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Consumer protection means establishment of the concrete rights of consumers, definition of forms of possible violations of these rights, the mechanism of protection of the rights and also execution of responsibility for violation of the rights of consumers. Any consumer is allocated not only special legal status, but also has such legal opportunities as the right to demand compensation of moral harm at violation of his property rights.The aim – to investigate current problems in the sphere of consumer protection in Russia (on the example of the Tyumen region) and to propose their solutions.Method or methodology of carrying out work. In article such methods of scientific knowledge as the analysis of documents, system, generalizations and comparative are used. Statistical methods and also analytical approach to identification of key problems of this sphere were applied to avoidance of an opisatelnost and unreasonable conclusions.Results: for identification of problems in the sphere of consumer protection written appeals of citizens to Department of Rospotrebnadzor for the Tyumen region are investigated. Extrajudicial and judicial ways of consumer protection are considered. Experience of Germany in this sphere is given. Key problems, among them are formulated: low legal literacy of the population, insufficient state control and supervision of compliance with the law in this sphere, judicial red tape and others. Recommendations about the solution of problems are made.Scope of application of the results: conclusions and offers of a research can be used for improvement of the legislation in this sphere and also in jurisprudence. ; Защита прав потребителей подразумевает установление конкретных прав потребителей, определение форм возможных нарушений этих прав, механизм защиты прав, а также несение ответственности за нарушение прав потребителей. Любой потребитель наделяется не только особым правовым статусом, но и получает такие правовые возможности как право требовать возмещения морального вреда при нарушении его имущественных прав.Цель – исследовать актуальные проблемы в сфере защиты прав потребителей в России (на примере Тюменской области) и предложить их решения.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использованы такие методы научного познания как анализ документов, системный, обобщения и сравнительный. Для избежания описательности и необоснованных выводов применялись статистические методы, а также аналитический подход к выявлению ключевых проблем данной сферы.Результаты: для выявления проблем в сфере защиты прав потребителей исследованы письменные обращения граждан в Управление Роспотребнадзора по Тюменской области. Рассмотрены внесудебные и судебные способы защиты прав потребителей. Приведен опыт ФРГ в этой сфере. Сформулированы ключевые проблемы, среди них: низкая правовая грамотность населения, недостаточный государственный контроль и надзор за соблюдением законодательства в этой сфере, судебная волокита и другие. Даны рекомендации по решению проблем.Область применения результатов: выводы и предложения исследования могут быть использованы для совершенствования законодательства в этой сфере, а также в судебной практике.

The article is devoted to determining the place of consumer law in the system of Russian law and in the system of Russian legislation. Having formed in Russian civil law initially as a functional institution of civil law protection of consumer rights, it later, together with the norms of branches of public law, forms an intersectoral institute of Russian law, and under the influence of codified civil legislation, especially due to the reform of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the improvement of legislation on consumer protection and the practice of its application, occupies the place of a functional sub-branch in the structure of modern civil law. For more than thirty years, consumer law has also been formed as a complex branch of legislation, including normative acts containing norms of various branches of Russian law. Consumer law (consumer protection legislation) is characterized by a number of features (it includes numerous regulations of various hierarchical levels and combines legal regulation contained in codified civil legislation and special acts on consumer protection). This, on the one hand, seems to be a very progressive phenomenon, since the civil law regulation of contractual relations with the participation of consumers is elevated to the level of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and, on the other hand, this is done in part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in certain federal laws, is often inconsistent or insufficiently successful.

в статье проведен исторический анализ развития института защиты прав потребителей и путей его законодательного закрепления. Автором представлена попытка детального изучения положений Закона РФ «О защите прав потребителей». ; The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the development of the institute for protection of consumers' rights and ways of its legislative consolidation

This paper discusses the main nuances associated with the implementation and protection of consumer rights to the digital content. In particular, the main regulatory legal acts of the national and, if possible, supranational level will be considered, license agreements with the consumer will also be considered. Within the framework of these legal acts, the basic rights of the consumer, the rights of the campaign and possible ways of resolving disputes will be established. Also in this paper, specific examples of paragraphs of user agreements and their relationship with the legislation of the countries in question will be given. Examples of court decisions regarding consumer protection of digital content will be provided. Also, these decisions will be analyzed, in which cases of violation of consumer rights will be presented, and how the court applied national law to relations containing a foreign element between the consumer and the seller. Also, based on an analysis of the national law, supranational law, paragraphs of user agreements and court decisions, I will provide a list of recommendations for the further development of legal norms in this area and recommendations to administrative bodies and independent organizations. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate two things: the availability of modern law that meets the basic changes of our time is not a guarantee of observing consumer rights in the following cases: when companies engaged in cross-border or transnational activity do not make the necessary modifications of user agreements; administrative bodies and citizens are inactive, as a result of which the courts do not make decisions that would establish justice in this matter.

This paper discusses the main nuances associated with the implementation and protection of consumer rights to the digital content. In particular, the main regulatory legal acts of the national and, if possible, supranational level will be considered, license agreements with the consumer will also be considered. Within the framework of these legal acts, the basic rights of the consumer, the rights of the campaign and possible ways of resolving disputes will be established. Also in this paper, specific examples of paragraphs of user agreements and their relationship with the legislation of the countries in question will be given. Examples of court decisions regarding consumer protection of digital content will be provided. Also, these decisions will be analyzed, in which cases of violation of consumer rights will be presented, and how the court applied national law to relations containing a foreign element between the consumer and the seller. Also, based on an analysis of the national law, supranational law, paragraphs of user agreements and court decisions, I will provide a list of recommendations for the further development of legal norms in this area and recommendations to administrative bodies and independent organizations. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate two things: the availability of modern law that meets the basic changes of our time is not a guarantee of observing consumer rights in the following cases: when companies engaged in cross-border or transnational activity do not make the necessary modifications of user agreements; administrative bodies and citizens are inactive, as a result of which the courts do not make decisions that would establish justice in this matter.

The subject. The article is devoted to problems of institute of collective legal protection in German civil procedure law.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis of the need to introduce the institution of general class action in German civil procedural law.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and sociological approach.The main results and scope of their application. German civil procedure law is based on the principle of "two parties". However, there are many situations that do not fit into the traditional scheme of individual legal protection, because either the conflict is affected by many persons, or the conflict goes beyond the individual interests of the affected persons. For processes in which a significant number of persons are involved, as a means of protection, first of all, claims for abstention from actions (Unterlassungsklagen) submitted by associations of consumers and entrepreneurs are offered. These claims, in spite of the dogmatic difficulties, have been implemented in practice and proven. Special legal regulation on this issue exists in the legislation on consumer protection, competition and Antimonopoly legislation. Added to this are the more recently the claims of the unions about the withdrawal of the profits (Verbandsklagen auf Gewinnabschöpfung). The claim for recovery (Einziehungsklage), which allows associations to join several unidirectional claims of consumers in a single lawsuit, is also regulated in a special way. However, there is still no General class action in German law.Conclusions. The author concludes that the absence of a General class action is a legal gap in German civil procedure law. This situation is criticized as insufficient to raise the issue of causing mass harm before the court. First of all, there is the absence of a collective action aimed at compensating for harm, which is regarded as alien to German law. The relevant initiatives of the European Commission in this regard contain only non-binding recommendations to States parties on the introduction of collective forms of legal protection. This topic becomes even more relevant in Germany in connection with the "diesel scandal" and the introduction of the bill on a collective model claim for recognition (Musterfeststellungsklage). ; Рассматриваются проблемы института коллективной правовой защиты в немецком гражданском процессуальном праве. Отмечается, что общий групповой иск до сих пор отсутствует как институт в немецком праве. Подобное положение дел подвергается критике как недостаточное для постановки перед судом вопроса о причинении массового вреда. Речь прежде всего идет об отсутствии направленного на возмещение вреда коллективного иска, который рассматривается как чуждый немецкому праву. Связанные с этим актуальные инициативы Европейской комиссии содержат лишь необязательные рекомендации государствам‐участникам по введению коллективных форм правовой защиты. Делается вывод, что отсутствие института общего группового спора является правовым пробелом немецкого гражданского процессуального права.

The article is based on the results of the monitoring of financial services consumers' rights protection, held within the framework of the joint project «Financial Education and Financial Literacy»оf the Russian Мinistry of Finance and the World Bank. The results show the influence of information asymmetry on consumers' and financial organizations' behavior in the retail credit market (broken into such segments as consumer credits, mortgages, car credits, microfinance lending). The paper identifies the most serious violations of consumers' rights provoked by the asymmetry and offers recommendations for diminishing the information asymmetry.

This article explores the issues keeping the catering services and uniforms to companies hospitality sector. Currently, the scope of public power, as one of the fastest growing industries in the Russian service sector has its own characteristics, as well as accounting and uniforms, subject trebovany legislation on consumer protection, in bookkeeping and taxation, the organization of economic activity, taking into account the income and expenses at the enterprises of hotel type. When accounting for these services is very important to consider all the details related to the state regulation in this sphere. ; В статье исследуются вопросы учета услуг общественного питания и форменной одежды на предприятиях гостиничного сектора. В настоящее время сфера общественного питания, как одна из самых динамично развивающихся в российской экономике отраслей сферы услуг, имеет свои особенности, так же, как и учет форменной одежды, при соблюдении требований законодательство о защите прав потребителей, в ведении бухгалтерского учета и налогообложения, в организации хозяйственной деятельности, при учете доходов и расходов на предприятиях гостиничного типа. При учете этих услуг очень важно учитывать все тонкости, связанные с государственным регулированием в этой сфере.

The article analyzes the problems of coordination of public and private interests inwithdrawing land for state or municipal needs in an extraordinary order on the exampleof the legislation on organization and holding of the XXII Winter Olympic Games andXI Winter Paralympic Games of 2014 in Sochi. The article examines the main provisionsof the procedure of withdrawal of land in preparation for the Winter Olympic Games of2014 in comparison with the conventional (ordinary) order of withdrawal of lands andreal estate for public needs. It shows the most dispute-wide regulations designed to ensurethe organization and holding of sports events of the world level in a short time, andlaw problems coming through their implementation. Legislation on the preparation forthe Winter Olympics of 2014 was the subject of research as the most striking example ofthe extraordinary procedure of withdrawal of land for public needs of the modern period.It addresses the issue of correlation of legal categories of the "balance of interests", "protectionof rights and interests," "consumer extremism" in relation to the study area. ; В статье анализируются вопросы согласования публичных и частных интересов при изъятии земель для государственных или муниципальных нужд в экстраорди- нарном порядке на примере законодательства об организации и проведении XXII Олимпийских зимних игр и XI Паралимпийских зимних игр 2014 года в городе Сочи. Исследуются основные положения процедуры изъятия земель при подготовке к проведению Олимпийских зимних игр 2014 года в сравнении с обычным (ор- динарным) порядком изъятия земель и расположенного на них недвижимого имущества для обеспечения публичных нужд. Показаны наиболее спорные нормативные положения, призванные обеспечить организацию и проведение спортивного мероприятия мирового уровня в короткие сроки, и возникающие при реализации этих положений правоприменительные проблемы. Законодательство о подготовке к Зимней Олимпиаде 2014 года составило предмет настоящего исследования как наиболее яркий пример экстраординарной процедуры изъятия земель для публичных нужд современного периода. Затрагивается вопрос соотношения правовых категорий «баланс интересов», «защита прав и интересов», «потребительский экстремизм» применительно к исследуемой области.

In order to generalize foreign experience in the field of state price policy, the practical experience of the Republic of India on the use of state price regulation tools has been considered. A review of the legislation has been conducted, the mechanism has been revealed, and the pros and cons of certain state price control measures have been highlighted, in particular the use of a list of vital goods, the establishment of a mandatory maximum market price for all packaged goods, and the protection of the competitive environment of the national market. The results of the state policy of price regulation, as well as the dynamics of key indicators of the Indian economy over the past five years have been analysed. Further prospects and directions of development of the economy of the Republic of India have been outlined.The scientific research methodology has been based on a systems approach. Depending on the nature of the problems being developed, the methods of causal analysis, economic-statistical, monographic, abstract-logical and comparative have been applied. The regulatory legal acts of the Republic of India, statistics, electronic resources, as well as operational primary information of the ministries and departments of the Central Government of India make up the information base of the study.It has been concluded, that the state-built model of price regulation provides protection not only to consumers, ensuring the availability of necessary goods, but also to producers, ensuring redistribution of profit in their favor. The problems of the functioning of individual instruments of the state pricing policy have been indicated, however, based on statistical data, a generalized conclusion has been made, that they are not critical and do not undermine the country's economy or the free functioning of the market. The prospects for the use of certain elements of the state price policy of India in the Russian economy have been evaluated. ; С целью обобщения зарубежного опыта в сфере государственной ценовой политики рассмотрен практический опыт Республики Индии по использованию инструментов государственного регулирования цен. Проведен обзор законодательства, раскрыт механизм, а также выделены плюсы и минусы тех или иных государственных мер контроля над ценами, в частности использование перечня жизненно необходимых товаров, установление обязательной максимальной рыночной цены на все упакованные товары, защита конкурентной среды национального рынка. Проведен анализ результатов государственной политики регулирования цен, а также динамики ключевых показателей индийской экономики за последние пять лет. Обозначены дальнейшие перспективы и направления развития экономики Республики Индии.Научная методология исследования базирована на системном подходе. В зависимости от характера разрабатываемых проблем применены методы причинно-следственного анализа, экономико-статистический, монографический, абстрактно-логический, сравнительный и другие методы. Информационную базу исследования составляют нормативно-правовые акты Республики Индии, статистические данные, электронные ресурсы, а также оперативная первичная информация министерств и ведомств Центрального Правительства Республики Индии.Сделан вывод, что выстроенная государственная модель регулирования цен дает защиту не только потребителям, обеспечивая доступность необходимых товаров, но и производителям, способствуя перераспределению прибыли в их пользу. Обозначены проблемы функционирования отдельных инструментов государственной ценовой политики, однако на основании статистических данных сделан обобщающий вывод, что они не являются критичными и не подрывают экономику страны или свободное функционирование рынка. Даны оценки перспектив применения отдельных элементов государственной ценовой политики Республики Индии в отечественной экономике.

The legislation of the Russian Federation, protecting the rights of consumers in the sale and purchase relationship, provided them with a whole range of legal guarantees. This article examines the specifics of the content, implementation, protection mechanism, as well as the problematic issues of their application, demonstrates the effect of protective measures in judicial practice. Conclusions are drawn on the need to change judicial practice, possible only with the unambiguous formulation of new recommendations at the level of law or decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

This article addresses possible structural alternatives for the dissemination of the results of intellectual activity (RIA), which reflect setting of optimal price and level of technical protection. The paper argues that digital piracy is not always a negative factor for the author or copyright owner but may be a signal indicating an inefficiently of RIA distributing method. The developed model demonstrates the choice of RIA distribution strategy depending on various factors: author's popularity, the difference in quality between the original RIA and pirated copy, legal protection level. The findings regarding the possibilities of combining legal and technical protection, consumer behavior and the positive effects of digital piracy will help the regulator to apply more effective measures. The article is written on the basis of the RANEPA state assignment research program.

Based on the analyses of normative-legislative documents related to medical activities in RF published between 1990 and 2017 the classification of medical facility legal risks has been formed. The usage of the classification enables building systematic approach for legal protection.The right for health protection is ensured also by providing paid medical services according to the Federal Act on Public Health Care. It doesn't follow from Russian legislation that this right could be exercised only in private medical institutions, which makes public medical institutions legitimate participants of the process. However, in accordance with the Government Resolution No. 1006, there is range of restrictions for public medical institutions in case they provide paid medical services. For instance, they must justify charging by informing consumers about their rights guaranteed by the State guarantees program.The analysis of normative-legislative documents that ensure regulation of public medical services caused the classification of legal risks. The violation of the Consumer Protection Act and of the Civil Code (contractual risks) appeared to become the most common ones.There is no clear notion of "medical error". That's why it is almost impossible to make a distinction between patient irresponsibility, staff negligence or low doctor's professionalism. This is the reason for patients' rights as well as medical personnel responsibility to be regulated by the state.The analysis that is been made shows that risks and sanctions in the provision of Paid Medical Services by State institutions occur in cases of misconduct while providing Paid Medical Services. The most typical cases of misconduct while providing Paid Medical Services come when: medical services could be provided under the State guarantees program; failure to provide medical care occurs; violation of medical and contractual documents in the provision of Paid Medical Services takes place; violation of patient's rights to receive complete and reliable information related to medical care takes place. ; В результате анализа нормативно-правовых документов за период с 1990 по 2017 гг., регулирующих медицинскую деятельность в РФ, сформирована классификация правовых рисков медицинского учреждения. Использование данной классификации позволит системно подойти к процессу формирования правовой защиты медицинского учреждения.Согласно 323-ФЗ «Об основах охраны здоровья», право на охрану здоровья граждан обеспечивается, в том числе, путем предоставления медицинских услуг на платной основе. Из норм российского законодательства не следует, что данное право может быть реализовано только в частных медицинских учреждениях, что делает государственные медицинские учреждения правомерными участниками этого процесса. Однако, согласно Постановлению Правительства №1006, на государственные учреждения здравоохранения при оказании платных медицинских услуг (ПМУ) наложен ряд ограничений, среди которых – обязанность обосновать правомерность взимания платы с пациента, обеспечив информирование потребителя о его правах по программе государственных гарантий.На основании проведенного анализа нормативно-правовых актов предложена классификация основных правовых рисков. Наиболее распространенным риском является нарушение Закона РФ «О защите прав потребителей», а также Гражданского кодекса РФ (договорные риски).Также, по причине отсутствия четкого понятия «врачебной ошибки», установить грань между безответственностью пациентов, халатностью персонала и низким профессионализмом врачей становится почти невозможно. В этой связи в законодательном регулировании нуждаются не только права пациентов, но и ответственность медицинских работников.Проведенный анализ дает основания говорить о том, что наступление рисков и санкций при предоставлении ПМУ государственными учреждениями возможно при рисковых случаях, связанных с неправомерным оказанием ПМУ. Наиболее распространенным предоставлением услуг, связанных с неправомерным оказанием ПМУ, является предоставление ПМУ при наличии оснований у учреждения оказать данный вид медицинской помощи по программе государственных гарантий; неоказание медицинской помощи; нарушения в оформлении медицинской и договорной документации при оказании ПМУ; нарушение прав пациента на получение полной и достоверной информации, связанной с получением медицинской помощи.

This article examines current e-Commerce platforms market. The subject of the research is the processes of market adaptation to the new conditions of digitalization and future development trends. The scope and structural aspects of digitalization of consumer markets, the new role, and prospects for the development of digital e-Commerce platforms have determined the purpose of this study. Methodology and approach. To understand and evaluate the development, scope and structure of e-commerce markets in Russia in the context of the pandemic shock, we use methods of statistical analysis of the information collected by various Internet services. The calculations were carried out using data from Internet traffic analytics on digital statistical information resources. Findings. The study shows that digital technologies create new mechanisms of consumer choice and modify the principles of competition. In this new reality, changes in the markets structure are already under way. As a result, there are incentives to consolidate e-Commerce platforms which can lead not only to positive but also to negative economic effects, for example, for small and medium-sized businesses, and will require the attention of the regulator to ensure the protection of their economic interests. This question should be the subject of further scientific research.

The currency regime and exchange rate policy of the country are among the main factors determining the investment climate and the competitiveness of national producers, macroeconomic stability and financial security of the state. Investment activity, the pace of modernization of the economy and its structural adjustment, the achievement of its sustainable growth, and the increase in the level of well-being of the population largely depend on the currency regime used. It is the exchange rate policy chosen by the government that largely determines the stability of the national currency, its protection against external shock influences, the country's sufficient foreign currency to fulfill obligations on external debts, maintain the saturation of the consumer market, and import investment goods.