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The subject. The article is devoted to different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil, their analyzing, depending on main goal of coercion.The purpose of the paper is to extend constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement and to demonstrate generic character of constitutional legal enforcement theory for different countries.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil. Constitutions of foreign countries contain various measures of constitutional coercion as the main way to resolve constitutional conflicts.Among the measures of constitutional and legal coercion enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution are: holding the President accountable for abuse of power; temporary termination of the powers of the President of the Republic during the process of bringing him to justice; prohibition of the President and Vice-President of the Republic to leave the territory of the country for a certain period without the approval of the Parliament; recognition by the National Congress of the positions of the President and Vice-President as vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days of taking office;holding new elections when the positions of the President and Vice-President are declared vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days from the date of taking office.Conclusions. Depending on the constitutional system, the history of the state, measures of constitutional coercion may be different in content, but it remains possible to classify such measures depending on the main purpose of their application. The system of measures of constitutional legal enforcement, including measures of prevention, suppression, restoration, responsibility and security is applicable not only for the Russian constitutional law, but also for constitutional law of foreign countries, in particular, Brazil. ; Рассматриваются различные меры конституционно-правового принуждения, существующие в конституционном праве Бразилии. Утверждается, что действующая Конституция Бразилии представляет собой подробный и самобытный акт конституционного права, содержащий в себе различные меры по разрешению конституционно-правовых конфликтов, изучение которых расширит научные представления о системе мер конституционно-правового принуждения в целом.

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that, despite many years of research on the relationship between man and the state, problems in this part continue to persist, a panacea for establishing a complete understanding between these actors has not been found. This article is an attempt to answer some questions through the prism of the analysis of the constitutional and legal status of subjects based on the author's theory of their relationship. This work is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal status of a person, the state as a whole, the Russian Federation and state bodies from the standpoint of the theory of the correlation of subjects of law developed by the author, the essence of which is to establish and study absolutely all relations of subjects, including ineffective influence by virtue of powers, rights or duties that do not involve active actions, for subsequent legal regulation and accounting of what is really happening in life. In the preparation of this material, methods of analysis and synthesis were mainly used, since in order to consider the connections between the subjects, it was necessary to study each of them separately in order to come to the desired conclusions after the subsequent unification. A large volume of the invoice is taken from the scientific literature, in connection with which it is obvious to use the method of expert assessments. The result of the work done is to establish the true position of the subjects listed above in the system of their relationship with each other, which can be the basis for subsequent management decisions, the transformation of constitutional and legal regulation or further research by scientists interested in similar issues.

В данной статье рассмотрены проблемы обеспечения равноправия среди участников закупочной деятельности через анализ действующих принципов, заложенных в законодательстве о контрактной системе. Проанализирована правоприменительная и административная практика Самарской области при проведении наиболее крупных закупок. Выявлена и обоснована необходимость совместного использования положительной практики стандартизации и типологизации регионального каталога товаров, работ, услуг Самарской области. Выделяются и описываются характерные особенности правоприменительной практики на примере ошибок при составлении первых и вторых частей заявок на закупку, а также предлагаются варианты их решения. Такой взгляд будет интересен специалистам, которые непосредственно формируют закупочную документацию. На основе проведенного исследования автором предлагается заполнение пробелов в законодательстве и применении единого подхода в толковании законодательства в сфере закупок правоприменителями, контрольными и судебными органами. ; In this article problems of ensuring equality among participants of purchasing activity through the analysis of the operating principles underlain in the legislation on contract system are considered. Law-enforcement and administrative practice of the Samara Region when carrying out the largest purchases is analysed. Need of sharing of positive practice of standardization and a tipologization of the regional catalog of goods, works, services of the Samara Region is revealed and proved. Characteristics of law-enforcement practice on the example of mistakes by drawing up the first and second parts of applications for purchase are allocated and described and also versions of their solution are proposed. Such look will be interesting to experts who directly form procurement documentation. On the basis of the conducted research the author offers filling the gaps in the legislation and applications of uniform approach in interpretation of the legislation in the sphere of purchases by law enforcement officials, regulatory and judicial authorities.

The article analyzes the tasks of reforming the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which, according to the author, can be solved only with the adoption of the new Basic Law of the country. In this case, the following prerequisites should become key: economic reforms; certainty in terms of ideological foundations; improvement of the public authority system; improvement of the system of public authority; securing the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, the foundations of civil society and the institutions of direct democracy; reflecting the tasks of the country's territorial organization; regulation of the law enforcement system. The new text of the Constitution should take into account most of the novelties of the 2020 constitutional reform. But since, according to the existing procedure, it is impossible to amend chapters 1, 2, 9 of the Basic Law and many innovations are reflected in other chapters, therefore, when creating a new text, itis necessary to clearly follow the logic of constitutional regulation.

Mit dem Konzept eines europäischen Verfassungsraums beschreibt die Rechtswissenschaft einen gemeinsamen konstitutionellen Raum, in dem die nationalen und internationalen Garantien mit dem Ziel zusammen wirken, die gemeinsamen verfassungsrechtlichen Werte zu bewahren. Dieses Konzept wurde bisher noch nicht auf den Fall angewandt, in dem die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung eines Mitgliedstaates durch ernsthafte Mängel bedroht zu werden beginnt. In diesem Sinne befasst sich das Werk mit den jüngsten verfassungsrechtlichen Entwicklungen in Ungarn und Rumänien. Es behandelt das Zusammenspiel zwischen nationalem, internationalem und europäischem Konstitutionalismus mit Blick auf die Lücken in den nationalen Verfassungen und analysiert an zentraler Stelle die Situation in Ungarn und Rumänien.Das Werk berichtet von den unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmechanismen der Europäischen Union und des Europarates und bietet eine detaillierte Bestandsaufnahme dieser Mechanismen. Es beschreibt deren rechtlichen und politischen Rahmen sowie die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten deren Anwendungsbereich zu erweitern. Das Werk leistet so einen Beitrag zu einem bisher wenig erforschten Aspekt des europäischen Konstitutionalismus

The subject of the article is the content of the constitutional amendment of 2020 on the need to ensure the protection of historical truth.The purpose of the research is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that protection of historical truth should not be provided by measures of constitutional and legal regulation, since this would conflict with other constitutional principles.The methodology of research includes analysis of academic researches concerning the essence of historical truth, interpretation of Russian Constitution.The main results, scope of application. The author proves that "historical truth" in the constitutional and legal sense is the goal of an objectively and conscientiously minded researcher, guaranteed in a free democratic society by the constitutional right to freedom of thought, scientific creativity and expression. Goal-setting in cognition is a matter of mental activity that is difficult for the democratic control of the state and law. From a normative point of view the moral aspect exists here only (the search for historical truth is a virtue, its distortion is a vice). Constitutional democracy is based on the will and needs of today's generation of people. The past, of course, has a certain significance, but it cannot be considered decisive. An excessive preoccupation with traditions and the historical past is fraught with stagnation, stagnation or even degradation of the state mechanism. Constitutional regulation of historical truth leads to unnecessary sacralization of the history of the state, which is profoundly alien to the true legal essence of the constitutional system of a modern democratic society and the objectivity of historical and legal science. State-legal influence in this area is difficult and entails risks of legally binding ideology, which is prohibited by the first chapter of the "Fundamentals of the constitutional order" of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 2 of article 13) and the current acts of the Russian Constitutional Court.Conclusions. The legal obligation to "ensure the protection of historical truth" deserves a critical assessment, since it is difficult to combine with the constitutional rights to freedom of scientific creativity, freedom of thought and speech, the principle of ideological diversity and the democratic nature of the Russian state. The right of citizens to their own position on historical issues and search for their "historical truth" followed from the constitutional regulation before the constitutional amendments of 2020 and continues to operate today due to the immutability of chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. ; Исследуется содержание конституционной поправки от 2020 г. о необходимости обеспечения защиты исторической правды. Автор доказывает, что «историческая правда» в конституционно-правовом значении - это цель объективно и добросовестно настроенного исследователя, гарантируемая в свободном демократическом обществе конституционным правом на свободу мысли, научного творчества и выражения мнения. Отмечается, что целеполагание в познании - вопрос мыслительной деятельности, с трудом поддающийся демократическому контролю государства и права; с нормативной точки зрения здесь, в лучшем случае, просматривается нравственный аспект (поиск исторической правды есть добродетель, ее искажение - порок). Государственно-правовое воздействие в этой сфере затруднительно и влечет за собой риски появления юридически обязательной идеологии, что запрещено главой первой «Основы конституционного строя» Конституции РФ (ч. 2 ст. 13) и действующими актами Конституционного Суда РФ.