Suchergebnisse

Europäischer Konvent.

a) Kollektivbiographische Untersuchung der Lebensläufe der
sozialdemokratischen Parteitagsdelegierten im allgemeinen
(vor allem im Hinblick auf berufliche und politische
Karrieremuster) und im Spiegelbild des Hamburger
Parteitages; b) Inhaltsanalyse der Parteitagsprotokolle und
der einschlägigen Artikel in der Presse.

Themen: a) allgemeine Lebenslaufvariablen, schulische und
berufliche Ausbildung, Positionen der Berufskarriere, Ämter
in Politik und in der Arbeiterbewegung (Parteiorganisation,
Publizistik, Gewerkschaften, Genossenschaften,
Krankenkassen), Verhalten auf dem Parteitag (u.a.
Abstimmungsverhalten, Redebeiträge, Antragsstellungen),
Modalitäten der Delegierung durch den jeweiligen
SPD Reichstagswahlverein; b) Analyse von Anträgen, Handhabung
der Geschäftsordnung und Verhandlungsführung, political
skill der Delegierten, Legitimität von Opposition,
Rednerauftritt, -reihenfolge, -liste, und Redezeit,
Repräsentation von innerparteilichen Gruppen,
Abstimmungsverhalten.

Politische Interessiertheit, Einstellung zur DDR, Haltung zu und
Informiertheit über die Beschlüsse des XI. Parteitages der SED.

Themen: Politisches Interesse; Bewertung des Entwicklungsstandes
des Sozialismus in der DDR; Informiertheit über Themen und
Inhalte des Parteitages (Skala); beeindruckende Themen des
Parteitages wie Frieden, Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik,
Jugendpolitik (Skala); Kenntnis der Dokumente des Parteitages
(Skala); Kenntnis des Inhalts verschiedener Parteitagsdokumente;
Nutzung von Informationsquellen (Skala); Auswertung des
Parteitages in der FDJ-Gruppe und Konsequenzen für die
FDJ-Arbeit; Teilnahme am FDJ-Studienjahr nach Parteitag;
Diskussion zum Parteitag in verschiedenen Personenkreisen
(Skala); Zuversicht hinsichtlich der gesellschaftlichen und
persönlichen Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2000; Verbundenheit mit der
DDR und der Sowjetunion; Vertrauen zur SED; Einstellung zum
Sozialismus (Skala); Weltanschauung; Wertung der
Friedensbemühungen der Regierungen der DDR und der BRD;
Realisierbarkeit der sowjetischen Abrüstungsvorschläge bis zum
Jahr 2000; Wertung der Friedensbemühungen der Sowjetunion;
Einstellungen zum Zusammenhang von Sozialismus und Frieden, zum
militärstrategischen Gleichgewicht, zu den Gefahren von SDI und
der Unterstützung durch die BRD-Regierung; Einstellung zum
Zusammenhang von Imperialismus und Krieg; Bewertung des
Charakters der Bundeswehr; Meinung zu den Aussagen des Parteitags
zum Entwicklungsstand der DDR; Bedeutung der Arbeitsproduktivität
für die Stärke des Sozialismus; Bedeutung von Wissenschaft und
Technik für die Produktion; Auswirkungen moderner Technik wie
Mikroelektronik, Rechentechnik, CAD/CAM-Technik auf eigene
Arbeitsinhalte und Arbeitsanforderungen; Bedeutung der Beschlüsse
des Parteitages zu: Stabilität der Preise, Maßnahmen zur
Jugendförderung, Ausgestaltung Berlins, leistungsorientierter
Lohnpolitik, Lösung der Wohnungsfrage, Schutz der Umwelt;
Bedeutung der Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung junger Eheleute:
Ehekredit, Kindergeld, bezahlte Freistellung berufstätiger Mütter
(Skala); Anzahl der Kinder; Kinderwunsch; gewünschte Zahl von
Töchtern bzw. Söhnen; Schlußfolgerungen aus den Erwartungen der
Gesellschaft an die Jugend; Bewertung der Jugend als Kämpfer für
den Frieden; Einstellung zu den an die Jugend gestellten Aufgaben
(Skala); persönliche Bedeutung der Erwartungen an die Jugend
(Skala); Anregungen der Orientierungen des Parteitags zu
Wissenschaft und Technik für das eigene Verhalten (Skala);
Mitgliedschaft in der SED; persönlicher Auftrag zur Arbeit in der
FDJ; Unterstützung der Tätigkeit in der FDJ durch die SED;
Schichtsystem; Absicht zum Verbleib im Wohnort; Inanspruchnahme
des Ehekredits; bevorzugte Wohnung; Charakter der Partnerschaft;
Möglichkeit einer Mitgliedschaft in der SED.

Conventions are arbitrary rules of behavior that coordinate social interactions. Here we study the effects of individuals' social value orientations (SVO) and situational conditions on the emergence of conventions in the three-person volunteer's dilemma (VOD). The VOD is a step-level collective good game in which only one actor's action is required to produce a benefit for the group. It has been shown that if actors interact in the payoff-symmetric VOD repeatedly, a turn-taking convention emerges, resulting in an equal distribution of payoffs. If the VOD is asymmetric, with one "strong" actor having lower costs of volunteering, a solitary-volunteering convention emerges by which the strong actor volunteers earning less than others. In study 1 we test whether SVO promotes turn-taking and hampers solitary-volunteering. We find that groups with more prosocials engage less in turn-taking and no effect of SVO on the emergence of solitary-volunteering. In study 2 we test whether making one actor focal is sufficient for solitary-volunteering to emerge. We find instead that payoff asymmetry with one strong actor is a necessary precondition. We discuss explanations for our findings and propose directions for future research.

The tension between individual and collective interests and the provision of sanctioning mechanisms have been identified as important building blocks of a theory of norm emergence. Correspondingly, most investigations focus on how social norms emerge through explicit bargaining and social exchange to overcome this tension, and how sanctions enforce norm compliance. However, sanctioning presupposes the existence of the behavior at which it is directed, and the question of how behavior worth sanctioning can emerge tacitly if communication is not possible has hitherto received little attention. Here, we argue that game theory offers an ideal framework for theorizing about emergent behavioral regularities and show how latent norms can emerge from actors' recurring encounters in similar social dilemmas. We conduct two experiments in which small groups of subjects interact repeatedly in a volunteer's dilemma. We vary the heterogeneity of group members in terms of their costs of cooperation and the way they encounter each other in subsequent interactions. Our results show that subjects in homogeneous groups take turns at cooperating, whereas in heterogeneous groups mostly the subjects with the lowest costs cooperate. The emergence of solitary cooperation is moderated by the way subjects encounter each other again and their other-regarding preferences.

The ICRC wanted to replicate the People on War survey conducted in 17 countries in 1999 in the United Kingdom. This survey also marked the 30th anniversary of the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. The survey asked a representative sample of 1000 people the same questions asked in 1999 (baseline) in order to observe what has changed in British public opinion. The survey took place in August/September 2007 and its results were released in December 2007.

For the 50th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions and as part of its policy for better protection of victims of armed conflict, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) conducted an international survey "People on War" between 1998 and 1999 in 12 countries recently affected by armed conflict. The idea was to "give a voice" to civilian populations and combatants in countries that have endured the modern forms of war. In addition, the consultation included national opinion surveys in four of the five permanent member countries of the UN Security Council - France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States - as well as Switzerland the depositary country of the Geneva Conventions, to see how the publics in these countries view war.

In 2009, a similar survey entitled "Our World. Views from the Field" was undertaken in 8 countries that were experiencing or had experienced armed conflict or other situations of armed violence. The aims were to develop a better understanding of people's needs and expectations, to gather views and opinions, and to give a voice to those who had been adversely affected by armed conflict and violence.

The initial survey "People on War" was repeated in 2016 in 11 countries affected by armed conflict, as well as to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Switzerland. A number of the same questions were also asked in the last People on War survey enabling some comparisons over time to be made.

For the 50th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions and as part of its policy for better protection of victims of armed conflict, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) conducted an international survey "People on War" between 1998 and 1999 in 12 countries recently affected by armed conflict. The idea was to "give a voice" to civilian populations and combatants in countries that have endured the modern forms of war. In addition, the consultation included national opinion surveys in four of the five permanent member countries of the UN Security Council - France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States - as well as Switzerland the depositary country of the Geneva Conventions, to see how the publics in these countries view war.

In 2009, a similar survey entitled "Our World. Views from the Field" was undertaken in 8 countries that were experiencing or had experienced armed conflict or other situations of armed violence. The aims were to develop a better understanding of people's needs and expectations, to gather views and opinions, and to give a voice to those who had been adversely affected by armed conflict and violence.

The initial survey "People on War" was repeated in 2016 in 11 countries affected by armed conflict, as well as to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Switzerland. A number of the same questions were also asked in the last People on War survey enabling some comparisons over time to be made.

The UniSAFE survey collected data on experiences of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment, among students and employees in 46 higher education institutions and research institutions in 15 countries in the period 17.01.-01.05.2022 (n= 42,186). Factors of influence and effects of gender-based violence are part of the survey. The prevalence data refers to six forms of violence, based on the four forms of gender-based violence described in the Council of Europe's Istanbul Convention: physical violence, psychological violence, economic violence and sexual violence. In addition, the survey includes two other forms of violence: sexual harassment and digital violence. The results of the UniSAFE survey add to the current knowledge base on the occurrence of gender-based violence by individuals (micro-level) in the context of science and research. The UniSAFE survey is part of an EU-funded study (grant number 101006261) with several qualitative and quantitative data collections.