The multinational corporations of today are more powerful than are many states. In this paper the author questions the structure of the corporation and its built-in mechanisms of responsibility to the citizens of the state in which it operates. With this in mind, the author examines and compares the organizational structures of corporations versus states. At first sight, the structure of a corporation resembles the structure of the state, however, were we to examine its structural mechanisms of responsibilty, we would come to see that it does not resemble a true democratic state, but rather the structure of a totalitarian one-party state. The structure of a corporation allows for mechanisms of supervision for the realization of shareholders' interests, but as yet has no established mechanisms to elicit legal, responsible, moral action toward all others. ; Multinacionalne korporacije danas su snažnije od brojnih država. U ovom radu želimo istražiti postoje li u strukturi korporacije ugrađeni mehanizmi odgovornosti prema građanima država u kojima djeluju. S tim ciljem razmotrili smo i usporedili organizacijske strukture korporacije i države. Iako je na prvi pogled po svojoj strukturi korporacija nalik strukturi države, pogledamo li ustrojstvene mehanizme odgovornosti, dolazimo do spoznaje da nije nalik pravoj demokratskoj državi, već ustroju totalitarne jednopartijske države. U svojoj strukturi ima mehanizme nadzora ostvarenja interesa dioničara, ali još nema izgrađene mehanizme koji bi je poticali na zakonito, odgovorno i moralno djelovanje prema svima ostalima.
U radu se prikazuje istraživanje o društvenoj odgovornosti u trgovačkim društvima u vlasništvu Grada Varaždina. Društvena odgovornost promatra se u kontekstu poslovne etike, a poseban se naglasak stavlja na društvenu odgovornost u državnim poduzećima jer su poduzeća u vlasništvu tijela lokalne samouprave, po kriteriju vlasništva, vrlo slična svim državnim poduzećima. Gradska poduzeća, po državnom ustroju Republike Hrvatske, pripadaju u nadležnost lokalne samouprave, a ne u nadležnost države, ali to nisu privatna poduzeća, a nisu niti javna jer ne kotiraju na burzi. Budući da su gradovi i županije, kao tijela lokalne i regionalne samouprave, vođeni na isti način kao i država, temeljem ostvarenih rezultata političkih stranaka i samostalnih kandidata na izborima, može se utvrditi velika sličnost između državnih poduzeća i poduzeća u vlasništvu tijela regionalne i lokalne samouprave. Bez obzira je li vlasnik država, županija ili grad, osnivanje i djelovanje poduzeća odvija se po istim pravilima. Zbog toga je istraživanje društvene odgovornosti u gradskim poduzećima relevantan pilot projekt za veće istraživanje o društvenoj odgovornosti u svim državnim poduzećima na području Republike Hrvatske. ; The paper presents the research of social responsibility in corporations owned by Varazdin Municipality. Social responsibility is observed in the context of business ethics with an emphasis on social responsibility in state-owned corporations, because the corporations owned by municipalities (COM), according to the ownership criteria, are remarkably like state-owned corporations (SOC). Corporations owned by local municipalities in Croatia are not state-owned corporations, but these entities are neither private companies nor public companies if they are not listed on the stock exchange. As the cities and counties are both municipalities very similar to the state and governed by the same political structures, the corporations owned by local municipalities are managed in the same way as state-owned companies. Thus, the research of social responsibilities in locally owned corporations can be pilot research of social responsibility in state-owned corporations on the national level of the Republic of Croatia.
U početku 21. stoljeća često se koristi pojam pozitivne (afirmativne) diskriminacije. Pozitivna diskriminacija mjera je koju poduzima vlada, neka organizacija ili korporacija s ciljem da se smanje nejednakosti u društvu nastale upravo diskriminacijom, na način da se pružaju određene povlastice onima koji su pretrpjeli neku vrstu diskriminacije. Nastala je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama na inicijativu predsjednika Kennedyja, Johnsona i Nixona. Diskriminacija, nažalost, ima mnogo oblika, a neke od najzastupljenijih diskriminacija su: rasne, rodne, dobne, religijske, etničke. Središte ovoga rada bit će na organizacijskoj i korporativnoj pozitivnoj rodnoj diskriminaciji na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Žene na radnom mjestu marginalizirane su, imaju manje plaće i sporije napreduju na hijerarhijskoj organizacijskoj ljestvici, što ih vrlo često stavlja pred izbor oko svojih reproduktivnih odluka. Stoga je problem istraživanja rodna nejednakost na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj, što dovodi do socioekonomskih nejednakosti između dviju rodnih grupa. Glavni je cilj istraživanja postići bolje razumijevanje kako pozitivna rodna diskriminacija utječe na veće uključivanje žena na tržište rada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prikupljanje relevantnih podataka i informacija temeljit će se na sekundarnim (relevantna znanstvena i stručna literatura te dokumentacija odabranih organizacija) i primarnim istraživanjima (anketiranje i dubinski intervjui). Populacija ispitanika anketnim upitnikom su žene na menadžerskim pozicijama, a za intervjue donositelji korporativnih odluka (top menadžeri odabranih organizacija). Veličina uzorka za anketiranje je 30 (N=30), a za intervjue 6 (N=6). Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da razumijevanje rodne diskriminacije te izgradnja svijesti da svi imaju jednake mogućnosti na radnom mjestu potiče žene na veće uključivanje na tržište rada u Republici Hrvatskoj, što doprinosi razvoju socioekonomske jednakosti između žena i muškaraca. ; In the beginning of the 21st century, the term positive discrimination is often used. Positive discrimination is a measure taken by the government, organization or corporation in order to reduce inequalities in the society occurred by discrimination in a way that provides certain benefits to those who have suffered some kind of discrimination. It was formed in the United States of America at the initiative of presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. Unfortunately discrimination takes many forms, and some of the most common are: race, gender, age, religion and ethnic minority. The focus of this paper will be on organizational and corporative positive gender discrimination in the labour market in Croatia. Women in the workplace are marginalized, have lower wages and slower progress on the hierarchical organizational ladder, which often forces them to make reproductive decisions. Therefore, the problem of this research is gender inequality in the labour market in Croatia which leads to socio-economic inequalities between the two gender groups. The main aim of the research is to achieve a better understanding of how positive gender discrimination affects the greater involvement of women in the labour market in Croatia. The relevant data and information will be collected using secondary (relevant scientific and technical literature and documentation of selected organizations) and primary research (surveys and in-depth (thorough) interviews). The target questionnaire population are women in managerial positions, and for the interviews are corporate decision-makers (top managers of selected organizations). The sample size for the survey is 30 (N=30), and for interviews 6 (N=6). The results of the study suggest that understanding of gender discrimination and building awareness of equal opportunities in the workplace encourages women to a greater participation in the labour market in Croatia, which contributes to the development of socio-economic equality between women and men.
U članku su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja o sudionicima savjetovanja s javnošću (e-savjetovanja) o propisima i planskim dokumentima kojima se uređuju organizacija i obavljanje javne arhivske službe u Hrvatskoj. Podatci su prikupljeni metodom kvantitativne analize sadržaja pojedinačnih izvješća o provedenim savjetovanjima od 2017. do 2020. godine dostupnih na središnjem mrežnom portalu e-Savjetovanja i popratnih dokumenata. Nakon uvoda slijedi teorijski dio, u kojem je ukratko opisan normativni okvir provedbe e-savjetovanja u Hrvatskoj, arhivski propisi i planski dokument, o kojima je provedeno e-savjetovanje te metodologija istraživanja. Potom su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja te se o njima raspravlja. Prezentirani podatci o broju i strukturi sudionika (fizičke osobe, razne kategorije pravnih osoba) te broju komentara koje upućuju (ukupno i po pojedinom e-savjetovanju) interpretirani su kao važan pokazatelj zainteresiranosti društvene okoline za javnu arhivsku službu, odnosno rad državnih arhiva kojima je njezino obavljanje povjereno. S druge strane, sudjelovanje u e-savjetovanjima pojedinih strukovnih arhivističkih društava, državnih arhiva i njihovih administrativnih i stručnih djelatnika interpretirano je kao pokazatelj zainteresiranosti za jačanje normativne infrastrukture vlastite službe. ; Counsellings with the public are in the Croatian context a relatively new instrument of public participation in legislating regulations and other general acts whose characteristics and effects have not been scientifically researched in practice to a greater extent. The aim of the paper is to contribute to these perceptions by the elaboration of a subject i.e. analysing the participants of e-counsellings on regulations and planning documents that concern organizing and performance of the public archival service in Croatia. The subject is suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on 8 such legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on evidences that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service coordinated with changes in the surroundings where public archives work. The data had been gathered by the method of quantitative analysing of the content of individual reports on conducted counsellings available on e-Counselling portal, as well as additional documents. The Data on the number and structure of participants (natural persons, various categories of corporations) and amount of comments they sent (in total and for each e-counselling) are interpreted as an important indicator of the public interest for the public archival service i.e. the work of the state archives who are intrusted with performing it. On the other hand, the participation of individual professional archival societies, state archives and their administrative and professional employees on e-counsellings is interpreted as the indicator of interest for strengthening of normative infrastructure pertaining to their own service. The total of 412 comments was sent to the analysed e-counsellings, submitted by 56 participants. Since individual procedure of e-counselling is conducted for each legal act, the same natural person or corporation can appear as a participant in several counsellings. Therefore, in the total number of 56 participants individual natural persons or corporations were counted more than once, depending on the number of e-counsellings they participated in. Further analysis established that 40 different natural persons and coorporations participated in e-counsellings. The largest number of participants, as far as 30 or 75 %, participated in just one e-counselling. Six participants took part in two counsellings (15 %), whereas three counsellings had three participants (7.5 %). Four counsellings had no participants, whereas only one person (2.5 %) took part in five of them, which is also the largest number of noted participations by the same participant. Research results further show that from the total of 40 various participants of e-councellings 30 of them are natural persons and only 10 corporations. In the process, the natural persons had 43 and the corporations 13 participations. The same number of persons from the professional archival community (administrative and professional employees in archives, state archives and professional archival associations) and persons from social environment i.e. interested public in the broad sense participated in e-counsellings. The former comprises of 21 participants and the latter has 19 of them. The biggest difference between the two groups concerns the number of participations. The professional archival community had 35, whereas other interested public 21 participations. The presented results indicate a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community, for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. This conclusion is supported by the comparison of the number of participants from both groups with other relevant data, such as the number of creators of documental and archival records under the jurisdiction of state archives i.e. the number of employees in state archives. The authorised ministry and state archives should use this as the basis for re-examination of the current approach in implementing e-counsellings i.e. encourage them to further motivate the professional community and the general public to participate in this segment of their work. The lower turnout can certainly be put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, including the content and types of comments (without arguments, with arguments, technical, professional etc.), is only pointed out in this paper as a subject that warrants separate research.
O modelu "nacionalne kulture" Geerta Hofstedea raspravlja se u ovom članku s tri aspekta. Sa sociološkog aspekta, model je izraz interesa multinacionalnih korporacija u eri globalizacije za uklanjanjem kulturnih prepreka poslovanju, koje su uspostavili modeli značenja kulture u sklopu carstava i nacija-država, preferirajući oštre distinkcije i fundamentalnu neusporedivost kultura. Drugi aspekt rasprave je metodološki, gdje se upozorava na problem odnosa između empirijskih varijacija i tipičnosti u Hofstedeovu modelu, budući da on zanemaruje promjenjivost i proturječja u kulturnom obrascu. I treći aspekt, pedagoški, odnosi se na pitanje može li se ili na koji način model upotrijebiti kao predložak za izradu odgojno-obrazovnog kurikuluma, odnosno pedagoški preporučljivog vrijednosno-normativnog obrasca orijentacije (učenika), u demokratskom i pluralističkom, ali i sve više tržišno povezanom i neizvjesnom svijetu. ; Geert Hofstede's model of "national culture" is discussed from three aspects. From the sociological aspect, the model represents the expression of multinational companies' interests for the removal of cultural barriers to business in the era of globalization, the barriers established by the models of importance of culture within empires and nation-states, preferring strict distinctions and fundamental incomparability of cultures. The second aspect of the discussion is methodological, pointing to the problem of relationship between empirical variations and typicalnesses in Hofstede's model, since it does not sufficiently allow for variability and discrepancies in cultural pattern. The third, educational aspect, considers the question whether it is or how is it possible to use this model as a sample for an educational curriculum, i.e. pedagogically recommendable value-normative pattern of students' orientation in the world which is democratic and pluralistic, but at the same time more and more market-united and uncertain. ; Über das Modell der "nationalen Kultur" von Geert Hofstede wird in diesem Artikel unter drei Gesichtspunkten gesprochen. Aus soziologischer Sicht kommen in diesem Modell Interessen multinationaler Konzerne zum Ausdruck, in der Zeit der Globalisierung kulturelle Barrieren für ihre Geschäftstätigkeit zu beseitigen, die durch Bedeutungsmodelle der Kultur im Rahmen der Weltreiche und nationalen Staaten aufgebaut wurden, indem sie scharfe Trennungslinien und grundsätzliche Unvergleichbarkeit von Kulturen bevorzugten. Der zweite Aspekt der Diskussion ist methodologischer Natur. Dabei wird das Verhältnis zwischen empirischen Varianten und dem Idealtyp in Hofstedes Modell kritisch überprüft, da es ungenügend die Veränderlichkeit und Widersprüchlichkeit von Kulturmustern berücksichtigt. Der dritte, pädagogische Gesichtspunkt bezieht sich auf die Frage, ob und wie dieses Modell als Vorlage für die Ausarbeitung eines Bildungs- und Erziehungskurrikulums bzw. eines pädagogisch vertretbaren normativen Wertmusters zur Orientierung von Schülern in einer demokratischen und pluralen, jedoch wirtschaftlich immer mehr vernetzten und unsicheren Welt benutzt werden kann.
Ravnopravnost spolova središnja je tema u čitavome svijetu, pa tako i EU-u, gdje predstavlja jednu od temeljnih vrijednosti koju se nastoji integrirati u sve politike Europske unije, ali i programe financiranja EU-a. Analizirajući istraživanja o ravnopravnosti spolova na institucijama visokoga obrazovanja statistike idu u prilog činjenici da te institucije reproduciraju društvene vrijednosti koje dovode do spolne, rodne pristranosti, odnosno diskriminacije. Statistike pokazuju da postoji vidna razlika u tipičnim karijernim profilima za žene i muškarce, odnosno u odabiru znanstvenih područja. Razvidna je horizontalna segregacija, koja nimalo ne zaostaje za onom drugom, vertikalnom segregacijom koja upućuje na to da je top menadžment, ali i uspješniji karijerni put u visokoobrazovnim institucijama uglavnom rezerviran za muškarce. Ne zanemarujući činjenicu da je dostizanje ravnopravnosti spolova u visokome obrazovanju ipak dugoročni projekt koji bi trebao biti rezultat ne samo sveučilišnih politika, nego i institucionalnih vladinih mjera i politika, ovim se radom konstruktivno promišlja i aktualizira tema za buduća istraživanja, s provedenim istraživanjem na jedanaest ustrojbenih jedinica Sveučilišta u Mostaru. ; Gender equality is a central theme throughout the world, including the EU, in which it represents one of the core values that should be integrated into all EU policies, as well as EU funding programs. Analysing research on gender equality in higher education institutions, statistics support the fact that these institutions reproduce social values that lead to gender, gender bias, or discrimination. Statistics show that there is a visible difference in typical career profiles for women and men, e.g. in the selection of scientific fields. Horizontal segregation is evident, not far behind the other, vertical segregation, which indicates that top management, but also a more successful career path in higher education institutions, is largely reserved for men. In spite of the fact that the achievement of gender equality in higher education is nevertheless a long-term project that should be the result not only of university policies but also of institutional government measures and policies, this paper constructively deliberates and updates the topic for future research, with research conducted on eleven organizational units of the University of Mostar.
The paper deals with the protection of the private and public spheres in surveillance capitalism. Predictions on consumer behaviour or the so-called behavioural surpluses are extracted from the set of collected (big) data of users/consumers from the so-called digital footprints, which become intelligence data, commodities on the data market. In addition to predicting user behaviour, various behavioural techniques push, or nudge users in a particular desired consumer or political direction or action, or dark nudge techniques when it comes to unauthorized data collection on users in the digital sphere. Surveiling and nudging users is done in the range from caring for their health, well-being and benefits, as well as general and public well-being, to encouraging expenditure, desired behaviour or voting in the desired direction of subjects who create such incentives (corporations, political parties, governments, etc.). The subject of the paper is based on behavioural economics which has introduced behavioural techniques in the field of public policy. The author proposes conceptual model of protective and active approach in the era of surveillance capitalism in the private and public spheres. An overview of the current digital regulation in the EU is given, and the need for further development of the legislative framework that will regulate the issues of supervision and protection of privacy and user data is pointed out. ; Rad se bavi zaštitom privatne i javne sfere u nadzirućem kapitalizmu. Iz skupa prikupljenih (big data) podataka korisnika/potrošača iz tzv. digitalnih otisaka ekstrahiraju se predviđanja o ponašanju korisnika ili tzv. bihevioralni višak koja postaju izvjesnice (intelligence podaci), roba na tržištu podataka. Osim predviđanja ponašanja korisnika, različitim se bihevioralnim tehnikama korisnike "gura" ili "potiče" (nudge) u određenom željenom potrošačkom ili političkom smjeru ili djelovanju, a kada je riječ o neovlaštenom prikupljanju podataka o korisnicima u digitalnoj sferi, radi se o dark nudge ...
Namjera je u ovom radu prikazati i predstaviti oružanu skupinu FARC, njihovu dugogodišnju borbu, propale pregovore s vladom te posljednje pregovore koji su rezultirali sporazumom. Ovaj slučaj pruža uvid u rješavanje sukoba te primjer kako postupati s drugim sukobljenim stranama. Kolumbija se ističe kao zemlja s velikim problemima, a jedan od njih su pobunjeničke grupe. Velikim uspjehom može se smatrati potpisivanje sporazuma s najdugovječnijom oružanom skupinom. Tematski okvir rada predstavlja istraživanje korporacije RAND, odnosno njenih autora Setha Jonesa i Martina Libickog koji su predstavili pet načina na koje dolazi do prestanka djelovanja terorističkih skupina. Fokus u ovom radu je na prestanku djelovanja terorističkih skupina tako što se uključe u legalne i legitimne političke procese. Rad dovodi do zaključka kako je FARC oružana skupina koja je tijekom svojih godina postojanja prošla nekoliko tipova djelovanja te na kraju postala politička stranka. Okolnosti u kojima se zatekla skupina, ali i sama država, dovele su do toga da ponovno pokrenu pregovore. ; The purpose of this paper is to show and introduce armed group named FARC, their long-lasting fight, failed negotiations with the government and the last negotiations that resulted in a peace agreement. This case provides insight in solutions to the conflict and example how to deal with other conflicted groups. Colombia stands out as a country with big problems and one of them are rebel groups. Great success is signing of a peace agreement with the most lasting rebel group. The framework of this subject is the research of the RAND Corporation, that is, their authors, Seth Jones and Martin Libicki, who showed five ways in which terrorist groups end. The focus of this paper is an ending of terrorist groups by involving in legal and legitimate political process. The paper brings to conclusion that FARC is armed group which has had throughout their many years different types of activity and in the end it has become a political party. Circumstances in which ...
Dugo je vremena koncept suvereniteta smatran kamenom temeljcem domaćeg i međunarodnog prava te političke misli. Koncepcija suvereniteta blisko je povezana s koncepcijom države. Bilo je to »normalno« stanje države, u kojem ona ima vrhovnu ili konačnu vlast u unutarnjim političkim i pravnim pitanjima, a svojstvo neovisnosti prema drugim državama. Međunarodnu zajednicu činile su ravnopravne i neovisne države. Danas, na početku 21. stoljeća, koncept suvereniteta izložen je mnogim izazovima, od kojih je najznačajniji proces globalizacije koji je doveo do sve veće međupovezanosti ljudi širom svijeta vidljive na svim poljima: političkim, vojnim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i pravnim. U ovom radu usredotočit ćemo se na pitanje kako globalizacija utječe na državni suverenitet te da ti pregled argumenata korištenih u novijoj literaturi. ; The concept of sovereignty was for a long time considered as one of the cornerstones of national and international law, and of political thought. The concept of sovereignty was closely connected with the concept of the state. It was a »normal« situation of a country where it had supreme or final power in political and legal matters in its domestic affairs, while at the same time it was independent in relation to all other countries. The international community used to consist of equal and independent states. At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of sovereignty is faced with many challenges, both in theory and in practice. What happens within a country's territory and to its inhabitants is now less a consequence of national politics than the result of international circumstances – the difference between internal and foreign affairs is becoming increasingly vague. Several processes are happening simultaneously: globalisation (the development of information and communication technology; increase in foreign investments, the development of multinational corporations, and strengthening of the international economic and trade organisations' role), the process of European integration, the development of international protection of human rights (the development of cogent rules of international law, humanitarian interventions, the role of transnational non- governmental organisations), and the phenomenon of »failed states«. All the above mentioned has created a need to redefine the concept of sovereignty.
Dugo je vremena koncept suvereniteta smatran kamenom temeljcem domaćeg i međunarodnog prava te političke misli. Koncepcija suvereniteta blisko je povezana s koncepcijom države. Bilo je to »normalno« stanje države, u kojem ona ima vrhovnu ili konačnu vlast u unutarnjim političkim i pravnim pitanjima, a svojstvo neovisnosti prema drugim državama. Međunarodnu zajednicu činile su ravnopravne i neovisne države. Danas, na početku 21. stoljeća, koncept suvereniteta izložen je mnogim izazovima, od kojih je najznačajniji proces globalizacije koji je doveo do sve veće međupovezanos- ti ljudi širom svijeta vidljive na svim poljima: političkim, vojnim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i pravnim. U ovom radu usredotočit ćemo se na pitanje kako globalizacija utječe na državni suverenitet te dati pregled argumenata korištenih u novijoj literaturi. ; The concept of sovereignty was for a long time considered as one of the corner- stones of national and international law, and of political thought. The concept of sovereignty was closely connected with the concept of the state. It was a »normal« situation of a country where it had supreme or final power in political and legal matters in its domestic affairs, while at the same time it was independent in relation to all other countries. The international community used to consist of equal and independent States. At the beginning of the 21st Century, the concept of sovereignty is faced with many challenges, both in theory and in practice. What happens within a country's territory and to its inhabitants is now less a consequence of national politics than the result of international circumstances - the difference between internal and foreign affairs is becoming increasingly vague. Several processes are happening simultaneously: globalisation (the development of information and communication technology; increase in foreign Investments, the development of multinational corporations, and strengthening of the international economic and trade organisations' role), the process of European integration, the development of international protection of human rights (the development of cogent rules of international law, humanitarian interventions, the role of transnational non/governmental organisations), and the phenomenon of »failed States«. All the above mentioned has created a need to redefine the concept of sovereignty.
Društveno odgovorno poslovanje (DOP) definira se kao inteligentna i objektivna briga poduzeća za dobrobit društva što ograničava ponašanje pojedinaca i korporacija od krajnje destruktivnih aktivnosti, bez obzira na to koliko one brzo bile profitabilne te vodi u smjer pozitivnih doprinosa dobru ljudi što može biti definirano na različite načine. Nadalje, DOP podrazumijeva politike i programe privatnih poduzeća koji idu izvan zakonskih obveza kao odgovor na pritiske javnosti i očekivanja društva te podrazumijeva pažnju s kojom se na etičan i društveno odgovoran način odnosimo prema interesno-utjecajnim skupinama koje se nalaze izvan, ali i unutar organizacije. U ovom radu pokušat će se sagledati važnost i značenje termina društveno odgovorno poslovanje poduzeća onako kako ga opisuju brojne definicije koje upućuju da se uz ispunjavanje zakonskih obveza, u osnovi radi o investiranju u ljudski kapital, okoliš i odnose s okolinom ad intra i ad extra, a u fokusu rada bit će eksterni elementi i doprinosi društveno odgovornom poslovanju poput kulturoloških, religijski i ekoloških doprinosa i zahtjeva. Na temelju ukratko predstavljenih kulturoloških, religijskih i ekoloških doprinosa i zahtjeva, zaključak rada pokušat će ponuditi smjernice za što je moguće kvalitetniju implementaciju društveno odgovornog poslovanja u jedno društvo. ; Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined as an intelligent and objective concern of a company for the wellbeing of a society which limits the behavior of individuals as well as corporations from highly destructive activities, regardless of their profit-making potential. It should lead into the direction of positive contributions to the welfare of people, which can be specified in different ways. In addition, CSR implies private companies' policies and programmes which go beyond the legal obligations as a response to public pressure and expectations of society and entails ethical as well as socially responsible attention to interest groups which are both outside and inside an organization. In this paper we will try to consider the importance and meaning of the corporate social responsibility within one company in the way it has been described in numerous definitions in which it was pointed that along with the fulfillment of the legal obligations it is actually about the investment in human capital, environment, and relationships with environment ad intra and ad extra. Our focus will be on the external elements and the contributions to the corporate social responsibility such as cultural, religious, and ecological contributions and demands. On the basis of briefly presented cultural, religious, and ecological contributions and demands, in the conclusion of this paper, we will try to offer directions for high-quality implementation of corporate social responsibility into a society.
U studiji se, nasuprot uvriježenim mišljenjima, dokazuje da su blokovi sjevernog dijela Dioklecijanove palače bili izvorno projektirani i izvedeni za potrebe gineceja kojemu se u Notitia Dignitatum spominje nadstojnik (Procurator gynaecii lovensis Dalmatiae -Aspalato). Opskrbljivao ga je akvedukt kapaciteta 1500 1/sec. = 129.600 m3 na dan. Problem obilnog ispiranja riješen je odgovarajucim kanalizacijskim sistemom koji je postojao samo duž ulica sjevernog dijela Palače u kojem su se nalazili pogoni carskih tkaonica. Tehnologija je (uz sustav bazena arheološki uočenih u prizemlju Papalićeve palače) ukljucivala sumporavanje, za što su bili na raspolaganju brojni izvori sumporne vode uz samu Palaču. Čitava građevina savršeno se uklapa u dugački niz tetrarhijskih javnih radova. Bila bi to izvorna, osnovna funkcija građevine u koju se Dioklecijan povukao nakon što je 305. g. bio prisiljen na abdikaciju. ; In scholarly literature, the term "city" was first mentioned by Lj. Karaman, talking of the beginnings of medieval Split in Diocletian's Palace, and then by Andre Grabar in his Martyrium (I: 232-233).2 Noel Duval, in a series of studies he wrote, asks whether Diocletian's residence should be classified as palatium, villa, castrum, urban settlement or some special type of architecture, considering that in comparison with genuine imperial palaces like those in Constantinople, Antioch, Philippopolis and Ravenna, it was wanting a number of "attributes": proposed the term "chateau".3 -5 The term was thoroughly investigated by Slobodan Čurčić, discussing late antique palatine architecture, showing convincingly that the urban character of these residences was undoubted (of Antioch , Nicomedia, Salona, Constantinople, Split) - although the miniature municipal quarters in them had an only slightly more than symbolic significance.6 Diocletian's building in Split really does not have the external look of a Roman imperial villa. In Split, in particular with respect to the two architectural masses in the northern part of the building, we note, its innate anti-landscape character, both the internal and the external disposition of the architectural elements, which is almost inorganically formalised. Not even in the narrow residential area, within which the halls are interconnected only via the "cryptoportico" having no direct contacts with the surrounding landscape, we do not find any of the characteristics that in the nature of things we would expect in a residence in which, it was always considered, the emperor intended to while away his final years. The Split edifice is really primarily an example of fortification. But here too we can be surprised. The sentry patrol corridor should be on the top of the walls and should be protected with a parapet, while here it is on the first floor, perforated with hardly defensible apertures (3 x 2m). The building was clearly primarily motivated by the desire to impress the surroundings, with its emphatic delineation of military presence and power. The Golden and Silver Gates and the great apertures of the sentry corridor on the three sides of the walls onto the mainland must have been walled up before the Byzantine-Gothic wars of the 530s.7 But it would seem that we can understand its form - so very particular that it evades the usual, in some sense fossilized, terminology – only through some new reading of the original meaning and purpose of the building itself. In author's opinion, this is proffered by a very simple question. The aqueduct that brought water into the palace from the source of the river Jadro was, in the design and execution of the imperial architects, undoubtedly related to the construction of his final dwelling place. Although it is a rare specimen of a Roman monument of this kind that is still being used today (reconstructed in 1878), in the literature and in research it has been almost entirely neglected, and has certainly never been interpreted in the original context. The aqueduct provided 1500 l/ sec. (129.600 m3 a day), which in terms of our standards would be enough for a population of 173,000. 8,9 The sheer amount of water inevitably leads to the question of what it was meant for, because it far exceeded the needs of the relatively modest bath complexes in the Palace. The answer might be hidden in an almost neglected item of information from Notitia Dignitatum OC XI 48 (ed. 0 . Seeck, 150) where there is a mention of the Procurator genaecii Iovensis Dalmatiae - Aspalato- warden of the imperial weaving shop for the production of woollen clothing for the army that worked in Split, under the title of Jupiter. So far it has always been thought, on the rare occasions when this fact has been mentioned at all (and then only by-the-bye) that this gynaeceum was only after Diocletian's death "inscribed" into the Palace, which was for the whole of the 5th century a kind of pensiopolis of dethroned emperors or pretenders to the throne. It has been considered that the northern part of the Palace was reserved for the Imperial Guard, for stables and the like. 10,11 Notitia Dignitatum, a long list of all the senior offices in the Empire, civilian and military, is certainly of a composite character. The basic text was created probably in about 408 (in partibus Occidentis changes were recorded up to 420), but it conceals a lot of information about the periods before the revision of the basic copy, mirroring the order that Diocletian had brought into the state, which certainly relates to the Split gynaeceum, which alone of the 14 such complexes located in the most important cities of the empire bears the characteristic predicate Iovense: it must in itself constitute a terminus post quem non to do with the origin of the factory of military uniforms of wool in the building in Split. 12,13,15 Although the gynaecea were never mentioned in the context of Diocletian's reforms, it is generally accepted that they were created at the time of the first Tetrarchy. The concentration of the labour force, the range of specialised jobs, the degree of organisation and their connection with urban centres makes them, in the judgement of historians, the closest to the modern industrial factory. State factories (fabricae) were set up in the late Empire to eliminate or at least to alleviate the difficulties concerning the supply of the state and the army with certain products. It was necessary to clothe the approximately half a million soldiers that Diocletian 's army reforms had raised, as well as no small number of clerks. Archaeology, however, has never made any direct contribution to the understanding of their internal organisation, except in the case of the otherwise well documented gynaeceum in Carthage, which lay in the heart of the city, on the edge of the celebrated Circular Harbour. 16,17 The state operated, through the comes sacrarum largitionum, a number of weaving mills, both for woolen and linen fabrics, and dyeworks 18 The Split gynaeceum should have probably been in some kind of complementary relationship with the gynaeceum moved to Salona, perhaps for security reasons, from Bassiana (Donji Petrovci, Pannonia Inferior) also noted by Notitia Dignitatum, XI, 46 (Procurator gynaecii Bassanensis Pannoniae Secundae translati Salonis). In Salona, thus, there was a large cloth dyeworks (In Not. dign. the Procurator bafii Salonitani Dalmatiae was also mentioned) and weaving mill. At Five Bridges in Salona artisan workshops were actually found, probably a dyer's workshop, and fulling mills for cloth and the dyeing of cloth. Also to be seen is the reservoir from which the water to drive the mills ran, and a building for the habitation of the workers. 19 In one inscription in Salona, a magister conquilarius is mentioned (CIL III 2115 + 8572), clearly the head of the state workshops in which purple was extracted from shellfish, perhaps for the gynaeceum in Aspalathos. 22 Another inscription found in Salona mentions a certain Hilarus, who was the purpurarius, dyer of red garments or, perhaps, negotiator artis purpurae. 23 That the Salona baffeum and the Split gynaeceum were mentioned only in the Notitia Dignitatum, says that their production was a strictly channelled state monopoly, and that the products from them did not make their way to the general market as other goods did. The army was supplied directly, without the agency of merchants. Although not all the technological details of the gynaeceum, the fullonica and the baffeum have been revealed, we can conjure up in the northern half of the Palace an image of the whole system of pools in which the fabrics were washed, softened and finished by being trampled on with bare feet in a solution of potash , fuller's earth, human and animal urine. Here then there was a very large demand for water.28 Garments were rubbed with chalk, and fumigated with sulphur. It is particularly important to remember that the technology included, among other things, sulphur treatment (sulfure sulfire ), for which there were the many springs of sulphurous water alongside the Palace itself, which were used for the washing and bleaching of cloth right up to the first half of the 20th century, by St Francis church on the Shore.29 The problem of copious rinsing was solved by the extraordinarily handled sewage system that existed only along the the cardo and decumanus and the perimeter streets of the northern part of the Palace , in which the mentioned plant was located. Among other things, the extreme western part of the sewer under the decumanus, at the exit from the Palace, has been explored. It passed under the western gate (Porta ferrea), and moved in a gentle arc towards the south-west, finishing some forty metres further in a stone portal (below the kitchen of today's Hotel Central). Thence in an open channel all this water flowed into the bay of the sea, in the immediate vicinity of the grandest corner of the Palace.30 The monumental cross-section of this sewage system corresponds perfectly to the cross-section of the aqueduct. We should underscore the fact that the sewage system was located only along the streets of the northern part of the Palace, while we might expect it to be primarily in the residential southern part, which also shows that it was constructed for the purpose of the production inside the gynaeceum. Unfortunately, there are practically no archaeological records of the small finds from investigations of the northern part of the Split building. But, during excavations of the crossing place of the cardo and decumanus (in order to establish the original level of the street and the Peristyle) M. Suić in 1974 did observe, "a very thick layer of fine sediment of a markedly red colour of non-organic origin", which had been deposited in the cloaca, and which had retained its intensity for centuries. This must prove the existence of fullonica, which must have been located within the gynaeceum.31, 32, 55, 56 Gynaeciarii, like other craftsmen, were associated into corporations or collegia, but were not able to leave their work, being nexu sanguinis ad divinas largitiones perlinenles, which makes the construction of the northern part of the Palace, in which they lived alongside their workshops even more logical. 36 - 4 0 Their patron saint in 5th c. might have been, as I have already speculated, St Martin - patron of soldiers and weavers -to whom the little church in the sentries' walk over the Golden Gate, walled-in very early on, was dedicated. 41 All this also suggests that Christianity was alive in the Palace from day one. Along with the bishop and the praetorians, the weavers were probably that industrial revolutionary guard of the time. It is not at all surprising that a martyr like St. Anastasius - a fullo, the co-patron of Split, should have come precisely from the milieu of the fullers, probably working in the baffeum in Salona. In Split, Diocletian's gynaeceum was probably reliant upon a manufacture that already existed, one linked with the sulphurous water and perhaps on the broom, genisla acanlhoclada, from which a colouring agent for dying the cloth was obtained, and according to which, it is believed, Aspalathos actually obtained its name.43 There was raw material in Dalmatia within reach. Immediately following the Second World War there were about one million sheep in the central hinterland of the Adriatic coast. Delm or Dalm in Old Illyrian means shepherd, herder, flock, and hence Delminium means the place of pasture, and delme- dalme still today in Albanian means sheep.44 - 49 Evidence of the organised weaving industry in Roman Dalmatia can be seen in the form of the weaving industry around Split, which all the way through the Middle Ages and until quite recently was different from that in the other regions. 51 The Gynaeceum iovense might have been special precisely in the fact that this was not a remodelled and expanded production area already in existence, the expropriation of some extant minor complexes (as is assumed to have happened in Carthage), but a green field project, an exemplarily constructed industrial unit. And for this reason, of all such establishments, it was the only one to have such a flowery dedication and name. At the end one should also draw attention to an almost neglected reference concerning the palace, that is, the first description of it, uttered by the most authoritative mouth of all. In the Oralio ad Sanclorum coelum which he delivered in Antioch in 325, Emperor Constantine said that the colossal pile of the palace was a "loathed dwelling" in which the Emperor Diocletian shut himself up after this abdication: "After the massacre in the persecutions, after he had condemned himself by depriving himself of power, as a man of no utility, acknowledging the damage he had done with his imprudence, he remained hidden in his really contemptible dwelling place". 61 This surprising statement of Constantine might be an allusion to the fact that Diocletian had to spend his last days in a building that in spite of all the sumptuousness of its centre and the residential quarters looking onto the sea- must also have had the features of a military factory, to which the form of the castrum must have been in all respects much more suitable than to a charming imperial residence. The whole of the building fits perfectly in with the long series of tetrarchic public works. It is important to stress the autonomy of the cardo and the decumanus (12 metres broad) with their own lastricatus and their own porticatus, independent of the blocks that they hid. I would even say that the form of the castrum is more logical for a gynaeceum than it is for a palace. What should be actually highlighted is the surprising pragmatism, as well as the great social focus of the lllyrian emperors, who really did want to renew the "fervent patriotism and iron duty in the evil days" (Syme). Probus in Egypt worked on an important improvement of the navigation of the Nile; temples, bridges, porticoes, palaces, all were put up by the army. Galerius himself was a devotee of public works, and undertook an operation worth of a monarch, says Gibbon, diverting the excess of water from Lake Pelso (Balaton) to the Danube, at the border with Noricum. He had the endless woods all around cleared, and gave the whole reclaimed area between the Drava and the Danube to his Panonian subjects to be cultivated, naming it Valeria after his wife. 65, 66 Most of the buildings that Diocletian put up were of a utilitarian purpose, such as mints and the factories that Lactantius mentions, or border forts, roads and bridges. Dozens of extant inscriptions tell us of the dedications of new and restored temples, aqueducts, nymphea and public buildings - "vetustatu con lapsum" or "Ionge incuria neglectum"- dilapidated from age and long neglect. 67 According to Lactantius's writing, Diocletian had an infinitam cupiditatem aedificandi, an infinite desire to build. 68 Today we are apt to count mostly the imperial palaces in connection with this statement, and to forget the whole framework of comprehensive public works that were undertaken during the first tetrarchy. Twenty years of relaxation from civil wars and barbarian invasions, and the gradual suppression of local unrest, led to the renovation of the prosperity in cities all round the Empire, hence the major number of public dedications, the revival of overall construction activity. The Tetrarchan New Deal - with Diocletian as the Roosevelt of the ancient world - is often understood in a formalist way, as a series of legislative and political attempts to halt inflation, overlooking exploits like Galerius's round Balaton, or this one in Split. The construction of the Split Palace, then, no kind of imperial Xanadu, as it is often held to be, justified its investment. More than that: its existence enabled antiquity in Dalmatia, even after the 7th century catastrophe, not to be extinguished with a sudden death, but over long centuries to be merged into the modern age, remaining until this day a lesson in and criterion for every creative architectural operation into the tissue of the city, which developed organically within the precise, almost dry geometry of the Emperor's palace-cumfactory. * The article was published in English, in: Das Imperium zwischen Zentralisierung und Regionalisierung: Palaste- Regionen- Volker (ed. A. Demand, A. Goltz und H. Schlange-Schoningen), Berlin - New York 2004: 141-162.
