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International wheat agreement, 1971: Modification and extension of wheat trade convention and food aid convention
In: Treaties and other international acts series: TIAS, Heft 7988, S. 61 S
ISSN: 0083-0186
World Affairs Online
Convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context
In: United Nations publication
Hazar jeopolitiği ve hazar konvansiyonu ; Caspian geopolitics and caspian convention
Hazar Denizi Avrasya'nın tam kalbindedir. Jeopolitik açıdan son derece önemli bir konumdadır. Sahip olduğu hidrokarbon kaynaklarının yanı sıra, bu kaynakların ulaşılabilir olması ve mevcut arz piyasalarına alternatif olması nedeniyle de bölge dışı aktörlerin ilgi alanındadır. 1729'dan 1991'e kadar geçen süreçte Hazar'ı Sovyetler Birliği ve İran olmak üzere iki aktör paylaşmaktaydı. Ancak SSCB'nin dağılması ve üç yeni Cumhuriyetin kurulmasıyla birlikte kıyıdaş sayısı beşe yükselmiştir. Bu da Hazar hidrokarbon kaynakları üzerinde hâkimiyet ve paylaşım mücadelesinin başlamasına neden olmuştur. Başta ABD, kimi Avrupa devletleri ve daha sonra ÇHC olmak üzere pek çok bölge dışı aktörün de çeşitli düzeylerde katıldığı bu mücadeleler Hazar'ın jeopolitik önemini daha da artırmıştır. Hazar'ın hidrokarbon kaynaklarını paylaşma ve uluslararası piyasalara açma mücadelesi beraberinde 1990'ların ilk yarısından itibaren hukuki statü sorununu da ortaya çıkarmıştır. 51 çalışma grubu toplantısı, onlarca teknik toplantı ve beş devlet başkanları toplantısının ardından 12 Ağustos 2018 tarihinde Hazar Denizi'nin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Konvansiyon (kısaca Hazar Konvansiyonu) imzalanmıştır. Hukuki statü sorununa kısmen çözüm getiren bu anlaşma kıyıdaşların pek çok endişesini de gidermiştir. Rusya ve İran güvenlik endişelerinden kurtulurken genç Cumhuriyetler; Kazakistan, Türkmenistan ve Azerbaycan ekonomik refah, istikrar ve SSCB'den kalma sınır problemlerinin çözümü yolunda umuda sahip olmuşlardır. Bununla birlikte hidrokarbon kaynaklarının paylaşımı, tartışmalı yataklar sorunu, Kazakistan'daki NATO üssü ve bölgedeki 93 uluslararası firmanın geleceği gibi hayati konular Hazar Konvansiyonu ile de çözülememiştir. Hazar jeopolitiğinin geçmişinden günümüze irdelenmesi ve nihayetinde Hazar Konvansiyonu'nun somut ve olası etkilerinin incelenmesinin amaçlandığı bu tez çalışması, nitel bir araştırma olarak tasarlanmış, döküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Dört bölüm halinde sunulan çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, çalışmanın kavramsal ve kuramsal temelini oluşturan jeopolitik ve ilgili kuram-yaklaşımlar ortaya konmuş, Hazar bölgesi açısından önemli bazı kuramlar ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde Hazar jeopolitiği detaylı şekilde incelenmiştir. Bölgesel ve bölge dışı aktörlerin Hazar jeopolitğine etkileri, boru hatlarının, Hazar hidrokarbon kaynaklarının bölge jeopolitiğini nasıl değiştirdiği ve bölgedeki jeopolitik mücadelenin sonucunda ortaya çıkan çatışma noktaları irdelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde Hazar'ın hukuki statüsü sorunu geçmişten günümüze gelişimi incelenmiş, soruna neden olan konular detaylı bir şekilde irdelenmiştir. Kıyıdaşların ve bölge dışı aktörlerin hukuki statü sorunu ile alakalı görüşleri ve önerileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde Hazar Konvansiyonu'na giden süreç ve anlaşmanın analizi yapılmıştır. Kıyıdaşların savundukları tezlerden neden taviz verdikleri sorusuna cevap aranmış, konvansiyonun özelde kıyıdaşlara ve bölge dışı aktörlere, genelde ise Hazar jeopolitiğine etkileri sorgulanmıştır. ; The Caspian Sea is at the heart of Eurasia. It is in an extremely important position from a geopolitical point of view. In addition to its hydrocarbon resources, it is in the area of interest of non-regional actors because these resources are accessible and alternative to existing supply markets. In the period from 1729 to 1991, two actors, the Soviet Union and Iran, shared the Caspian. However, with the disintegration of the USSR and the establishment of three new Republics, the number of riparians increased to five. This led to the start of the conflict for dominance and sharing over the Caspian hydrocarbon resources. These conflicts, in which many non-regional actors, especially the USA, some European states and later the PRC, participated at various levels, further increased the geopolitical importance of the Caspian. The struggle to share the Caspian's hydrocarbon resources and open it to international markets has also brought up the legal status problem since the first half of the 1990s. After 51 working group meetings, dozens of technical meetings and five heads of state meetings, the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (shortly Caspian Convention) was signed on 12 August 2018. This agreement, which partially solved the legal status problem, also relieved many concerns of the riparians. While Russia and Iran are getting rid of security concerns, young republics; Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan had hopes for economic prosperity, stability and the solution of the border problems inherited from the USSR. However, vital issues such as the sharing of hydrocarbon resources, the disputed deposits issue, the NATO base in Kazakhstan and the future of 93 international companies in the region could not be resolved with the Caspian Convention. This thesis study, which aims to examine the Caspian geopolitics from its past to the present and finally to examine the concrete and possible effects of the Caspian Convention, was designed as a qualitative research and prepared by using the document analysis method. In the first part of the study, which is presented in four parts, geopolitics and related theory-approaches, which form the conceptual and theoretical basis of the study, are revealed, and some important theories for the Caspian region are discussed. In the second part, the geopolitics of the Caspian Sea is examined in detail. The effects of regional and non-regional actors on Caspian geopolitics, how pipelines, Caspian hydrocarbon resources change the geopolitics of the region, and the conflict points that emerged as a result of the geopolitical struggle in the region were examined. In the third chapter, the legal status of the Caspian and its development from past to present are examined and the issues that cause the problem are examined in detail. Opinions and suggestions of riparians and non-regional actors regarding the legal status issue were discussed. In the fourth part of the study, the process leading to the Caspian Convention and the agreement were analyzed. An answer was sought to the question of why the riparians made concessions from the theses they defended, and the effects of the convention on the riparians and non-regional actors in particular, and on the Caspian geopolitics in general were questioned.
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On implementing the lanzarote convention provisions in russian and foreign legislation
In 2013 Russia ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (CETS N 201) of October 25, 2007 (Lanzarote, Spain). The Council of Europe supports the One in Five campaign, based on the available data that one in five children in Europe are victims of some form of sexual or other violence, which often happens within the family circle. Although it is an urgent problem for Russia as well, full statistical data are unavailable and there is a lack of solid research. At present the co-signer countries are going though a complicated process of implementing the Convention's clauses in their criminal legislations, and practically all of them face similar lawmaking and law enforcement problems. The authors of the paper, who took part in the Lanzarote Committee meetings, have analyzed criminal legislation of Russia and authors' translations of the new versions of criminal codes of Austria, Turkey and Spain. They have thoroughly examined the latest publications on the topic and used court practice examples in their analysis of Russian criminal law. The authors conclude that Russian law, unlike foreign ones, has mainly incorporated Lanzarote convention's clauses. However, a number of clauses require an adequate response from Russian lawmakers, who should introduce changes and amendments to criminal laws of the Russian Federation, in particular, regarding increased penalties for offences against the sexual inviolability of minors by persons from a child's «circle of trust». © 2017, Baikal National University of Economics and Law. All rights reserved.
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Многосторонние конвенции об избежании двойного налогообложения как альтернатива двусторонним соглашениям ; Multilateral Conventions on Avoiding Double Taxation as an Alternative to Bilateral Conventions (Alexey Lashuk)
Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; В статье автор стремится проиллюстрировать различные подходы к идее заключения многосторонних налоговых конвенций, а также перспективы развития идеи заключения многосторонних конвенций об избежании двойного налогообложения. В современном глобализирующемся мире логичным представляется стремление государств регулировать международные вопросы на многостороннем, а не на двустороннем уровне. Под эгидой Организации по экономическому сотрудничеству и развитию ведется работа по замене двусторонних инвестиционных соглашений одним многосторонним соглашением по инвестициям. Избежание двойного налогообложения по-прежнему регулируется в подавляющем большинстве случаев двусторонними соглашениями. Хотя нельзя исключить такого развития событий, при котором некоторые аспекты международного налогового регулирования все же будут облачены в форму многосторонней конвенции. Скорее всего, это произойдет сначала на региональном уровне, на территории государств, объединенных в экономические блоки, например в странах Европейского союза. = The article aims to review and illustrate various approaches to the idea of concluding multilateral tax conventions as well as the prospects for the multilateral conventions to be an alternative to avoid double taxation. The globalizing world makes it logical for countries to try to regulate international issues on the multilateral, not bilateral level. Work is underway under the aegis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to replace bilateral investment agreements by multilateral agreements on investments. Double tax avoidance is still regulated by bilateral agreements in most cases. But developments can be foreseen, when some aspects of international tax regulations will assume the form of a multilateral convention. It is likely to happen at the regional level first, with the countries belonging to an economic bloc, like the European Union, for instance.
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International convention to decrease conflict between energy supply and environmental protection
The relationship between economic development, energy consumption and the environmental issues is complex. However, energy law is based on reciprocal benefits for governments while environmental law is based on common interests and erga omnes. Studies have shown that despite the implementation of several energy and environmental conventions at international levels, the situation of global environmental conditions is critical. Different concepts and conflicting interests between the energy supply system and environmental protection have led to poor implementation of some conventions. The present study examined some existing rules and regulations on energy and the environment and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the descriptive-analytic method. The purpose of investigating these conventions is to decrease the weaknesses and increase the strengths. The strengths can then be used for environmental concerns and international obligations of states under the rules of erga omnes to protect the environment and sovereignty of states for jurisdictional and energy management within national boundaries. The investigations revealed the characteristics of an international convention to decrease conflicts of interest between the energy supply system and environmental protection. In addition, two facilitator mechanisms are proposed for effective implementation of the international convention on energy and the environment.
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КОНВЕНЦИОННЫЕ НОРМЫ О РЕСОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ ; CONVENTION NORMS ABOUT THE RESOCIALIZATION OF CONVICTS
В статье рассматриваются проблемы гарантирования прав осужденных и лиц, отбывших наказание и освобожденных от него, с учетом конвенционных норм. Проанализированы нормы Конвенции ООН против пыток и других жестоких, бесчеловечных или унижающих достоинство видов обращения и наказания (1984 г.), Конвенции Совета Европы о защите прав человека и основных свобод (1950 г.), Минимальных стандартных правил ООН в отношении обращения с заключенными (Правил Нельсона Манделы (2015 г.) и других международных актов, гарантирующих права осужденных. Показаны проблемы формирования российской пенитенциарной политики в сфере ресоциализации осужденных. Предложены пути совершенствования норм уголовно-исполнительного законодательства об основных средствах исправления, направленных на ресоциализацию осужденных после отбывания наказания: о воспитательной работе, общественно полезном труде, профессиональной подготовке и общественном воздействии. Предложено в уголовно-исполнительном законодательстве предусмотреть профилирование исправительных учреждений под определенные виды производственной деятельности, в том числе на основе государственно-частного партнерства. Сделан вывод о необходимости кооперирования производственной деятельности в учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы с аналогичной производственной деятельностью в иных организациях в целях дальнейшего трудоустройства осужденного в этих организациях. ; The article deals with the problems of guaranteeing the rights of convicts and persons who have served a sentence and have been released from it, taking into account conventional norms. The norms of the UN Convention against Torture and Other Same-Wanted, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984), the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of prisoners (Rules of Nelson Mandela (2015) and other international acts guaranteeing the rights of convicts. The problems of formation of the Russian penitentiary policy in the field of re-socialization of convicts are shown. The ways of improving the norms of the criminal-executive legislation on the main means of correction aimed at the re-socialization of convicts after serving the sentence: educational work, socially useful work, vocational training and social impact are proposed. It is proposed in the penal legislation to provide for the profiling of correctional institutions for certain types of production activities, including on the basis of public-private partnership. The conclusion is made about the need to cooperate production activities in the institutions of the penitentiary system with similar production activities in other organizations in order to further employment of the convicted person in these organizations.
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Convention on the recognition of qualifications concerning higher education in the European region
In: European treaty series 165