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The Reformation marked the end of Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. Instead of generating the true spirit of Christ, that is, the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, the Reformation made thousands suffer on account of their religion. The tragedy of the Reformation was the unresolved tension which arose from the fact that the interpretation of the fundamentals of faith was left to an unsure and changing Church government and its theologians. The Council of Trent took it as its mighty task to safeguard the Old Faith from the devastating attacks of the innovation and to restore Catholic faith and ecclesiastical discipline. Trent could valiantly defend her hierarchical constitution and successfully repel the religious subjectivism of the reformers. Thus the Reformation which threatened to destroy the Catholic Church gave the impetus for a counter-reformation, i.e., to the religious revival and Catholic restoration. Though the Reformation was religious in character, it had far-reaching effects in all fields. Thus it helped in the shaping of the modern world, along with other movements. The question whether Reformation helped the modern people or not could be answered from the effects it produced in different lands and at different times. Reformation paved the way for Catholic restoration or Counter-reformation.

The Reformation marked the end of Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times. Instead of generating the true spirit of Christ, that is, the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, the Reformation made thousands suffer on account of their religion. The tragedy of the Reformation was the unresolved tension which arose from the fact that the interpretation of the fundamentals of faith was left to an unsure and changing Church government and its theologians. The Council of Trent took it as its mighty task to safeguard the Old Faith from the devastating attacks of the innovation and to restore Catholic faith and ecclesiastical discipline. Trent could valiantly defend her hierarchical constitution and successfully repel the religious subjectivism of the reformers. Thus the Reformation which threatened to destroy the Catholic Church gave the impetus for a counter-reformation, i.e., to the religious revival and Catholic restoration. Though the Reformation was religious in character, it had far-reaching effects in all fields. Thus it helped in the shaping of the modern world, along with other movements. The question whether Reformation helped the modern people or not could be answered from the effects it produced in different lands and at different times. Reformation paved the way for Catholic restoration or Counter-reformation.

Themes and issues in literature and image -- The social and cultural context -- Debating prostitution -- Policing prostitution -- A profile of Roman prostitutes -- Becoming a prostitute -- The business of prostitution -- At home -- 'Because we are all made of flesh and blood': prostitutes and their clients -- Conclusion: Continuity and change: prostitution after the Reformations

Culture and control in Counter-Reformation Spain / Anne J. Cruz and Mary Elizabeth Perry -- "Christianization" in New Castile : catechism, communion, mass, and confirmation in the Toledo archbishopric, 1540-1650 / Jean Pierre Dedieu -- A saint for all seasons : the cult of San Julián / Sara T. Nalle -- Religious oratory in a culture of control / Gwendolyn Barnes-Karol -- The moriscos and circumcision / Bernard Vincent -- Aldermen and Judaizers : cryptojudaism, Counter-Reformation, and local power / Jaime Contreras -- Magdalens and Jezebels in Counter-Reformation Spain / Mary Elizabeth Perry -- La bella malmaridada : lessons for the good wife / Anne J. Cruz -- Saint Teresa, demonologist / Alison Weber -- Woman as source of "evil" in Counter-Reformation Spain / María Helena Sánchez Ortega -- On the concept of the Spanish literary Baroque / John R. Beverley -- The subject of control / Anthony J. Cascardi

The Lutheran Reformation Spreads over Europe is mixed with political personnel ambition and results in the Roman Counter Reformation. These two movements demanded a choice of allegiance by individual; and, in the Netherlands, the two outstanding champions are William and Philip.