Suchergebnisse

Die Technologien der digitalen Speicherung, Reproduktion und Diffusion und die ausufernde Entwicklung der globalen Computernetze machen deutlich, dass das Urheberrecht in einer zunehmend globalisierten Informationsgesellschaft an kaum überwindbare Entwicklungsgrenzen stößt. Diese Krise der rechtlichen Steuerung durch Copyright-Gesetze wird analysiert. Dabei wird die Digitaltechnologie als Grundlage dezentraler, unkontrollierbarer Kopier- und Distributionsverfahren beschrieben. Gleichzeitig wird gefragt, ob es nicht bei der Sicherung von Urheberrechten eine Alternative zum Recht gibt. Angesichts der neuen Machtbalance in der Netzöffentlichkeit wird das Interesse am digitalen Kopierschutz hinterfragt. Als neue Basis kommerziellen Erfolgs werden "Information Broker" und "Dienstleistungen" vorgestellt. (BB)

Innovative Güter und Dienstleistungen bieten auf nationalen wie internationalen Märkten große Wachstumschancen und Vorteile gegenüber Konkurrenten. Teils eröffnen sie neue Märkte, teils ersetzen sie bestehende Güter und Dienstleistungen, indem sie günstiger oder von höherer Qualität sind. Jedenfalls sind Innovationen - sie sind häufig das Ergebnis von aufwendigen Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- und Diffusionsprozessen - schwieriger zu kopieren oder zu substituieren. Da sowohl der Trend hin zu mehr wissens-, forschungs- und damit innovationsintensiven Branchen als auch innerhalb der Branchen hin zu forschungs- und wissensintensiven Gütern und Dienstleistungen geht, steigt auch der Bedarf an höher qualifizierten Beschäftigten. Umgekehrt ist das Angebot an Hochqualifizierten in den vergangenen 30 Jahren sehr deutlich angestiegen und hat damit diesen sektoralen Strukturwandel erst möglich gemacht. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;Innovative goods and services offer enormous growth potentials and advantages over competitors in national as well as in international markets. Partly they open new markets, partly they substitute existing goods and services, being cheaper or of higher quality. However, innovations - usually they are the result of costly research, development and diffusion processes - are harder to copy and substitute. The trend towards more knowledge-, research- and therefore innovation-intensive sectors and the trend within the sectors towards research- and knowledge-intensive goods and services both result in a higher demand for highly qualified personnel. On the other hand, the supply of highly qualified personnel clearly increased within the last about 30 years and therefore made this structural change possible. (DIPF/Orig.).

In an effort to overcome the US Senate's continued resistance to ratification of the 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Representative Lynn Woolsey & a group of other women brought a copy of a supportive letter signed by 100+ representatives to the offices of Senator Jesse Helms. Helm's refusal to meet with the women legislators & admonition to them to "act like ladies" as they were thrown from his office is viewed here as yet another example of "miscommunication" between men & women; examples of other instances of gendered miscommunication in US history are reviewed. This episode also demonstrates the perpetuation of a prejudicial distinction between the public & the private spheres in terms of what men & women are allowed to discuss & in what settings. The gendered nature of the public-private distinction made in several leading international human rights documents is elucidated, & a similar dichotomization between the public/male & private/female is identified in the literary form of the 18th-century epistolary novel. The designation of letter writing as an "appropriate" female activity, so long as such private missives were never made public, is described, & the disturbances to the social order thought to result from violations of this code are revealed in epistolary fiction by more modern women writers, including Helena Araujo, Tsitsi Dangarembga, & Janette Turner Hospital. 12 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

In the past 40 years there has been an increase in second-hand consumption among consumers (Guiot and Roux 2010), since the 'shame and stigma associated with second-hand consumption' disappeared and second-hand goods became 'cool' and 'stylish' (Franklin 2011, 156). In Germany, for example, the turnover of goods sold in second-hand retail outlets is expected to increase from €1.902 mio in 2012 to €2.198 mio in 2020 (Statista n.d.). Second-hand consumption is a niche form of consumption and therefore does not correspond to the norm (Crewe and Gregson 2003; Williams and Paddock 2003). Second-hand goods can be distinguished from new goods because they are pre-used and pre-owned (Luchs et al. 2011). They are usually less expensive than new products and have some traces of wear-and-tear (Estelami and Raymundo 2012). Several forms of second-hand consumption exist. These range from 'car boot sales, charity shops, auctions, online auctions, seller websites, vintage and other second-hand shops, nearly new sales to bric-a-brac stalls run by charities or non-profit community organisations such as churches and schools' (Waight 2013a, 299). Although these places for second-hand exchange are shaped by both buyers and sellers (Gregson and Crewe 2003, 3), the professionalisation of second-hand charity shops has taken place recently. In particular, professional online platforms such as Ubup have revolutionised the second-hand market. Ubup is a second-hand retailer that buys second-hand clothes, and then checks, photographs and labels the clothes online for a professional customer experience, just as in a regular online shop for new clothes (Ubup, n.d). Second-hand shops of all forms are increasingly attempting to copy traditional retail practices (Gregson and Crewe 2003, 75).