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The Consumer Rights Act 2015 seeks to consolidate in one place key consumer rights covering contracts for goods, services and digital content, and the law relating to unfair terms in consumer contracts. These are areas where there has been considerable activity at both a national and an EU level. In particular, the Consumer Sales Directive 99/44/EC, the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC and the Consumer Rights Directive 2011/83/EU have all made significant changes to Member State law, promoting the idea of the 'informed consumer', able to assert his or her rights in entering consumer contracts. This paper will examine the extent to which the Act promotes the objectives of these Directives and the implications of the result of the June 2016 referendum that the UK should leave the EU. Does the Consumer Rights Act 2015 represent a valuable consolidation of EU and UK consumer policy, or are EU rights being absorbed into a distinctive national framework of consumer rights?

This contribution discusses the impact of the CRD on Dutch private law. How will the new directive influence consumer rights and how does this fit with existing law? Considering the background of the directive and its importance for European consumer law, however, we discuss these questions in the light of a broader perspective. We find it helpful to not only discuss the content of the new provisions introduced by the directive, but also to sketch the legislative (and political) background against which they came into being. Part 2 gives a brief overview of the directive's background and the major points on which criticism was raised and concessions were made in the legislative process. Parts 3-7 discuss the directive's content, starting with the scope of the directive before moving to the 'consumer' definition, information duties, the right of withdrawal, and a few other provisions that are new in comparison to previous legislation. We will indicate at which points discussions arose between the various legislative actors at EU and national level, and how these debates have played out in the final text of the directive. Since the directive has not yet been implemented and the new rules, therefore, have not been tested in practice, we will not be able to fully assess the impact that the directive will have on Dutch private law, in particular on case law. Where relevant, we will, however, point out significant changes that the directive makes to the existing rules. Also, comparisons will be made with the rules of the directives that will be replaced by the CRD, taking into account relevant case law that has appeared since the first edition of the volume in which this contribution appears.

Consumer protection has gained great importance since World War II. Similarly, the concept of human rights has become increasingly prevalent. Substantive and procedural tests of human rights support the contention that the tendency toward broadening the definition of human rights allows us to include consumer rights within that definition. In a consumer-oriented society, protection of the individual consumer is perceived as part of maintaining human dignity-especially against big business organizations, monopolies, cartels, and multinational corporations. Well-accepted doctrines of human rights, therefore, such as the emphasis on an individual's prosperity, honour, and dignity, can serve as the basis for recognizing consumer rights as human rights. An examination of several basic international and national documents reveals that it is due time to acknowledge consumer rights as human rights.

The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of the formation of a system of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of consumers. With the help of the dialectical method, a complex of general and special scientific methods, the essence of civil legal protection of consumer rights and organizational, legal and economic aspects of consumer protection have been clarified. The necessity of development and approval of unified standards for rendering financial services to consumers has been demonstrated. The main directions of formation and implementation of the policy of consumer rights protection in the field of trade and provision of financial services, with emphasis on digitalization of relevant legal relations, have also been determined. In the conclusions, the desirability of developing and consolidating, at the normative level, the Comprehensive Program for the Implementation of the State Policy on the Protection of the Rights of Financial Services Consumers for 2023-2027 is substantiated. Finally, arguments were presented to complement the legislation in the field of consumer relations with other normative legal acts in order to guarantee the protection of consumers' rights.

The development of banking technology is currently undergoing changes in various fields, especially in internet banking service products. The situation requires everyone to move quickly, not least in the banking sector. This information technology adds value to consumers as service users by allowing them to transact using electronic banking in their daily activities. It is essential to place consumers as users of internet banking services whose rights need to be protected. The government is protecting consumer rights as users of electronic banking services by issuing Consumer Protection Laws and Banking Laws as a legal basis to provide security, convenience, and information rights in online transactions guaranteed by the State. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the government regulates consumer rights for internet banking service products and what the government's role is in providing consumer protection for internet banking service products. This research uses normative juridical research, namely research that focuses on library studies. The part of the government is essential in protecting the community and as a coach for business actors in improving the industrial world and the country's economy.

Between 2015-2019, the size of Indonesia's internet economy has quadrupled and now cuts across various sectors of the economy. On issues of consumer rights and protections, regulators have struggled to keep up with this rapid growth. What is needed is a clear regulatory framework and consensus on the role of the government within the digital economy in order find balance between growth and digital innovations and ensuring consumer protection. CIPS' Protecting People: Promoting Digital Consumer Rights Policy Paper outlines the growing of Indonesia's digital economy, challenges surrounding the protection of consumer rights in the digital space, and the existing regulatory and institutional frameworks to ensure consumer protection. This policy paper also presents seven policy recommendations for Indonesian policymakers that aim to strengthen the regulatory and institutional framework for consumer protection without sacrificing potential growth of Indonesia's digital economy.

The study of the consumer right in juridical sciences is an innovation for the Albanian legislation. By means of this paper we would like to explain the genesis of consumer right. In order to explain the genesis of consumer right, we have focused since its very first steps to the present protection of this right. In order to determine which were the first hints of the emergence of this right and how it developed, we have reviewed legal resources from all time periods during which the consumer has enjoyed a protection. From our study, we have concluded that the use of the word consumer is something new for the legislation of our country. Nowadays, several laws have been approved and state mechanisms have been established with the intent to maintain consumer protection at a high level. Their approval derived directly from the development of this right. In the last part of this paper, we also focus on the factors that influenced the emergence of this right. These factors have been crucial for the complete and accurate establishment of what we today call the rule of law. The establishment of the rule of law enabled the approval of laws on consumer protection, but also the generation of an environment where the consumer enjoys the same level of protection as any other consumer in the neighbouring states. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n2p71