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ABSTRACTThis study examines how Japanese banks evaluate off-balance sheet operating leases in their credit assessments. Using a sample of 6,985 firm-year observations in Japan over the period 2001 to 2017, we find that banks in Japan evaluate off-balance sheet operating leases in certain circumstances. First, we find that banks evaluate such leases when firms have a strong relationship with a main bank. Second, banks assess firms' credit risk by evaluating operating leases if there is a strong main bank relationship especially when estimation reliability is low. We uncover robust results by controlling for the systematic characteristics of a strong main bank relationship. Our study thus suggests that the main bank relationship plays the important role of conveying the off-balance sheet operating leases in loan contracts in Japan.

Part I. The Criteria-based Approach to Credit Assessment and Crdit Rating -- Chapter 1. Credit Analysis and Credit Management -- Chapter 2. Financial Statement Analysis -- Chapter 3. The Criteria-based Approach to Credit Assessment and Credit Risk Rating -- Chapter 4. The Building Blocks of Credit Analysis and Credit Risk Rating -- Chapter 5. How it all Fits -- Chapter 6. Credit Risk Analysis and Credit Risk Rating of Commercial Real Estate -- Chapter 7. Bank Credit Risk Analysis and Bank Credit Rating -- Part II. Statistical Methods on Credit Scoring -- Chapter 8. Statistical Methods of Credit Risk Analysis -- Chapter 9. Statistical Methods of Country Debt Crisis -- Part III. Credit Management -- Chapter 10. Credit Monitoring and Compliance -- Chapter 11. Problem Loan Management.

In 2003: the government will introduce new tax credits to provide financial support for children and low-paid workers: the integrated child credit and the employment tax credit. The reform to support for children aims to unify existing payments in a way that provides a guaranteed stream of income for those with children, whether they are working or not. The credit for people in work will provide an income top-up for low earners - something that those without children have not benefited from before. The government has not announced the impact of the reforms on the public finances, but both will cost the exchequer money, so this Commentary considers the likely sums involved. We also examine whether the reforms look like fulfilling their stated aims: making work pay, relieving poverty and creating a new type of state support that is simpler and less intrusive for claimants.