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"January 6, 1999." ; "Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 106th Congress, 1st session. Senate. ; Mode of access: Internet.

part PART I GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- chapter 1 Historical development of the rules of international law concerning the protection of cultural property -- chapter 2 Intergovernmental Conference on the protection of cultural property in the Event of Armed Conflict, held in The Hague from 21 April to 14 May 1954 -- chapter 3 Developments in the Protection of Cultural Property since The Hague Convention -- part PART II CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT, SIGNED AT THE HAGUE ON 14 MAY 1954 (INCLUDING THE REGULATIONS FOR ITS EXECUTION) -- chapter Preamble -- chapter I General provisions regarding protection -- chapter II Special protection -- chapter III Transport of cultural property -- chapter IV Personnel -- chapter V The distinctive emblem -- chapter VI Scope of application of the Convention -- chapter VII Execution of the Convention -- chapter Final Provisions -- chapter PART III PROTOCOL FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT, SIGNED AT THE HAGUE ON 14 MAY 1954 -- chapter PART IV RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE 1954 HAGUE CONFERENCE -- chapter PART V THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN TIME OF ARMED CONFLICT AND THE CONVENTION ON THE MEANS OF PROHIBITING AND PREVENTING THE ILLICIT IMPORT, EXPORT AND TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP OF CULTURAL PROPERTY (PARIS, 14 NOVEMBER 1970) -- chapter PART VI THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN TIME OF ARMED CONFLICT AND THE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE (PARIS, 16 NOVEMBER 1972) -- chapter PART VII PROTOCOLS ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL AND NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS, OF 8 JUNE 1977 -- chapter Annex I Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact) Signed at Washington, 15 April 1935 -- chapter Annex II Preliminary Draft International Convention for the Protection of Historic Buildings and Works of Art in Time of War, Proposed by the International Museums Office (October 1936) -- chapter Annex III Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Signed at The Hague, 14 May 1954 -- chapter Annex IV Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Signed at The Hague, 14 May 1954 -- chapter Annex V Resolutions Adopted by the Intergovernmental Conference on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 1954) -- chapter Annex VI Convention and Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 14 May 1954); List of the 87 States Parties to the Convention (74 States Parties to the Protocol) at 5 July 1995 -- chapter Annex VII Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Adopted by the General Conference at its Sixteenth Session, Paris, 14 November 1970 -- chapter Annex VIII Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 14 November 1970); List of the 82 States Parties at 5 July 1995 -- chapter Annex IX Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Adopted by the General Conference at its Seventeenth Session, Paris, 16 November 1972 -- chapter Annex X Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972); List of the 145 States Parties at 27 January 1996 -- chapter Annex XI Resolution 20 of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Geneva, 7 June 1977 -- chapter Select Bibliography.

On 26 March 1999, the Diplomatic Conference on the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereinafter, 1954 Convention), held in The Hague from 15 to 26 March 1999, adopted a Second Protocol to that Convention. The reasons leading to the elaboration and adoption of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereinafter, Second Protocol) are manifold.Firstly, armed conflicts that have taken place since the entry into force of the 1954 Convention, such as in Cambodia, the Middle East or the former Yugoslavia, have revealed its deficiencies. In particular, the Convention lacked full application, as most of the armed conflicts have been of a non-international character; furthermore, it lacked proper implementation, as the system of execution of the Convention, which is based on a functioning Protecting Power-and Commissioner General-system, proved to be unworkable in practice; and, finally, it lacked adequate provisions to cope with the extensive and systematic destruction of cultural property during armed conflict, as it contains no mandatory criminal sanctions regime.

La Convention de La Haye 1954 permet une dérogation à l'obligation de
respecter un bien culturel si une nécessité militaire l'exige. Si l'objet
est sous protection spéciale, les conditions permettant une dérogation sont
plus strides. La notion de « nécessité militaire » et la signification à y
donner ont toujours suscité la controverse des experts en la matière. Dans
son article, l'auteur retrace l'histoire de cette disposition, à partir des
premiers projets jusqu'a l'adoption de la Convention de 1954. Il examine
ensuite différentes propositions qui tentent de définir la notion de «
nécessité militaire » d'une manière plus précise. Le Deuxième Protocole
additionnel à la Convention de 1954, adopté le 26 mars 1999par une
conférence diplomatique à La Haye, inclut de nouveaux textes qui
représentent un pas en avant dans la protection des biens culturels en cas
de conflit armé.

This article examines the control system under the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954 (the Convention) and its Second Protocol (the Protocol). It is divided into three parts. Part 1 introduces the control system and provides some examples of its implementation; Part 2 focuses on the evaluation of the control system during a recent review of the Convention; and Part 3 compares the control system under the Convention with that under the Second Protocol to the Convention.