent or whatever you want to call it behind when they go on. INTERVIEWER: What does it mean for you to be Italian?5 GEORGE: Well, to be an Italian, it makes me feel that I am part of the history of the world; makes me proud that I have ideas of family, which are strong in the Italian group, stronger probably than almost any other group in the world, and the desire to see your family get ahead. And I think also being Italian makes you proud that you're an American. I think most Italians are proud that they are Americans. They're not in Italy anymore, but that they brought that culture to America. And I'm sure there's great pride that if you look at some of these statistics, there are more Italians in the Armed Forces percentage-wise than any other nationality in the United States. So we have great pride in the things we do. I think that sums it up. Love of family, love of country. INTERVIEWER: Americans who are from Italian [unintelligible - 00:10:26] Italian-American. GEORGE: Yeah, they do. When I applied to Holy Cross, I went down to see a pastor who was Irish, Father Gannon, and he was a Holy Cross graduate. So I went down to see him because I had to fill up the papers. So on your application always says nationality, so I said Italian-American. And he said, "No, you're an American." Oh, all right. I'm American. I didn't use it that often after that. My first lesson being an American, you file an American. INTERVIEWER: [The same]? GEORGE: Well, I don't think they… I think they just think of themselves as American. Although Erin, because her name is Erin, she likes to remember the Irish part of her. She knows she's Italian. She knows that fact. She'll wear a t-shirt once in awhile, "I'm an Italian princess," but she talks about the Irish things because that's strange to her anyway, because all her relatives are Italian. She has no Irish relatives. 6 INTERVIEWER: [Unintelligible - 00:11:43] about that? GEORGE: He was willing to call his son Rocco Logan. INTERVIEWER: I guess they accepted it. GEORGE: And I didn't bring that up, because I am not Rocco. INTERVIEWER: Where did Rocco come from? GEORGE: I don't know. He decided, he thought Rocco Logan would be a good first name for him; and my daughter said, "No, it's not going to be Rocco." So they decided he's Ryan Rocco Logan. So when he enters competition as a skier, everybody gets a great chuckle. And that's unusual when he plays football and things like that. When he goes to his national events, his name is always announced as Ryan Rocco Logan. And most everybody cracks up, Ryan Rocco Logan. INTERVIEWER: It's an interesting name, though. GEORGE: Yeah. INTERVIEWER: Well, I think this would conclude our interview, unless you have anything more to add? Anything that you want? GEORGE: No. Except that, you know, it's been good life in Leominster, although my wife could have preferred we had moved closer to Boston. But she's weathered the storm. NORMA: I'm the only Leominster girl now. GEORGE: Yeah, she's a Leominster girl. NORMA: [Unintelligible - 00:13:01] Leominster girl. INTERVIEWER: So what was the attraction to Boston? NORMA: We came from Boston. INTERVIEWER: Oh, that's right. Your mother. NORMA: [Unintelligible - 00:13:09] our restaurant in Baintree. INTERVIEWER: Baintree. NORMA: [Unintelligible - 00:13:12] Baintree. Personally, I came from Dochester though, and my mother had a heart attack. My mother 7 opened a restaurant in Baintree, and they loved it, but I was [unintelligible - 00:13:22] I was a young girl. INTERVIEWER: And the families would visit even though you were so far apart? NORMA: Oh, yes. We used to visit a lot. GEORGE: What, visit? I used to take her home at least every second week. INTERVIEWER: Every second week. GEORGE: I would go to Boston. NORMA: [Unintelligible - 00:13:38] GEORGE: Yeah. We'd go for the weekend, every second week, for I don't know how many years. Then it was every second week, but just for the day. We'll always go back all the time. I was a good son-in-law. INTERVIEWER: I guess. Would you like to add anything, Norma? NORMA: No, just I'm glad to be in Leominster and had a good life and a good husband. GEORGE: You heard her say that. INTERVIEWER: I know. GEORGE: You got it on tape? INTERVIEWER: We have it on tape. GEORGE: We got it on tape, Norma. NORMA: You know what? I tell everybody I thank God. GEORGE: Oh, that was one of the biggest jokes we had. NORMA: That I was married to him. INTERVIEWER: Really? GEORGE: We were at the Elks one night. All the guys, they go to the bar, joking about different things. And every time I saw someone complain [unintelligible - 00:14:32] tough luck with their life or something that day so that I'm [unintelligible - 00:14:36] -- and I looked at and I say, you guys got it all wrong. My wife thanks God every day that she married me. And they looked, "You are crazy." And one guy goes, "You're nuts." I said I bet you a round 8 for the table that you ask my wife what does she do every day that she'll say that. He says, "You're on." You go the table he says, "Norma, what do you do every day?" "I thank --" [unintelligible - 00:15:01] [laughter] never finished it, "I thank." [Laughter] Well, that's it. INTERVIEWER: Well, thank you very much. This concludes the interview with George./AT/jf/bf/es

Provision of safe drinking water is a basic necessity and has been a major topic for key political discourses in the country over the last decade. The Government of India has been focusing on safe drinking water since 1972-73 when it introduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) to assist States and Union Territories to accelerate the coverage of drinking water in the country. Despite increased outlays since then, access to safe drinking water in India remains a challenge. Apart from access, water quality and sustainability of resources (water points and infrastructure developed) are issues of major concern. The National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP), which is supplementing the efforts of the State Governments by providing technical and financial assistance, is looking at rural drinking water from a holistic viewpoint. The Ministry has shifted its focus from hand pumps to piped water supply systems with the aim of providing monitored clean water and is focusing on those States which have low levels of piped water supply. The Water and Sanitation Program has compiled an excellent collection of success stories and best practices from the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Punjab and Uttarakhand which address these key constraints. Some of these success stories, such as the Asoga village intervention in Karnataka which showcases a unique demand driven approach to facilitate participatory decision making leading to community ownership, the Bidholi piped water supply scheme in Uttarakhand which manages and recovers 100 per cent operation and maintenance costs from the community, the Shikayat Nivaran Kendra experiment in Punjab which uses information technology for online web enabled centralised complaint redressal and the Water and Sanitation Management Organisation experiment in Gujarat where the registered body acts as a facilitator in developing water and sanitation facilities owned and managed by communities, are all outstanding examples of how to address various challenges and shortcomings the program is facing.

This is a handbook designed to guide governments, public authorities and other interested stakeholders in the process of designing and tendering sustainable Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements in the irrigation sector. It takes a practical, step-by-step approach in describing what a government needs to do in preparing and implementing a PPP irrigation scheme from inception. The handbook takes account of the various stages of the irrigation value chain and how to handle private sector participation in irrigation schemes of different sizes and types. It assumes that governments have already made the underlying policy decision to embark on a PPP in irrigation, and therefore does not dwell on the rationale for undertaking a PPP. The handbook's practical aspects are contained in four, stand-alone chapters that follow an over-arching Executive Summary and an Introduction. The chapters are deliberately numbered to coincide with the four steps that a government should take in establishing an irrigation PPP: Preparation, Structuring, Procurement Management, and Implementation. In addition, each chapter concludes with a practical Checklist to help executives keep track of the necessary tasks in each step on the way to establishing a sustainable PPP operation. The chapters are designed to be read as stand-alone guides, out of an understanding that institutions using the book may already have completed prior steps. Nevertheless, it would be prudent for users to acquaint themselves with the entire handbook so as to develop a holistic view of the requirements for a full PPP project. Chapter One: Preparation is divided into two parts, A and B (each with its own concluding Checklist). Part A reviews the scope for introducing PPPs into the irrigation sector, identifying the issues that policymakers should consider from the outset in order to make the private sector's involvement feasible with a specific irrigation project.Part B discusses the irrigation as a business. It contains a variety of case studies—the first time such studies have been documented—with discussion of lessons learned, PPP types, transfer of investment functions in developing countries, competitive bidding, and third party involvement among the subjects covered. Chapter Two: Structuring a PPP sets out the various tasks that must be completed to structure a sustainable PPP contract. Chapter Three: Managing Procurement examines how to select a private contractor, which involves such factors as the fiscal commitments to the PPP, to what extent the process should be competitive and how that might be conducted and managed, and what issues are peculiar to PPPs in irrigation.Chapter Four: Implementation highlights management of the contract and establishment of those management structures, monitoring, penalties and grantor's rights, use of performance bonds, enforcement of customer payments, dealing with changes to the contract, and contract expiry and asset handover. The overall structure of the handbook is illustrated below. The handbook is supported by three annexes: Annex 1 explains how to use the Excel Options Assessment Tool, , and Annex 2 provides case studies of 29 existing or emerging irrigation PPPs.

This South African Agricultural Public Expenditure Review (AgPer) is one of a series of similar studies undertaken in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) of the African Union's (AU) New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) which encourages governments and development partners (DPs) to target public expenditure on the agriculture sector as the most effective way of stimulating growth. The overall purpose of the budget tracking and public expenditure review is to provide recommendations to address budgetary planning, budget execution, and accountability in the agricultural sector, the creation of a reliable data base, and more effective intra- and inter-sectoral coordination. It is also aimed at stimulating increased resource allocations and to enhance the harmonization and alignment of resources around national and provincial priorities in the agricultural sector. The report aims to produce the following outputs: foundation data set for understanding reflecting the COFOG and South African nomenclature in budgeting; synthesis of the level, composition and quality of budget; and recommendations for enhancement of the budget tracking process.