Income generation is a problem that cannot leave anyone indifferent. It is known that income in a market economy is a fee for the use of production resources or a reward for the contribution to the creation of the product. It is the main source of meeting the needs of consumer goods and services, due to their accumulation and consumption, and the level and quality of life is determined by the quantity and quality of goods that can be purchased for their income. Income determines the level and quality of life of the population and is an indicator of its well-being.In Ukraine, the differentiation of incomes is growing every year, which weakens the economic development of the country. Half of the country's population lives below the poverty line, and skilled labor emigrates abroad as a result of growing social tensions. Political instability, military confrontation in the east, low living standards, the epidemiological situation associated with the coronavirus pandemic, the development of the shadow economy, high levels of corruption, low wages, and impoverishment have led to income differentiation.Therefore, the state should focus all its activities not only on socio-economic development of the country, finding effective methods, norms, standards to improve the quality and quality of life, but also pursue a reasonable and balanced income regulation policy that will reduce the ratio between poor and rich.The income of the population should reflect the social status of the individual or household. However, currently incomes do not show the real standard of living of the population, so they are studied and studied together with the costs. It should be noted that in Ukraine in recent years there has been deterioration in living standards population, which leads to a reduction in household savings (accumulation of non-financial assets).The results of the study show that the population spends most of its income on consumption, namely on food and do not have the opportunity to make savings, which can be investment ...
В статті аналізується вплив фінансових ризиків на діяльність підприємств переробної галузі АПК для визначення необхідних обсягів фінансових ресурсів та їх оптимізації, визначено потенційні можливості переробних підприємств АПК щодо їх формування за рахунок власних коштів і варіантів залучення зовнішніх інвесторів. Крім того, досліджено значення коливання показників економіки, які становлять ризики впровадження механізмів фінансування переробних підприємств АПК. The objective of the given article is analyzing the aspects of influence of processing industries enterprises in the agricultural sector financing mechanism risks taking into account cyclic economic scheme with the purpose of enterprises economic financing mechanism improvement under market conditions. The influence of the financial risks on the activity of processing industries enterprises in the agricultural sector has been analyzed in the given article to define the necessary amounts of financial resources and their optimization, find out potential possibilities of processing industries enterprises in the agricultural sector as for their formation using their own funds and attracting external investors. In addition to this, the significance of economic indices fluctuations which provide certain risks for processing industries enterprises in the agricultural sector financing mechanisms implementation has been researched in the given article. Having analyzed the available statistical resources in the process of research the financial mechanism risks of processing industries in the agricultural sector due to economics cyclic recurrence have been defined. In our case analyzing Gross Domestic Product trend for the period of 1997-2015 we observe that the economic process belongs to TS class. It means that the shocks which appear from time to time are temporary, they do not change long term process development trajectory, the process itself always returns to a certain fundamental form (trend). Thus, the general economy state, people's consumption possibilities (their level of income), the inflation rate, the level of investments into the basic branch resources have been considered the macro level risks for processing industries enterprises in the agricultural sector.
The influence of consumer behavior on the formation of the political market of the XX-XXI century is considered. A comparative analysis of sociological theories of consumption, theories of political science of the political market and political marketing is carried out. The identification of sociological and political science theory in the field of economics and social relations is presented. An analysis of modern socio-political literature shows that the formation of the political market is closely linked to the formation of the consumer society. To identify this pattern, a comparative analysis is required. Such scientists as Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Thorstein Veblen, Pierre Bourdieu, C. Wright Miles and others were involved in the sociological analysis of consumption. The political analysis of the political market is considered by James M. Buchanan, Oritz Allbeiser and others. However, the results of the analysis of their respective publications suggest that in contemporary political science, the analysis of the political market in conjunction with the sociological analysis of consumption is paid little attention. Proceeding from this, the purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of political and sociological theories related to economics and social relations. To analyze the formation of consumption, both in the economic field and in the political, we turn to the theoretical heritage of Pierre Bourdieu and Stephen Miles. These researchers in their consumer analysis approached the principles that are used today in political marketing. The formation of market relations in society has affected the emergence of the consumer society, which subordinates individuals to market thinking. As a result, political relations are also market-oriented. Therefore, the analysis of consumption in combination with the analysis of the political market and political marketing may further reveal a number of problems that have long been beyond the standpoint of political science.
The influence of consumer behavior on the formation of the political market of the XX-XXI century is considered. A comparative analysis of sociological theories of consumption, theories of political science of the political market and political marketing is carried out. The identification of sociological and political science theory in the field of economics and social relations is presented. An analysis of modern socio-political literature shows that the formation of the political market is closely linked to the formation of the consumer society. To identify this pattern, a comparative analysis is required. Such scientists as Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Thorstein Veblen, Pierre Bourdieu, C. Wright Miles and others were involved in the sociological analysis of consumption. The political analysis of the political market is considered by James M. Buchanan, Oritz Allbeiser and others. However, the results of the analysis of their respective publications suggest that in contemporary political science, the analysis of the political market in conjunction with the sociological analysis of consumption is paid little attention. Proceeding from this, the purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of political and sociological theories related to economics and social relations. To analyze the formation of consumption, both in the economic field and in the political, we turn to the theoretical heritage of Pierre Bourdieu and Stephen Miles. These researchers in their consumer analysis approached the principles that are used today in political marketing. The formation of market relations in society has affected the emergence of the consumer society, which subordinates individuals to market thinking. As a result, political relations are also market-oriented. Therefore, the analysis of consumption in combination with the analysis of the political market and political marketing may further reveal a number of problems that have long been beyond the standpoint of political science.Key words: consumer behavior, political market, political marketing. ; Розглядається вплив споживчої поведінки на формування політичного ринку ХХ-ХХІ століття. Проводиться порівняльний аналіз соціологічних теорій споживання й політологічних теорій політичного ринку й політичного маркетингу. Наводиться порівняння соціологічних й політологічних теорій в сфері економіко-суспільних відносин. Вихід на більш щільну взаємодію соціології й політології в розділі споживання й політичної поведінки.Ключові слова: споживча поведінка, політичний ринок, політичний маркетинг. Рассматривается влияние потребительского поведения на формирование политического рынка ХХ-ХХI века. Проводится сравнительный анализ социологических теорий потребления а также политологических теорий политического рынка и политического маркетинга. Приводится отождествление социологических и политологических теории в сфере экономико-общественных отношений. Выход на более плотное взаимодействие социологии и политологии в разделе потребления и политического поведения.Ключевые слова: потребительское поведение, политический рынок, политический маркетинг. The influence of consumer behavior on the formation of the political market of the XX-XXI century is considered. A comparative analysis of sociological theories of consumption, theories of political science of the political market and political marketing is carried out. The identification of sociological and political science theory in the field of economics and social relations is presented. An analysis of modern socio-political literature shows that the formation of the political market is closely linked to the formation of the consumer society. To identify this pattern, a comparative analysis is required. Such scientists as Max Weber, Georg Simmel, Thorstein Veblen, Pierre Bourdieu, C. Wright Miles and others were involved in the sociological analysis of consumption. The political analysis of the political market is considered by James M. Buchanan, Oritz Allbeiser and others. However, the results of the analysis of their respective publications suggest that in contemporary political science, the analysis of the political market in conjunction with the sociological analysis of consumption is paid little attention. Proceeding from this, the purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of political and sociological theories related to economics and social relations. To analyze the formation of consumption, both in the economic field and in the political, we turn to the theoretical heritage of Pierre Bourdieu and Stephen Miles. These researchers in their consumer analysis approached the principles that are used today in political marketing. The formation of market relations in society has affected the emergence of the consumer society, which subordinates individuals to market thinking. As a result, political relations are also market-oriented. Therefore, the analysis of consumption in combination with the analysis of the political market and political marketing may further reveal a number of problems that have long been beyond the standpoint of political science.Key words: consumer behavior, political market, political marketing.
An essential tool for improving efficiency of industrial production is the activation of innovation activities, which is based on the application of achievements in scientific and technical progress (STP) and contributes to both the economic development of enterprises and economic complex of the country as a whole. This is what predetermines the need for development of scientifically substantiated approaches to the management of innovative activity aimed at improving the efficiency of resource use and results of activity of industrial enterprises, as well as identifying the areas of its organization. An increase in efficiency of enterprise activity is related to its capacity to adapt to the peculiarities of modern competition and fast changing market environment, to respond in a timely manner to these changes, to define strategic directions of activity, such as the application of new technologies and creation of effective mechanisms for the implementation of innovations. The aim of present work is modeling the impact of technological innovations on the improvement of production efficiency by way of mathematical description of the patterns of interaction between innovation and production activities of industrial enterprise and determining quantitative effect from the implementation of new technologies on the decrease in production resource intensity and improvement in the operational results of the industrial sector of economy. We examined influence of technological innovations on the indicators of resource consumption in the production, based on economic-mathematical modeling of the interaction between production and innovation processes. Models for correlation dependence were devised of the resource-intensive production on the introduction of new technologies at an industrial enterprise in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Ukraine), using which we established and mathematically described a regularity of the impact of technological innovations on the magnitude of economic indicators of production activity at an industrial enterprise. Created economic-mathematical models allowed us to calculate a quantitative ratio of consumption-intensity of production and investments for progressive technological renewal of production, while the established interval limits – to predict possible changes in the indicators of production as a result of implementation of new technologies and to plan the results of enterprise activity depending on its investment and innovation activity. In the course of analysis, we calculated parameters that characterize quality of the developed models and indicate their adequacy and capability of application in practice. The scientific novelty of present research is in establishing and mathematical explanation of regularities of interaction between examined indicators of innovation and production activities by means of the developed economic-mathematical models, as well as in calculating quantitative effect of new technologies on the increase in performance efficiency of industrial enterprises. A practical value of the study is that mathematical formulas, developed by economic-mathematical modeling, allow us you to calculate the magnitude of indicators of resource intensity and production efficiency, which correspond to a certain volume of investments in new technologies. Created models of correlation dependence make it possible to determine the change in the magnitude of indicators of industrial activity as a result of effect from changes in the volume of investments in technological innovation and, consequently, to predict and plan results and the degree of increasing production efficiency based on available investment resources. Their quantitative ratio allows to assess qualitative and quantitative effect of the implemented new technologies for the improvement in industrial enterprise efficiency. A promising direction for further research is the creation of mechanism for managing investment-innovative activity and production efficiency based on technical and technological renewal of enterprises material–technical base.
The author of the article makes an attempt of philosophic generalization of "modern society" term, whereas modern philosophic discourse has several conceptions that characterize modern condition of the development of modern society and demands methodological generalization. The attention was drawn to the place and the role of a human being in a modern society, possible ways of its realization. It is generally accepted to classify traditional and modern society. The article analyzes classical treatment of society by native and foreign researchers. In particular: postindustrial, informational, technotronic, mass society, knowledge society and consummation society. Each concept, which substantiates modern stage of modern society development, observes human phenomenon in its original way. We may state that the observation of human problem leads to the mass and individual dyhotomy. The life of modern individual differs greatly from the life of traditional one. The individual himself faces the changes caused by the changes in all spheres of human living (economics, politics, culture, etc). Therefor these transformations give birth to a principally new situation with no analogues in previous experience of both: a human being in particular and society as a whole. The observation of various conceptions (postindustrial, consumption society, mass society etc) shows qualitative changes of all spheres of human activity of individuals (politics, economics, culture). And the key stone is that the transformation of each individual occurs as the result of these changes. ; В статье сделана попытка философского обобщения понятия "современное общество", поскольку современный философский дискурс имеет несколько концепций, которые характеризуют современное состояние развития обществ, которое нуждается в методологическом обобщении. Обращено внимание на роль и место человека в современном обществе, возможные пути его реализации. ; У статті зроблена спроба філософського узагальнення поняття «сучасне суспільство», оскільки сучасний філософський дискурс має декілька концепцій, які характеризують сучасний стан розвитку суспільств, що потребує методологічного узагальнення. Звернена увага і на роль та місце людини у сучасному суспільстві, можливі шляхи її реалізації.
The article outlines the possibilities and difficulties of the transition to renewable energy in Ukraine. In recent years, a number of laws have been passed that have simplified land legislation for the allocation of land for renewable energy, created tax incentives and introduced mechanisms to support producers of electricity from renewable sources. These legislative initiatives aimed to improve the investment climate and make the green energy business transparent. However, the main problems facing the development of green energy in Ukraine remain such as the need for significant initial investment in the construction of new renewable generation capacity, significant distance from networks, obstacles caused by bureaucratic procedures at the local level, lack of continuous generation of some renewable energy sources, search for reserves generated energy, etc. Institutional and regulatory structures need to be improved to increase energy security and stimulate energy transition process in rural areas. Carefully structured stakeholder participation processes and social innovation such as energy cooperatives are needed at the local level. The necessity of limiting the use of resources is substantiated, in particular the use of energy resources in the world economy. Development of scientific thought aimed at the greening of economic activity and harmonization of social development, found reflection in modern scientific theories within the framework of such disciplines as environmental economics, ecological economics, physical economy, green economy, bioeconomy, and circular economy. In this article, we focus attention on approaches to energy challenges of ecological economics and environmental economics, commonalities and differences in these approaches. The theoretical approaches of ecological and environmental economics analysed in relation to the energy challenges of the modern world. Researchers in the field of environmental and natural resource economics consider the transformation of energy systems to be one of the twenty most pressing challenges of the modern world, emphasizing that the speed of the energy transition largely depends on a political process that market participants find difficult to predict. Political and environmental risks, together with the long-term nature of investment in energy and related infrastructure, are of great interest for research and practice. The scientific literature on limiting the use of resources is being revised in the light of the three main issues of ecological economics (sustainable scale, equitable distribution, efficient allocation), which, according to the theory of ecological economics, should be resolved in the transition towards sustainability. Instruments for limiting the use of energy and their ability to provide effective answers to the main problems formulated in ecological economics are considered. The approaches of ecological economics to economic policy necessitate its reforming into ecological-economic policy, or (if we proceed from its goal) into a sustainable development policy. The principles of forming a sustainable development policy for energy sector based on the idea of an energy transition, regulation of energy consumption and energy efficiency are proposed for broad implementation. The specific procedure for selecting policy instruments is determined by the socio-economic and socio-ecological contexts of the problem situation, the characteristics of the proposed instruments, as well as such factors as the political and organizational culture of the institutions, as well as the nature of their interrelationships and mechanisms for coordination with other institutions. ; Обозначены возможности и трудности перехода к возобновляемой энергетикe в Украине. Обоснована необходимость ограничения использования ресурсов, в частности энергоресурсов в мировой экономике. Анализируются теоретические подходы экологической экономики и экономики окружающей среды относительно энергетических вызовов современного мира. Критически осмыслены вопросы ограничения использования ресурсов в мире относительно трех основных научных проблем экологической экономики (устойчивого масштаба, справедливого распределения, эффективной аллокации), которые, согласно теории экологической экономики, следует решить для достижения устойчивости. Рассматриваются инструменты ограничения использования энергии и их способность предложить эффективные решения основных проблем, сформулированных теорией экологической экономики. Подходы экологической экономики к экономической политике обусловливают необходимость ее реформирования в эколого-экономическую политику, или же, если исходить из ее цели – в политику устойчивого развития. Предложены к применению принципы формирования политики устойчивого развития энергетики на основании идей энергетического перехода, регулирования потребления энергоресурсов и повышения энергоэффективности. ; Окреслено можливості та труднощі переходу до відновної енергетики в Україні. Наголошено на необхідності обмеження використання ресурсів, зокрема використання енергоресурсів у світовій економіці. Проаналізовано теоретичні підходи екологічної економіки та економіки довкілля до енергетичних викликів сучасного світу. Дослідники у галузі економіки довкілля і природних ресурсів відносять трансформацію енергетичних систем до одного з двадцяти найнагальніших викликів сучасного світу, наголошуючи на тому, що швидкість енергетичного переходу значною мірою залежить від політичного процесу, який учасникам ринку передбачити складно. Політичні та екологічні ризики, разом із довгостроковим характером інвестицій в енергетику та пов'язану з ними інфраструктуру, становлять значну цікавість для наукових досліджень і практики. Наведено аналіз питань з доцільності та шляхів обмеження використання ресурсів у світі у контексті трьох основних наукових проблем (сталий масштаб, справедливий розподіл, ефективне розташування), які, згідно з теорією екологічної економіки, потрібно вирішити, щоб досягнути сталості. Критично оцінено інструменти обмеження використання енергії та їхня здатність надати ефективні відповіді на основні проблеми, сформульовані в екологічній економіці. Підходи екологічної економіки до економічної політики обгрунтовують доцільність її реформування в еколого-економічну політику, або ж, якщо виходити з її мети – у політику сталого розвитку. Запропоновано застосовувати принципи формування політики сталого розвитку енергетики на основі ідеї енергетичного переходу, регулювання споживання енергоресурсів та підвищення енергоефективності.
The aim of the article is to generalize scientific approaches to the assessment of the economy of happiness as a transformational concept in the functioning of micro-, macro- and international economy. The article considers historical approaches to the formation of the economic theory of happiness. Indicators of gross domestic product and gross national happiness as indicators of national policy achievements are studied. The preconditions for the formation of the theory of the economy of happiness, its economic and ethical context, debatable views on the possibility of quantitative measurement of happiness are analyzed. Analysis of the main provisions of the happiness economy and its level in Ukraine allows us to draw the following conclusions. Economic growth as the basis of growing consumption has objectively determined resource limits, and hence limited opportunities and economies of consumption. In addition, ignoring the environmental aspects of production leads to environmental pollution and exacerbation of global environmental problems. The purpose of the search for economic meanings of happiness is to identify new challenges related to changing the neoclassical parameters of the micro-, macro- and international economy and supplementing them with value-semantic aspects of human economic activity. The economics of happiness is a formal academic study of the relationship between personal satisfaction and economic problems such as employment and wealth. The main tools used include surveys and indicators that track what different economies offer their residents. The collection of happiness data can have a number of purposes, including assisting governments in developing better public policies. However, happiness is a subjective measure, and therefore it is difficult to classify ; В статье рассматриваются исторические подходы к формированию экономической теории счастья. Исследованы показатели валового внутреннего продукта и валового национального счастья как индикаторов достижений национальной политики. Проанализированы предпосылки формирования теории экономики счастья, ее экономический и нравственный контекст, дискуссионные взгляды на возможность количественного измерения счастья. ; У статті розглядаються історичні підходи до формування економічної теорії щастя. Досліджено показники валового внутрішнього продукту та валового національного щастя як індикаторів досягнень національної політики. Проаналізовано передумови формування теорії економіки щастя, її економічний та етичний контекст, дискусійні погляди на можливість кількісного вимірювання щастя.
In this scientific article the need to develop alternative energy sources in Ukraine to improve energy efficiency. There are marked urgent problems of energy security in modern conditions Ukrainian energy sector. Determined the cause of the critical energy intensity of Ukraine and of changes in the structure of energy balance on the basis of increasing the share of domestic energy resources, activation state support implementation of alternative energy technologies. Analyzed energy strategy adopted by the European Union, the share of renewable energy in the total energy consumption. Highlighted significant limitations and a number of disadvantages of alternative energy. It is proved that the energy strategy may be based on increasing the use of biological energy resources . Analyzed the potential use of biomass and marked foreign perspectives and experiences , particularly in Germany. ; В даній науковій статті висвітлено необхідність розвитку альтернативних джерел енергії в Україні для підвищення рівня енергетичної ефективності. Розкрито актуальні проблеми енергетичної безпеки в сучасних умовах українського енергетичного сектору. Визначено причини критичної енергоємності України та проведення змін в структурі паливно-енергетичного балансу на основі збільшення частки власних енергоресурсів, активізації державної підтримки впровадження технологій альтернативної енергетики. Проаналізовано енергетичну стратегію, прийняту Євросоюзом, частку альтернативної енергетики в загальній структурі споживання енергії. Виділено істотні обмеження та низку недоліків альтернативної енергетика. Обґрунтовано, що енергетична стратегія може бути заснована на збільшенні використання біологічної енергетичної сировини. Сформовано потенційні можливості використання біомаси, відзначено закордонні перспективи та досвід, зокрема у Німеччині.
The problem of increasing the competitiveness of the domestic steel industry is actualized in the article. The state of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine was explored on the basis of the analysis of production, which have been produced by the largest domestic companies. The dynamics of production of steel in the world was shown and the domestic position in the ranking of the top 10 global steel producers was defined. A list of reasons for the need of strengthen state influence in the metallurgical industry of Ukraine was identified, among them: the growth rates for the transportation of steel products, the need to replace the open-hearth steel production, the development of the domestic market consumption of metal, increasing amount of trainings of qualified personnel. Some provisions were formed that can be used at the legislative level for the modernization of the sector and improving its competitiveness in the world market. ; В статті актуалізовано проблему підвищення конкурентоспроможності вітчизняної металургійної промисловості. Досліджено стан металургійної промисловості України на основі аналізу виробництва сталі найбільшими вітчизняними виробниками. Подано динаміку обсягу виробництва сталі в світі та визначено вітчизняні позиції в рейтингу ТОП-10 світових виробників сталі. Виявлено перелік причини необхідності посилення державного впливу в металургійній галузі України, серед яких: зростання тарифів на транспортування продукції чорної металургії, необхідність заміни мартенівського виробництва сталі, розвиток внутрішнього ринку споживання металопрокату, посилення підготовки кваліфікованих кадрів. Обґрунтовано сформовані положення, які можуть бути використані на законодавчому рівні задля модернізації галузі та покращення рівня її конкурентоспроможності на світовому ринку.
The subject of the study is the methodological aspects of evaluating the effectiveness of the budget policy in achieving the program objectives of accelerated economic growth. The purpose of the study is to create a system of indicator indicators of the impact of the budget on the rate of economic growth and the involvement of central executive authorities in this program on a program–based basis. Research methods. In the work general scientific and special methods are used: logical, system analysis, statistical, comparative estimations, analysis and synthesis. Results of work. The article provides a system of indicators for assessing the impact of budget execution on the pace of development of the national economy, their use for medium–term budget planning, and a system for managing the pace of development through the activities of central government. The field of application of results. Economics and management of the national economy, in terms of state systems and mechanisms of economic management at the national, interindustrial and regional levels in the field of strategic planning of socio–economic development. Conclusions. Budget policy is a basic element of the system of state regulation of economic development. The impact of the budget on the rate of economic growth should be subject to special monitoring through a system of indicator indicators. Budget expenditures should be considered as forms of stimulating economic development: through state consumption, development budget, defense spending, social expenditures, and financing of the budget sphere. Governmental management of the pace of development should be modernized by consolidating the responsibility of the central executive authorities for the pace of development in the area of their object (industry) of influence.
The article is devoted to the economic and non-economic impact of the cultural industries on socio-economic growth. Attention is drawing to social development, the creation of new values, products, and national identity formation.Culture and economics are interdependent and complementary. Culture determines the way society develops, and then as society progresses, new values, new cultural meanings, and products are formed. In a post-industrial society, knowledge, creativity, and skills are added to the standard growth factors. The causality between culture and other variables, such as policy, institutions, and economic development, is two-way. The research has revealed the economic aspects of cultural products, their demand, and supply aspects. Cultural and creative industries have a specific nature, different from the general trends of industrial production. The main differences are in values concept, the marginal cost of making an additional product copy, and the equivalence of exchange. Another one is newness or difference of cultural product. This aspect significantly distinguishes the cultural sector from the traditional industry model. We tried to interpret the phenomena of cultural and creative industry dynamics following the world economy. Creative work is unstable and vulnerable to macroeconomic trends. The creative industries have been sensitive to the COVID-19 pandemic. The closure of cultural institutions (theaters, museums, cinemas) affected the entire value chain – creation, production, distribution, and consumption. The crisis has become a catalyst for the digitization of cultural products. In conclusion, the cultural sector requires government support, such as financial resources, export consulting, and the copyright and intellectual property protected in law. ; У статті проаналізовано економічний та неекономічний вплив сектору культурних індустрій на соціально-економічну систему, зокрема соціальний розвиток, створення нової системи цінностей, розвиток талантів і культури, сприяння національній ідентичності. Розглянуто підходи до визначення поняття культурних індустрій, розкрито їх економічну природу, особливості попиту та пропозиції культурних продуктів. Проведено оцінку темпів зростання культурних і креативних індустрій відповідно до динаміки світової економіки. Окреслено напрями державної підтримки культурних галузей у кризовий період.
The article is devoted to the economic and non-economic impact of the cultural industries on socio-economic growth. Attention is drawing to social development, the creation of new values, products, and national identity formation.Culture and economics are interdependent and complementary. Culture determines the way society develops, and then as society progresses, new values, new cultural meanings, and products are formed. In a post-industrial society, knowledge, creativity, and skills are added to the standard growth factors. The causality between culture and other variables, such as policy, institutions, and economic development, is two-way. The research has revealed the economic aspects of cultural products, their demand, and supply aspects. Cultural and creative industries have a specific nature, different from the general trends of industrial production. The main differences are in values concept, the marginal cost of making an additional product copy, and the equivalence of exchange. Another one is newness or difference of cultural product. This aspect significantly distinguishes the cultural sector from the traditional industry model. We tried to interpret the phenomena of cultural and creative industry dynamics following the world economy. Creative work is unstable and vulnerable to macroeconomic trends. The creative industries have been sensitive to the COVID-19 pandemic. The closure of cultural institutions (theaters, museums, cinemas) affected the entire value chain – creation, production, distribution, and consumption. The crisis has become a catalyst for the digitization of cultural products. In conclusion, the cultural sector requires government support, such as financial resources, export consulting, and the copyright and intellectual property protected in law. ; У статті проаналізовано економічний та неекономічний вплив сектору культурних індустрій на соціально-економічну систему, зокрема соціальний розвиток, створення нової системи цінностей, розвиток талантів і культури, сприяння національній ідентичності. Розглянуто підходи до визначення поняття культурних індустрій, розкрито їх економічну природу, особливості попиту та пропозиції культурних продуктів. Проведено оцінку темпів зростання культурних і креативних індустрій відповідно до динаміки світової економіки. Окреслено напрями державної підтримки культурних галузей у кризовий період.
The article is devoted to a topical issue of the influence of innovations on the process of resource saving and increase of efficiency of functioning of enterprises. Resource saving is a necessary condition for effective functioning of an enterprise that contributes to the solution of the problem of the growing demand of manufacturing in resources mainly due to savings and provides for decrease in the resource intensity of the products, and as a result, increases production efficiency through their most efficient use. Steady growth of production in the long term depends not so much on resource opportunities, but on the innovation activity of enterprises. The purpose of writing this article is the assessment of innovation activity of industrial enterprises on the process of resource saving, identification of the patterns and quality parameters of their interconnection by the methods of correlation-regression analysis. For the study and evaluation of the impact of innovation on the consumption of resources in the production process, we proposed scientific methodological approach, based on economic-mathematical simulation of the interaction between innovation and production processes and determining of the results of this relationship in resource saving. The application of this approach to the analysis and evaluation of innovation activities allowed supplementing the classification of factors of resource saving, which unlike the existing classification includes such features as the costs in the direction of innovation activity, namely: the level of general costs for innovation activity; the level of innovation spending on the introduction of new machinery, equipment, installations, other types of main production funds; the level of innovation spending on the introduction of new technologies; the level of spending on research and development. Based on this, we developed a scorecard, which consists of the indicators of resource intensity and efficiency of production, as well as the level of spending on innovation for identification and explanation of the patterns of interaction between the target economic indicators and the studied factors by economic-mathematical modeling and creation of management tool for innovation activity at resource saving at a machine-building enterprise. The proposed algorithm of activities provides the most efficient and economical use of resources and includes the simulation of interaction between innovation and production activity, assessment of the impact of implemented innovations on the production process, forecasting indicators of these processes. Its application allows planning the volume of investments by specific directions of innovation activity and the proper level of resource saving. The key factors of innovation activity were established that influence the efficiency of resource saving, the pattern of their influence on the process of production was defined, the estimation and prediction of economic indicators of functioning businesses were carried out, by which one can plan their value and, consequently, the results of an entity's performance. In addition, categorical apparatus of the theory of management of innovations regarding determining such concepts as "innovation development" and "resource saving" acquired further development.
The new branches formation of material production and non-production sphere leads to the need of their geographic study. Therefore, this leads also to the formation of new research directions that, with the development of the theoretical and methodological framework, gains new features of scientific disciplines. Interest in studying of geospatial features of transport infrastructure continuously grows. Formation of the geography of transport infrastructure as the separate scientific direction is connected, first, with the development of the market economy. One of the key factors is a territorial division of labour, which has caused an intensification of exchange processes.There are principles of social production considered in research on the geography of transport infrastructure. Continuous functioning of the transport system is a material basis without which achievement of sustained economic growth is impossible. The economy of the country cannot function efficiently without transport, as it represents a connecting link from production to consumption of various sectors of the economy. Allocation of the geography of transport infrastructure in a separate branch is substantially caused also by its communications with others, in particular, geographical disciplines: physical geography, social and political geography, transport economics etc. The economic and geographical features of countries and regions directly affect transport systems – the general configuration of the transport network, volumes of transportation, the structure of cargo turnover, and the direction of the main freight flows.There is the place of the geography of transport infrastructure in the general system of geographical sciences covered in the article. In addition, it is considered the main approaches to determination of major categories of this scientific direction and is disclosed specific of transport infrastructure as the integral component of the functioning of the national economy and influence of transport on the country economic and social situation.Visn. Lviv. Univ., Ser. Geogr. 2018: 52; 275–282 • DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10193 ; Процес формування нових галузей матеріального виробництва та невиробничої сфери приводить до потреби їхнього географічного вивчення. Це, відповідно, зумовлює формування нових наукових напрямів, які з розвитком теоретико-методологічної бази набувають рис нових наукових дисциплін. Інтерес до вивчення геопросторових особливостей транспортної інфраструктури безперервно зростає. Формування географії транспортної інфраструктури як окремого наукового напряму пов'язане, насамперед, з розвитком ринкового господарства. Один із ключових чинників – територіальний поділ праці, який зумовив інтенсифікацію обмінних процесів. У дослідженнях з географії транспортної інфраструктури, перш за все, враховано закони суспільного виробництва. Безперервне функціонування транспортної системи є матеріальною основою, без якої досягнення сталого економічного зростання є неможливим. Економіка будь-якої держави не може ефективно функціонувати без транспорту, оскільки він являє собою сполучну ланку від виробництва до споживання різних галузей господарства.Виділення географії транспортної інфраструктури в окрему галузь у значній мірі зумовлено також її зв'язками із іншими, зокрема географічними дисциплінами: фізичною географією, соціальною та політичною географією, економікою транспорту тощо. Економіко-географічні особливості країн та регіонів безпосередньо впливають на транспортні системи – загальну конфігурацію транспортної мережі, обсяги перевезень, структуру вантажообороту, та напрям основних вантажних потоків.Висвітлено місце географії транспортної інфраструктури в загальній системі географічних наук, розглянуто основні підходи до визначення найважливіших категорій цього наукового напряму, розкрито специфіку транспортної інфраструктури як невід'ємної складової функціонування господарства та вплив транспорту на соціально-економічне становище країни. Вісн. Львів. ун-ту. Сер. геогр. 2018: 52; 275–282 • DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10193
