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Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The African Union Advisory Board on Corruption (AUABC) was established in accordance with the provisions of article 22 (5) (a) of the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC). The Convention was adopted at the second ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of States and Government of the African Union in Maputo, Mozambique, on 11th July 2003, and entered into force on 5th August 2006, thirty (30) days after the deposit of the fifteenth instrument of ratification. As at November 2018, the Convention had been signed by 49 states and ratified or acceded to by 40 States.

The challenge of performing environmental governance at the international level has resulted in the creation of several environmental agreements focused on the common interests involved in the management of natural resources among countries. In recent decades, there has been a proliferation of such agreements, which made the environment the second area with the largest number of international agreements in the world (second only to international trade), which indicates the growing importance given to environmental issues in international arenas. Among these agreements, we highlight the result of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio-92): the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. This paper presents an overview of the status of implementation of these conventions in Brazil, focusing on the governance framework (institutional and legal), as well as on the actions taken to meet the commitments arising from these agreements. Main gaps and some of the challenges to be faced in the implementation of the analyzed conventions in Brazil are also identified.

This paper is divided into two parts. In the first section, after the introduction, we exposedthe various occurrences of "physis" throughout Sextus Empiricus' Outlines of Pyrrhonism, dividing them into 5 categories: (1) "nature" as the real, in contrast to "appearance"; (2) the "natural" as that which seems characteristic, peculiar to something or someone; (3) "Nature" as a creative and guiding agent; (4) the "natural" as opposed to "unnatural"; (5) the "nature of men". The way these various uses appear in the work is invariably critical, as elements of argumentation against the dogmatists, especially the Stoics. In the second part of this paper, however, we show how "physis" also appears positively at the beginning of the Outlines with the guiding function for life, as part of the answer to the famous objection of apraxia. In addition, we defend the hypothesis that "nature", from Sextus' point of view, does not oppose nor surpass conventions and customs; on the contrary, nature is what is recognized by all and is even determined by conventions and customs.

Combinar ideias de autores clássicos da geografia política com autores contemporâneos permite analisar temas ambientais em uma escala internacional. Para regular os diversos interesses em jogo, foram criadas convenções internacionais sobre o ambiente, que oferecem novas formas de intercâmbio, comércio e cooperação entre países. Mas a assimetria das relações entre as partes aponta para a necessidade de discutir soberania, sustentabilidade e segurança ambiental, conceitos centrais que sustentam a ordem ambiental internacional, o conjunto de acordos multilaterais sobre o ambiente. Por isso, é fundamental analisar as matrizes teóricas dos conceitos citados combinados com convenções internacionais elaboradas em reuniões de Cúpula, como as de Estocolmo, do Rio de Janeiro e a de Joanesburgo, para reforçar o diálogo na resolução de problemas internacionais. ; The combination of classical and contemporaneous authors of political geography allow us to analiser an international scale. International Conventions on Environment were created to regulate the different interests at stake. They offer new forms of interchange, commerce and cooperation among countries. However the asymmetric relationship among the parties exposes the need to discuss sovereignty, sustainability and environmental security, central concepts that maintain the international environmental order, the set of multilateral agreements on environment. For this reason, it is instrumental to examine the theoretical matrix of the above mentioned concepts in combination with the international conventions elaborated in Summits, such as the ones held in Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, to reinforce the dialogue in the resolution of international problems.

The European Community in the end of 1992 will have achieved another important step of its integration. The increasingly tight cooperation among the Western European countries contrast with its crescent distance from the Latin American countries. The parameters that gauge the relation between the two regions, especially the economic ones, show this in an incontestable way. The process of the European integration, which aims today to the European Free Trade Association countries, will have now to include the conversion process of the Eastern Europe in free market economy. Thus, the EC attention to the Third World, which were previously focused to the countries of the Lomé Conventions, will be increasingly deviated from Latin America. ; The European Community in the end of 1992 will have achieved another important step of its integration. The increasingly tight cooperation among the Western European countries contrast with its crescent distance from the Latin American countries. The parameters that gauge the relation between the two regions, especially the economic ones, show this in an incontestable way. The process of the European integration, which aims today to the European Free Trade Association countries, will have now to include the conversion process of the Eastern Europe in free market economy. Thus, the EC attention to the Third World, which were previously focused to the countries of the Lomé Conventions, will be increasingly deviated from Latin America.

This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved. ; This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

Executive council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 07 - 08 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; In the framework of the long-term vision encapsulated in Agenda 2063 the African Union's (AU) Assembly of Heads of State and Government adopted a Common African Position on Humanitarian Effectiveness (CAP) and called for a ten year period of transformation to strengthen humanitarian action on the continent (Decision 604 (XXVI)). The CAP defines Africa's new humanitarian architecture, which includes the creation of the African Humanitarian Agency as a vehicle for Africa's humanitarian action. The new humanitarian architecture also emphasizes addressing root causes and achieving durable solutions, as well as bolstering the capacity of States and other stakeholders to tackle the challenges of forced displacement on the continent

Este artigo objetiva analisar o avanço do processo de privatização da Educação Infantil na Rede Municipal de Educação de Teresina, pela via do conveniamento com instituições comunitárias, confessionais e filantrópicas sem fins lucrativos. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão bibliográfica de base documental que se apoiou em teóricos como Adrião e Borghi (2009), Alves e Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), dentre outros. Coloca-se em discussão as contribuições do Fundeb para a expansão da Educação Infantil e os efeitos desse fundo na expansão do atendimento a esse segmento da educação por meio da política de convênios celebrados entre a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) e o terceiro setor através de repasses de recursos públicos convertidos em subvenções sociais por meio de transferências correntes do poder público para instituições públicas ou privadas de caráter assistencial. Ao final concluiu-se que o Fundeb foi um marco regulatório importante que induziu o município a ampliar a oferta de Educação infantil, bem como, contribuiu com o aumento do conveniamento como estratégia para se ampliar a oferta e cumprir o que determina a legislação. Palavras-chave: Educação Infantil, Conveniamento, Expansão. The public-private relationship in the expansion of the care of early childhood education in the municipality of Teresina-PI ABSTRACT. This article aims to analyze the progress of the privatization process of Early Childhood Education in the Municipal Education System of Teresina, through the convention with community institutions, confessional and philanthropic non-profit. This is a bibliographic review study that was based on theorists such as Adrião and Borghi (2009), Alves and Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), among others. It discusses Fundeb's contributions to the expansion of Early Childhood Education and the effects of this fund on the expansion of care to this segment of education through the policy of agreements concluded between the Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) and the third sector through transfers of public resources converted into social subsidies through current transfers from the public authorities to public or private institutions of care. In the end, it was concluded that Fundeb was an important regulatory reference that induced the municipality to expand the offer of early childhood education, as well as contributed to the increase of the convention as a strategy to expand the offer and comply with the legislation. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Convening, Expansion. La relación público-privada en la expansión del cuidado de la educación en la primera infancia en el municipio de Teresina-PI RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el progreso del proceso de privatización de la Educación Infantil en la Red de Educación Municipal de Teresina, a través de la convención con instituciones comunitarias, confesionales y filantrópicas sin fines de lucro. Se trata de un estudio de revisión bibliográfica basado en documentales que se basó en teóricos como Adrião e Borghi (2009), Alves e Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), entre otros. Se examinan las contribuciones de Fundeb a la expansión de la Educación Infantil y los efectos de este fondo en la ampliación de la atención a este segmento de la educación a través de la política de acuerdos celebrados entre la Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) y el tercer sector a través de transferencias de recursos públicos convertidos en subvenciones sociales a través de transferencias actuales de las autoridades públicas a instituciones públicas o privadas de atención. Al final, se concluyó que Fundeb fue un importante marco regulatorio que indujo al municipio a ampliar la oferta de educación en la primera infancia, así como contribuyó al aumento de la convención como estrategia para ampliar la oferta y cumplir con la legislación. Palabras clave: Educación Infantil, Convocación, Expansión. ; ABSTRACT. This article aims to analyze the progress of the privatization process of Early Childhood Education in the Municipal Education System of Teresina, through the convention with community institutions, confessional and philanthropic non-profit. This is a bibliographic review study that was based on theorists such as Adrião and Borghi (2009), Alves and Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), among others. It discusses Fundeb's contributions to the expansion of Early Childhood Education and the effects of this fund on the expansion of care to this segment of education through the policy of agreements concluded between the Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) and the third sector through transfers of public resources converted into social subsidies through current transfers from the public authorities to public or private institutions of care. In the end, it was concluded that Fundeb was an important regulatory reference that induced the municipality to expand the offer of early childhood education, as well as contributed to the increase of the convention as a strategy to expand the offer and comply with the legislation. ; ABSTRACT. This article aims to analyze the progress of the privatization process of Early Childhood Education in the Municipal Education System of Teresina, through the convention with community institutions, confessional and philanthropic non-profit. This is a bibliographic review study that was based on theorists such as Adrião and Borghi (2009), Alves and Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), among others. It discusses Fundeb's contributions to the expansion of Early Childhood Education and the effects of this fund on the expansion of care to this segment of education through the policy of agreements concluded between the Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) and the third sector through transfers of public resources converted into social subsidies through current transfers from the public authorities to public or private institutions of care. In the end, it was concluded that Fundeb was an important regulatory reference that induced the municipality to expand the offer of early childhood education, as well as contributed to the increase of the convention as a strategy to expand the offer and comply with the legislation. ; ABSTRACT. This article aims to analyze the progress of the privatization process of Early Childhood Education in the Municipal Education System of Teresina, through the convention with community institutions, confessional and philanthropic non-profit. This is a bibliographic review study that was based on theorists such as Adrião and Borghi (2009), Alves and Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), among others. It discusses Fundeb's contributions to the expansion of Early Childhood Education and the effects of this fund on the expansion of care to this segment of education through the policy of agreements concluded between the Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) and the third sector through transfers of public resources converted into social subsidies through current transfers from the public authorities to public or private institutions of care. In the end, it was concluded that Fundeb was an important regulatory reference that induced the municipality to expand the offer of early childhood education, as well as contributed to the increase of the convention as a strategy to expand the offer and comply with the legislation. ; RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el progreso del proceso de privatización de la Educación Infantil en la Red de Educación Municipal de Teresina, a través de la convención con instituciones comunitarias, confesionales y filantrópicas sin fines de lucro. Se trata de un estudio de revisión bibliográfica basado en documentales que se basó en teóricos como Adrião e Borghi (2009), Alves e Silva (2014), Arelaro (2008), Bassi (2011), Gil (2008), Montaño (2008), entre otros. Se examinan las contribuciones de Fundeb a la expansión de la Educación Infantil y los efectos de este fondo en la ampliación de la atención a este segmento de la educación a través de la política de acuerdos celebrados entre la Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Teresina (Semec) y el tercer sector a través de transferencias de recursos públicos convertidos en subvenciones sociales a través de transferencias actuales de las autoridades públicas a instituciones públicas o privadas de atención. Al final, se concluyó que Fundeb fue un importante marco regulatorio que indujo al municipio a ampliar la oferta de educación en la primera infancia, así como contribuyó al aumento de la convención como estrategia para ampliar la oferta y cumplir con la legislación.

The specificity of the Strasbourg judgments is versatile and concerns many different areas of social life that it is not possible to effectively adapt legal norms and apply their interpretation by one entity of public authority. It can be said with full conviction that the execution of judgments is a continuous process and will last as long as the European Court of Human Rights is functioning; surely it will not end with the completion of the most difficult cases. It is important for the national system for the protection of human rights to be very efficient in the context of the protection of human rights. If, however, there is a violation of the norms of international agreements, Poland must be effective in meeting obligations such as the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. There are two aspects involved in fulfilling obligations under international law arising from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The first one is the introduction of appropriate standards of respect for the rights and freedoms enshrined in the treaty, and the second one is the obligation to enforce judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of a stated infringement of the Convention. Both obligations must be carried out simultaneously by the state – which, as a party to the Convention, respects its provisions and fulfills the required international legal obligations. The subject of this paper is to present the powers and legitimacy of the body of the executive in Poland in connection with the execution of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. ; A especificidade dos acórdãos de Strasburg é versátil e diz respeito a muitas áreas diferentes da vida social, e não é possível adaptar eficazmente as normas jurídicas e aplicar suas interpretações por uma única entidade de autoridade pública. Pode-se dizer que a execução das sentenças é um processo contínuo e durará enquanto o Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem estiver em atividade; seguramente não terminará com a conclusão dos casos mais difíceis. É importante que o sistema nacional de proteção dos direitos humanos seja eficiente no contexto da proteção dos direitos humanos. Se, no entanto, houver violação das normas dos acordos internacionais, a Polônia deve ser eficaz no cumprimento de tais obrigações, como as sentenças da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos. Existem dois aspectos envolvidos no cumprimento das obrigações decorrentes do direito internacional da Convenção Europeia para a Proteção dos Direitos Humanos e das Liberdades Fundamentais. A primeira é a introdução de padrões apropriados de respeito aos direitos e liberdades consagrados no tratado, e a segunda é a obrigação de executar sentenças da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos no caso de uma violação declarada da Convenção. Ambas as obrigações devem ser cumpridas simultaneamente pelo Estado que, como parte da Convenção, respeita suas disposições e cumpre as obrigações legais internacionais exigidas. O tema deste artigo é apresentar os poderes e a legitimidade do órgão do Poder Executivo na Polônia em conexão com a execução das sentenças da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos.

Circumscribing the scope in which atheism can be understood, namely, in the sphere of customs, religious, political and theological conventions, and even in the field of temperaments and characters, from Pensées diverses sur la comète to Continuation des Pensées sur la comète, and the Réponse aux quéstions d'un Provincial Bayle erects, substantiates and radicalizes the link between atheism and virtue, understanding here atheism under a practical approach, that is, in relation to the attitude of those who live as if a god did not exist, minimizing the value of its effectiveness over human conduct. However, such a position is no less endowed with virtue, once such a term is understood as a perpetual disposition to perform certain moral acts and having as purpose the acts of practical life, such as justice, honesty, courage, friendship, among others.

In this article, we will analyze the positive dimension of silencing for epistemic practices. Since: (a) silencing refers to a communicative impediment; and (b) at least in part our epistemic agency depends on this ability to express and make ourselves understood, it would be possible to conclude that (c) silencing necessarily harms our epistemic interactions. However, Barrett Emerick (2019) reminds us that in some cases silencing helps to preserve the integrity and dignity of those whose epistemic agency is violated. Based on this initial insight, we listed three premises that culminated in the justification for silencing other people: (1) epistemic silences stem from socio-historical processes and the power relations that permeate them; (2) the limits of epistemic agencies are established through social norms and conventions that affect identities in different ways; and, (3) the dignity of the human person must be the criterion for establishing the limits between what should or should not be said. Considering that in order to act correctly it is necessary not only the justifications for acting, but also the appropriate occasion, we defend that practical wisdom (phronesis) is the proper virtue for individuals, groups and institutions to know when to silence other people.

Portuguese Language teaching has faced sustained challenges which address both theoretical and methodological issues towards its practice. Such issues refer to significant practices that provide pupils with a responsive language action. In this context, this paper aims to highlight misspellings which entail the interference of oral language into the writing of second year high school students. For this purpose, we seek to answer the following questions: what are the influences/marks of oral language in written texts of high school students? And how to handle these influences and reverse them according to the grammars of Standard Portuguese? Thus, in order to answer these questions, we support our discussion in light of the works of Marcuschi (2008; 2010); Fávero, et al. (2000); Kato (2002); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004; 2005). Through the analyses, we observed that although at the high school level, students still use oral language in their written texts, which implies either little knowledge of grammatical conventions or little mastery of the standard language. In addition, we believe that this influence may be a consequence of the lack of meaningful and oriented readings, which leads to a limited grammatical and enunciative repertoire.

The legal regulation of health professions is part of a public health policy and contributes to the establishment of a quality health system accessible to all. However, it has long been monopolized by professional bodies, mainly the medical profession, defending a liberal system and a legal autonomy of professions. The legal regulation of health still suffers today but tends more and more to become the business of all citizens. ; A regulação jurídica das profissões de saúde faz parte de uma política de saúde pública e contribui para o estabelecimento de um sistema de saúde de qualidade e acessível a todos. No entanto, há muito tempo, as questões regulatórias são monopolizadas por entidades profissionais, principalmente pelos conselhos médicos, que defendem um sistema liberal e a autonomia jurídica das profissões. A regulação das profissões de saúde na França ainda é precária, porém, tende a se tornar cada vez mais um assunto de interesse de todos os cidadãos. ; La régulation juridique des professions de santé s'inscrit dans une politique de santé publique et participe de la mise en place d'un système de santé de qualité accessible à tous. Elle a cependant été longtemps accaparée par des corps professionnels, essentiellement le corps médical, défendant un système libéral et une autonomie juridique des professions. L'organisation professionnelle de la santé s'en ressent encore aujourd'hui mais tend de plus en plus à devenir l'affaire de tous les citoyens.