This article deals with regard to the Arbitration Agreement under the new Arbitration Act - Legislative Decree 1071, the way must be held, the four ways you can adopt the arbitration agreement as well as the novel regulation regarding the effects of the arbitration agreement is may extend to non-signatories. ; El presente artículo aborda lo referente al Convenio Arbitral según la nueva Ley General de Arbitraje – Decreto Legislativo 1071, la forma cómo debe celebrarse, las cuatro maneras que puede adoptar el convenio arbitral así como la novedosa regulación respecto a que los efectos del convenio arbitral se puedan extender a terceros no signatarios.
In 21st century, countries have a great interest to move forward based on the knowledge economy. The knowledge economy is described as production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technological and scientific advance as well as equally rapid obsolescence (Snellman, 2004). Korean government also has its great passion to develop the knowledge industry in Korea. In other words, Korea has become one of the leading countries that balance national competitive industry and Knowledge industry. This article is focused on convention infrastructures and the strong Meetings, Incentive Travels, Conventions and Exhibitions Alliances (MICE), mainly focusing on Seoul. ; En el siglo XXI, los países tienen un gran interés por avanzar en función de la economía del conocimiento. La economía del conocimiento se describe como producción y servicios basados en actividades intensivas en conocimiento que contribuyen a un ritmo acelerado de avance tecnológico y científico, así como a una obsolescencia igualmente rápida (Snellman, 2004). El gobierno coreano también tiene su gran pasión por desarrollar la industria del conocimiento en Corea. En otras palabras, Corea se ha convertido en uno de los países líderes que equilibra la industria competitiva nacional y la industria del conocimiento. Este artículo se centra en las infraestructuras de convenciones y las fuertes alianzas de reuniones, viajes de incentivos, convenciones y exposiciones (MICE), centrándose principalmente en Seúl.
A hurricane threat, a shortened schedule, some botched scheduling and an audience that couldn't get excited in unison were just a few of the challenges that confronted the Republican Party's Convention that concluded this past week in Tampa, Florida. The main purpose was to reintroduce Mitt Romney to the file and rank of his own party as well as to the wider national audience and to show that, besides business experience and his CEO approach to politics, the man is also human. With the help of Ann Romney, this was arguably accomplished. However, once humanized, the candidate had to convey a compelling message, a vision of the future that would sway the 8% undecided, and convert the anti-Obama into pro-Romney voters. In this, the Convention fell short. His strategic efforts as a candidate in the Primary Election were dedicated to convincing the right wing of the Republican party that his ideas and values had "evolved "from his times of governor of Massachusetts: he is now pro-life and not pro-choice, and his signature health care reform for that state, based on an individual mandate, had very little resemblance to Obamacare. He succeeded then, but these ultra conservative positions alienated two fundamental blocs of voters he will need for the general election, namely, women and Latinos. Indeed, the gender gap puts Obama ahead, with 51% of women voting for Obama and 41% for Romney. The Latino voter gap is at 63% for Obama to 28% for Romney. The campaign's political calculation was thus to use the Convention to appeal to the wider audience by showing the party's "diversity", by "humanizing" the candidate and by convincing the Evangelical right that being Mormon is not a monstrosity. Testimonials by members of his congregation, a convincing speech by Ann Romney and a black- and- white biographical video succeeded in meeting this goal. We learned that Mr. Romney is a wonderful husband and father, a patient man who tries to live by a set of values; that his years as head of a Mormon community were devoted to helping the needy, accompanying the lonely and counseling the troubled. It was also revealed that his tithing was uncommonly and consistently generous. The Convention was carefully staged to show younger, more diverse GOP "rising stars" in order to bring into the fold some of still persuadable minorities. Paul Ryan, the Catholic, strictly anti- abortion 42-year old that completes the ticket, gave an ideological speech that charmed the older generation, with references to "central-planners" and direct attacks on Obama's "socialist" policies, using what could be described at best as half-truths. A great admirer of atheist right-wing writer Ayn Rand, Ryan, a Representative from Wisconsin, rose to fame this past year by presenting a budget plan that would lower taxes for the upper-income bracket, privatize Medicare and harshly restrict social programs. Portraying himself as a compassionate conservative, he is supposed to bring in the Catholic vote. Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Florida Senator Marco Rubio used their personal stories aptly and were able to get two of the few electrifying moments of the Convention. Rice's appearance was important after a period of what seemed to be her retirement from politics; she talked optimistically about America, its unbound freedoms, its role as an underwriter of world order, and unquestionably, the land of exceptional opportunity: channeling Obama, she offered her story as a testament of these possibilities. In spite of growing up in the Jim Crow South, she rose to Secretary of State and here she was today, the first "stateswoman" of the Republican Party. Rubio, a fresh-faced 41 year old and the son of working class Cuban immigrants, was the Latino version of the same idea. He had the difficult task of introducing Mitt Romney after the audience was still puzzled at Clint Eastwood's imaginary dialogue with President Obama (represented by an empty chair). After an awkward moment during which the seniors in the audience were still trying to process the meaning of Eastwood's sometimes off-color parody, Rubio managed the transition quite well and soon people were paying him undivided attention. One of the best-received portions was an anecdote about his father, who worked for years at a bar. "He stood behind a bar in the back of the room all those years, so one day I could stand behind a podium in the front of a room," Rubio said, bringing in a huge applause. There were many of these "rag-to-riches" stories aimed at reassuring the viewers that the candidate's wealth is not an obstacle to Romney and Ryan's newly found empathic conservatism. Mitt Romney's entrance along a cordoned red carpet, shaking hands and nodding to groups of supporters on each side, as well as the first few lines of his acceptance speech were shrewdly staged to evoke the State of the Union address. In line with the general theme, he devoted two thirds of his speech to his own biography and very little to the specifics of his economic agenda. While conventions are seldom memorable affairs, and while this one is most likely going to be remembered by the bizarre spectacle of actor Clint Eastwood talking, at times incoherently, to an empty chair, there were other minor headlines running parallel to it that deserve more attention for what they reveal of the long-term GOP plan to re-take government. Under the pretext that voter fraud is prevalent in presidential elections (a claim unsubstantiated by serious research), at least 14 Republican-dominated state legislatures, mostly (but not all) in the South, have been quietly passing new laws aimed at making the act of voting more difficult in those states. The intention is clear: to keep just enough demographic groups likely to vote for the Democrats (namely, young people and minorities) away from the polls. This voter suppression strategy takes different forms, the most prevalent of which is requiring the presentation of government- issued photo IDs, such as a driver's license or a US passport, at the polls It is a well-known fact that many elderly minorities and disabled citizens who don't drive lack these (Social Security cards in the US do not have photos, and there is not voting document such as a "credencial civica" in the US). These groups of people would have a hard time getting one, sometimes requiring them to travel miles away to get to the closest Public Safety office. In the case of young students, university-issued student identification cards for the most part are not accepted at the polls. Other bills and rules were aimed at shortening early voting time frames, repealing Election Day registration laws, and preventing non-profit, non-partisan groups such as the League of Women Voters from organizing voter registration campaigns. This week, however, a three-judge panel of the Federal District Court in Washington DC struck down a Texas voter ID law. Two days earlier, a different three-judge panel for the same court found that, in its redrawing of the electoral-district map (a practice that takes place every ten years following a national Census), the Texas legislature had intentionally discriminated against minority voters More important than any platform, more lasting than any emotional appeal to voters, voter suppression attempts constitute a politically divisive outrage that goes to the heart of our democracy. Indeed, it is unfathomable that over a century and a half after the Emancipation Proclamation and the Fifteenth Amendment, and half a century after the Voting Rights Act of 1965, minorities in the United States still have to rely on the court system to protect their right to vote. In a presidential election year and with a race as tight as the one we are about to witness in two months, voter turnout is fundamental. Laws aimed at discouraging citizens to vote are a surreptitiously shrewd, anti-democratic way to ensure victory.
The European Convention on Human Rights is an international treaty signed by the forty-seven States of the Council of Europe to protect human rights and establish the right to individual petition that can be lodged with the European Court of Human Rights. The right to free elections is enshrined in Article 3 of Protocol no. 1 of the Convention. This right has two aspects. Firstly, it has an institutional aspect: the obligation to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot in conditions which ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people on the choice of the legislature; Secondly, it has a subjective aspect: the right to vote and to stand for election. The Court recognizes a wide margin of appreciation in the field of right to free elections. From 1951 to 2017, there were 204 cases of violation of Article 3 of Protocol no. 1. The Court most frequently criticized the deprivation of the right to vote of entire groups of people. In 2015, the Court found a violation of the voting rights of 1,015 prisoners.The article was inspired by the European case law on political rights and reflects principles established under that case law. It was supplemented by quotes from Polish, French, English, and German academics. ; La Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos es un tratado internacional firmado por los cuarenta y siete Estados del Consejo de Europa para proteger los derechos humanos y establecer el derecho de petición individual que se puede presentar ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. El derecho a elecciones libres está consagrado en el Artículo 3 del Protocolo no. 1 de la Convención. Este derecho tiene dos aspectos: en primer lugar, tiene un aspecto institucional; la obligación de celebrar elecciones libres en los Estados Unidos de América. En segundo lugar, tiene un aspecto subjetivo; el derecho a votar y presentarse a las elecciones. La Corte reconoce un amplio margen de apreciación en el campo del derecho a elecciones libres. De 1951 a 2017, hubo 204 casos de violación al ...
Sweden has recently decided to ratify the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Methods for implementation have been discussed for both the ELC and related national environmental objectives. Thus, the Swedish Government decided that seven County Administrative Boards should undertake pilot studies for Regional Landscape Strategies (RLS) during 2006–2007. The RLS pilot projects aimed at a new and more effective approach for conservation and sustainable land use at regional level. Additionally, RLS should also function as a method for implementing the ELC and other environmental objectives. One specific focus of the pilot studies was on developing methods for public participation. Other important issues were to involve different administrative sectors, municipalities and regional authorities in the process, as well as attaining a good balance between conservation and profitable land use. This chapter presents some of the results from the RLS case study in Vellinge municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden's southernmost province. The focus of the study was on public participation in particular by equestrians and landowners. The first 'bridleway organization' of its kind in Sweden was established as a direct result of the project.
[Resumen] Los pescadores siguen tres lógicas. La que está definida por la maximización del beneficio; la relacionada con la abundancia y la situación de los stocks; y la vinculada a las expectativas sociales y económicas. Piensan en "comportamientos ideales"; y, sobre esa base, actúan en función de sus habilidades y con prevalencia de una actitud individual más que colectiva. No obstante, en la medida que los problemas de la gestión pesquera tienen su origen en el análisis de los recursos y en la configuración de los mercados, los pescadores acuden a las convenciones sociales para dar coherencia a sus acciones y poner el acento en la coordinación de los agentes. Metodológicamente, se analizan aquellas convenciones sociales que mantienen una regularidad estable en lo concerniente al proceder de los pescadores y que permiten crear una conducta recurrente en términos de interacciones sociales. El objetivo del trabajo es recoger aquellas prácticas, costumbres, intereses comunes y normas que definen las reglas de comportamiento. Destacamos seis tipos de convenciones sociales: a) las organizativas (que reflejan la actitud de voluntariedad); b) las representativas (que son instrumentos de negociación); c) las reivindicativas (que plasman exigencias ante problemas); d) las comerciales (que refuerzan ventajas diferenciales); e) los procesos de certificación (que subrayan ventajas comparativas y barreras de entradas); y f) las de defensa de la sostenibilidad y bienes comunes (que enfatizan más sobre la preservación que sobre la producción). Finalmente, subrayamos que los productos certificados se han convertido en herramientas políticas y de negociación comercial. ; [Abstract] Fishermen's logic is related to three aspects: profit maximization; abundance and stock situation; and social and economic expectations. They think in terms of "ideal behaviors" and, based on that, they act according to their abilities mostly with an individual rather than a collective attitude. However, when problems in fishery management stem from the analysis of resources and the configuration of markets, fishermen resort to social conventions to give coherence to their actions and emphasize agents' coordination. Methodologically speaking, the paper analyzes the social conventions that maintain a stable regularity in fisherman behavior and that allow establishing a recurrent behavior in terms of social interactions. The purpose of the article is to collect those practices, habits, common interests, and norms that define behavior rules. Six types of social conventions are highlighted here: a) organizational (which reflect voluntary attitudes); b) representative (used as negotiation instruments); c) reclaiming (make demands when there are problems); d) commercial (reinforce differential advantages); e) certification processes (underline competitive advantage and entry barriers); and f) social conventions to defend sustainability and common goods (more emphasis on presentation rather than production). Finally, it should be noted that certified products have become political and trade negotiation tools.
Th is article was made to expound a brief study about Aeronautic Legislation, it emphasizes in Civil Responsability, based in applicable Responsability Rule, those who are called to reply in case of sinister, the valid rule and the judicial competence of responsability limitswhose source was the protection of the companies that work with aeronautic transport, since it is necessary in an adverse event, these can be in risk because of an economic crisis that produces its bankruptcy due to the big quantities of money that must be paid for damage caused– all this situation has induced a special treatment of Aeronautic Civil Responsability and its scope in international right. ; La legislación pertinente al Derecho Aeronáutico, con especial énfasis a un tema de pilar importancia, sino el que más, cual es la Responsabilidad Civil, el régimen de Responsabilidad aplicable, los sujetos llamados a responder en caso de siniestro, las normas regentes y la competencia judicial, los límites a la Responsabilidad –cuyo génesis fue la protección de las Compañías dedicadas al Transporte Aeronáutico, pues cabe tener en cuenta que en caso de siniestro, estas podían y pueden verse afectadas por una crisis económica que produzca su quiebra, por las fuertes sumas con las que deben responder los agentes de los daños causados–, todo lo cual ha llevado a que la Responsabilidad Civil Aeronáutica y su ámbito en el Derecho Internacional tenga un tratamiento especial.
Th is article was made to expound a brief study about Aeronautic Legislation, it emphasizes in Civil Responsability, based in applicable Responsability Rule, those who are called to reply in case of sinister, the valid rule and the judicial competence of responsability limitswhose source was the protection of the companies that work with aeronautic transport, since it is necessary in an adverse event, these can be in risk because of an economic crisis that produces its bankruptcy due to the big quantities of money that must be paid for damage caused– all this situation has induced a special treatment of Aeronautic Civil Responsability and its scope in international right. ; La legislación pertinente al Derecho Aeronáutico, con especial énfasis a un tema de pilar importancia, sino el que más, cual es la Responsabilidad Civil, el régimen de Responsabilidad aplicable, los sujetos llamados a responder en caso de siniestro, las normas regentes y la competencia judicial, los límites a la Responsabilidad –cuyo génesis fue la protección de las Compañías dedicadas al Transporte Aeronáutico, pues cabe tener en cuenta que en caso de siniestro, estas podían y pueden verse afectadas por una crisis económica que produzca su quiebra, por las fuertes sumas con las que deben responder los agentes de los daños causados–, todo lo cual ha llevado a que la Responsabilidad Civil Aeronáutica y su ámbito en el Derecho Internacional tenga un tratamiento especial.
Como es conocido, existe un temprano interés de la norma internacional en la regulación de la protección social otorgada frente al desempleo. Lógico correlato de este interés es la existencia de un buen número de instrumentos normativos que, en su práctica totalidad forman parte del ordenamiento interno, excepción hecha del Convenio 168 (el más moderno y completo sobre protección por desempleo) que no ha sido ratificado, lo que no deja de ser llamativo si se tiene en cuenta que nuestro país es –si así puede decirse– proclive a la ratificación de los Convenios de la OIT. Ello, en otro plano, hace que el referente central de la regulación internacional en materia de protección por desempleo venga constituido por un Convenio –digamos– antiguo (de 1934, ratificado en 1971) que, obviamente, contiene una regulación acorde a los estándares de la época y, por ello, lejanos de los que hoy delimitan el escenario en el que opera y se aplica. Si, con frecuencia, se tiende a pensar que las normas internacionales tienen escasa repercusión práctica y que, en la medida en que la norma nacional alcanza un estándar satisfactorio (maduro) de reconocimiento de garantías en determinada materia, la norma internacional deviene ineficaz; puede pensarse que la tarea de medir la adecuación de un cuadro normativo (el de desempleo) cuyo núcleo principal en breve alcanzará los 100 años sólo puede ofrecer como resultado la constatación de que la regulación nacional ha superado lo establecido en la norma internacional. La realidad, sin embargo, es algo distinta y, aunque con carácter general, puede decirse sin duda que ello es así, existen todavía (o han existido hasta hace bien poco) algunos aspectos en los que la norma nacional no ha alcanzado cabalmente la marca fijada por la norma internacional. En efecto, como a lo largo de las páginas de este trabajo se evidencia, aunque en términos generales puede decirse que el estándar establecido por la OIT en materia de desempleo encuentra cumplido reflejo en la norma nacional, resulta llamativo comprobar que la norma interna contenga todavía algunas previsiones que, aunque no abiertamente contrarias a lo establecido en la regulación internacional, se sitúan, dentro de lo permitido, en el rango menos garantista. Tampoco es especialmente importante el reflejo de la regulación internacional en la jurisprudencia. Partiendo de la base de que la efectividad de la norma internacional no depende de la plasmación que su contenido encuentre en la norma nacional, adquiere especial importancia la interpretación y aplicación que de ella hagan los Jueces y Tribunales que es, al fin y a la postre, el principal indicio de su operatividad. En este sentido, en materia de desempleo, sólo un pequeño puñado de cuestiones han merecido la invocación de la norma internacional que, por lo general, no ha sido decisiva para el sentido del fallo y entra en escena, la mayoría de las veces, como una cita incidental, sin otro objeto que apoyar la argumentación de la sentencia. ; As is well-known, there is an early interest in the international legislation on the regulation of the social protection afforded against unemployment. The logical consequence of this interest is the existence of a good number of legislative instruments, practically all of which form part of domestic legislation, with the exception of Convention 168 (the latest and most comprehensive one governing unemployment protection), which has not been ratified, a fact that does not fail to draw attention if we bear in mind that our country is – if it may be put this way – prone to the ratification of ILO Conventions. This, moreover, means that the mainstream of international regulation in the area of unemployment protection is formed by a Convention – let us say – long-standing (from 1934, ratified in 1971), which obviously contains regulations in keeping with the standards of the time and, therefore, far removed from those defining the scenario in which it operates and is applied. If there is a common tendency to think that international standards have little practical impact and that as domestic standards achieve a satisfactory (mature) standard of recognition of guarantees in a given field, international standards become ineffective; it may be thought that the task of measuring the suitability of a legislative framework (that of unemployment), which has a main core that will shortly be a hundred years old, may only offer as a result the recognition that domestic regulation has surpassed the provisions of international standards. Reality, however, is rather different and although it may undoubtedly be said in general terms that this is the case, there still are (or have been until quite recently) some aspects in which domestic standards have not clearly reached the mark set in international standards. In fact, as is made clear in these pages, although it may be claimed in general terms that the level established by the ILO in the area of unemployment is closely matched by domestic standards, it proves noteworthy to find that domestic standards still contain some provisions which, though not openly contradictory to what is stipulated in international regulations, lie within what is permissible in the range providing lowest guarantees. The extent to which international regulations are reflected in case law is not particularly important either. Starting from the basis that the effectiveness of international standards does not depend on how their content is embodied in domestic standards, special importance is acquired by the interpretation and application made by the Magistrates and Courts, which after all represents the main evidence of their operational efficacy. In this respect, in the area of unemployment, there is only a small set of questions that have warranted the invocation of international standards, which generally speaking have not proved decisive in the reaching of the decision and are mostly only cited incidentally, for no ulterior purpose beyond supporting the rationale of the ruling.
The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the subject of the study, namely the policy of the Russian Federation towards children. Children are the future of the state. The younger generation determines the future technological, intellectual, political, economic, demographic, and ecological wealth of the country. The objective of the article is to study the degree of implementation of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child in one of the largest regions of Russia – the South Urals in the 1990s. Research methods: synchronous, systemic-structural, historical-comparative, historical-genetic. As a result of the study, the authors draw conclusions and offer practical recommendations on the improvement of the state policy in the field of educating the younger generation in modern Russia. The practical significance of the conducted study is that the authors of the article investigated the first steps of implementation of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child in Russia. At the same time the authors explored unresolved issues in the field of children's rights and public policy mistakes to prevent them from happening in the future.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recognized rights' implementation made in the Convention on the Rights of the Child in South American and European countries. The empirical research used, as its mains source, data from the State Party Reports, write by governments and Alternative Reports write by non governmental organizations, which were sent to the "Committee on the rights of the child" –an organization created to monitor the implementation of the Convention–, in these countries. The following questions were examined: 1. Have the main rights of the Convention been effectively incorporated in the South American and European countries legislation? 2. What are the administrative measures adopted by these countries to monitor the implementation of the rights recognized by the Convention? 3. What are the social policies formulated by these countries to implement the children's rights? 4. What are the roles of the non-governmental organizations on the child rights implementation process?
El artículo realiza una comparación entre Hume y Ortega como autores de historias de la nación. A ello se añade una aproximación entre los dos autores en la medida en que los dos desarrollan teorías de la creencia o convención que constituyen de manera importante la llave metodológica en su visión de la historia. Hume llega a la noción de convención muy tempranamente en el Tratado sobre la Naturaleza Humana, mientras que en el caso de Ortega la aparición de la teoría de la creencia es posterior a la contraposición entre minorías y masa y su muy influyente España Invertebrada. Las diversas crisis de los años '30 le llevan a los conceptos de creencia, de uso e incluso de legitimidad de un orden social. Por ello se puede entender que en Ortega habría una inflexión en su pensamiento por el que, aun defendiendo la unidad europea, entiende que solo desde un concepto de razón narrativa y aceptando las limitaciones de la misma puede situarse el individuo en su momento. Para Hume la Historia de Inglaterra constituye una oportunidad de aplicar conceptos ya trabajados en la primera obra. Es, sin embargo, importante que en la Historia de Inglaterra va a valorar, antes que la propiedad, como en el Tratado, el deber de obediencia. ; The paper approaches Hume and Ortega as authors of historical narratives of their respective societies. This is related to the fact that both developed theories of belief or convention that play an important role in their historical work. Hume arrives at his definitive understanding very early on in the Treatise of Human Nature though in this work property plays an important role. In Ortega's case, his theory of belief is developed in his mature work, after España Invertebrada and La Rebelión de las Masas and the crucial distinction between masses and minorities. It is in the context of the crisis of the thirties that he arrives at the concepts of belief, use, and legitimacy. There is a development of Ortega's thought by which, in order to defend a greater political and social union in Europe, it was necesary for him to abandon a more explicit and intuitive concept of reason, and develop an understanding of reason as narrative, involving both belief and use, for it to be instrumental in man's self undestanding. Hume's History of England is a different case in so far as he applies concepts that he had developed earlier though it is significant that it is obedience, more than property, that appears as the significant convention.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recognized rights' implementation made in the Convention on the Rights of the Child in South American and European countries. The empirical research used, as its mains source, data from the State Party Reports, write by governments and Alternative Reports write by non governmental organizations, which were sent to the "Committee on the rights of the child" –an organization created to monitor the implementation of the Convention–, in these countries. The following questions were examined: 1. Have the main rights of the Convention been effectively incorporated in the South American and European countries legislation? 2. What are the administrative measures adopted by these countries to monitor the implementation of the rights recognized by the Convention? 3. What are the social policies formulated by these countries to implement the children's rights? 4. What are the roles of the non-governmental organizations on the child rights implementation process?
The article presents a comparative analysis of inclusive education training in the Russian Federation, Germany and Italy based on the analysis of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, also related to the development of inclusive education in member countries. At a methodological level, the study was built on the basis of a dialectical approach to the study of legal phenomena and processes, using a general intellectual process for the processing of sources of type: (systemic, logical, analysis and synthesis), all within the framework of documentary observation close to legal hermeneutics. The study of the concluding observations on the initial report of the states participating in the Convention mentioned above allows concluding that the approaches to inclusion are heterogeneous in different countries of Western Europe before signing and ratifying the United Nations Convention on the rights of People with disabilities. Furthermore, the document sought to determine the level of development of inclusive education, its problems and prospects in Russia compared to the states of Western Europe.
