Suchergebnisse

Disarmament initiated since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of weapons. . However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms due to the relative competitiveness of firms re-converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. Arms export development is only a very short term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of reconverted products, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All major military powers are affected. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; International audience Disarmament since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of armaments. However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms because of the relative competitiveness of companies converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. The development of arms exports is only a very short-term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of products converted, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All the major military powers are concerned. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; Disarmament initiated since the collapse of the Soviet Union has encouraged the civilian conversion of weapons. . However, the process is difficult, and above all it can be costly in financial or employment terms due to the relative competitiveness of firms re-converted to commercial production in a competitive situation. Arms export development is only a very short term solution. Specialisation leads to a narrowing of the range of reconverted products, but diversification is often unsuccessful. All major military powers are affected. The difficulties are technological and economic in terms of profitability, social and even political and electoral. ; Le désarmement engagé depuis ...

Defense plant cutbacks and military base closures have affected hundreds of U.S. communities during the past twenty-five years. Tracing the recovery of four communities after large defense plant cutbacks and of one hundred communities after military base closures, the contributors analyze the transition from the production of military to civilian goods. The contributors examine the market potential of reusing defense industrial plants to produce civilian products within the one- to two-year period called for by economic conversion proponents, showing that the complex process needed to develop, test, and market an entirely new product requires a minimum of five years. They also review the wide range of economic development techniques available at the state and local level, conversion approaches in Western Europe, programs for displaced workers, and reasons why the economic conversion approach has failed to attract public support in the United States. The case studies are used to formulate an integrated, composite approach for coping with plant closures and major employment dislocations. Stressing the in portance of community-based economic adjustment activities, this book will be valuable to all concerned with mitigating the effects of military and civilian plant closures.

Armaments industries are mainly located in developed countries, but a few countries with large populations and surface areas engage in this activity on the basis of several economic analyses of development (import/substitution theory, Vernon product cycle, development poles, military keynesianism, opportunity costs, the influence of the military sector on national R & D, and marxist analysis). Empirical analyses of the impact of armaments industries in developing countries emphasise the importance of national security, economic independence and economic development itself, but the concrete results, at least in the medium term, are inconclusive, not least because of the importance of multinational firms acting on locally produced products, the heavy capital burden of military investment, the monopoly on R & D from developed countries and the difficult transfer of military technology to the civilian sector. ; International audience The arms industries are mainly located in developed countries, but some countries with a large population and area engage in this activity based on several economic analyses of development (theory of import-substitution, product cycle de Vernon, development poles, military Keynesianism, opportunity costs, the influence of the military sector on national R&D, and Marxist analysis). Empirical analyses of the impact of the arms industries in developing countries emphasize the importance of national security, economic independence and economic development itself, but the concrete results, at least in the medium term, are hardly conclusive, in particular due to the importance of the action of multinational firms on locally produced products, the heavy capital of military investments, the virtual monopoly of R&D in developed countries and the difficult transfer of military technologies to the civilian sector. ; Armaments industries are mainly located in developed countries, but a few countries with large populations and surface areas engage in this activity on the basis of ...

1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Why Warships? -- 1.3 How Do You Get Your Information? -- 1.4 The Structure of the Study -- Notes -- 2 Changing Navies and Naval Technology -- 2.1 Order of Battle, 1960 and 1980 -- 2.2 "The Navy Always Travels First Class" -- 2.3 Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 The Internationalisation of the Warship-Building Industry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The International Market for Warships -- 3.3 International Transfers of Warship Technology -- 3.4 Internationalisation in the Construction of Warships -- Notes -- 4 The Internationalisation of Warship Equipment Industries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geographic Markets -- 4.3 Product Markets -- 4.4 The Internationalisation of Production -- 4.5 Conelusions -- Notes -- 5 Concentration and Specialisation in Naval Industries -- 5.1 General Concentration and Déconcentration -- 5.2 Warship Markets -- 5.3 Concentration and Specialisation in Western European Warship Building -- 5.4 Concentration and Specialisation in Western European Warship Equipment Industries -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Notes -- 6 Rationalisation in European Nato Armaments — Political and Industrial Preconditions -- 6.1 The World Market for Armaments as a Constituent Element of Defence Industries and Defence Procurement -- 6.2 National Defence Industries and Government Policy -- 6.3 Technology and The Dynamics of Vertical Competition -- 6.4 The Need for Rationalisation -- Notes -- Note on Sources and Methods -- References -- Statistical Appendix.