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Accountability for one's actions has been a major theme that literary artists have grappled with over the centuries. Among the works in which it plays a significant role, and which are here analyzed, are the Oedipus trilogy, Hamlet, The Brothers Karamazov, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Trial, The Stranger, and three twentieth-century American novels: An American Tragedy, Light in August, and Native Son. Insights into the dark recesses of the human mind, which can complement the insights of legal philosophers and social scientists, are revealed in these and other works. They point to an argument that prophesy is not immutable destiny and that social causation is not social determinism. The human being achieves freedom by acceptance of responsibility, each man for his own acts, each woman for hers.

Accountability for one's actions has been a major theme that literary artists have grappled with over the centuries. Among the works in which it plays a significant role, & which are here analyzed, are the Oedipus trilogy, Hamlet, The Brothers Karamazov, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Trial, The Stranger & three twentieth-century American novels: An American Tragedy, Light in August, & Native Son. Insights into the dark recesses of the human mind are revealed in these & other works that can complement the insights of legal philosophers & social scientists. They point to an argument that prophesy is not immutable destiny, & that social causation is not social determinism. The human being achieves freedom by acceptance of responsibility. Modified HA.

This article offers a critical analysis of what we identify as the securitizing perspective of organized crime, which has become widespread within the area of Latin American security and defense studies. Despite its emphasis on a feature of the widening of security - non-state transnational threats rather than interstate military conflicts - we argue that it continues to be anchored in the traditional, statist and militaristic view of the notion of national security. We call attention, in turn, on the connection between this perspective and the International Relations agenda as a discipline. In contrast, we advocate the need to add contributions from Political Science and Sociology - among other disciplines - that allow a more accurate view of the relationship between crime and state in Latin America. Specifically, we confront the securitizing perspective with the literature on state-crime collusion to show the instrumental role that criminal organizations play in the governance of territories in countries with democratic and developmental deficits. To illustrate our argument, we turn to investigations on two important criminal organizations in Brazil: the Comando Vermelho and the Primeiro Comando da Capital. ; Este trabajo ofrece un análisis crítico respecto de lo que identificamos como la perspectiva securitizadora del crimen organizado, la cual se ha fortalecido dentro del área de estudios sobre seguridad y defensa de América Latina. A pesar de su énfasis en un elemento propio de la ampliación de la seguridad – las amenazas no estatales transnacionales en lugar de conflictos militares interestatales – argumentamos que la misma continúa anclada en la visión tradicional, estatista y militarista propia de la noción de seguridad nacional. Llamamos la atención, a su vez, sobre la conexión entre dicha perspectiva y la agenda de las Relaciones Internacionales como disciplina. En contraste, defendemos la necesidad de agregar contribuciones de la Ciencia Política y la Sociología – entre otras áreas – que permiten una visión más precisa de la relación existente entre crimen y estado en América Latina. Puntualmente, confrontamos la perspectiva securitizadora con la literatura sobre state-crime collusion para mostrar el papel instrumental que las organizaciones criminales juegan en la gobernabilidad de los territorios en países con déficits democráticos y de nivel de desarrollo. Para ilustrar nuestro argumento recurrimos a investigaciones sobre dos importantes organizaciones criminales de Brasil: el Comando Vermelho y el Primer Comando de la Capital. ; Neste artigo oferecemos uma análise crítica sobre o que identificamos como a perspectiva securitizadora do crime organizado, que vem se fortalecendo na área de estudos de segurança e defesa na América Latina. Apesar de sua ênfase em um elemento próprio da ampliação da segurança – as ameaças transnacionais não-estatais em vez de conflitos militares interestaduais – argumentamos que ela continua ancorada na visão tradicional, estatista e militarista, própria da noção de segurança nacional. Ao mesmo tempo, chamamos a atenção para a conexão dessa perspectiva com a agenda das Relações Internacionais como disciplina. Em contrapartida, defendemos a necessidade de agregar contribuições da Ciência Política e da Sociologia, entre outras áreas, que permitam uma visão mais precisa da relação entre o crime e o Estado na América Latina. Especificamente, confrontamos a perspectiva securitizadora com a literatura sobre conluio Estado-crime (state-crime collusion) para mostrar o papel instrumental que as organizações criminosas desempenham na governança de territórios em países com déficitsdemocráticos e de desenvolvimento. Para ilustrar nosso argumento, recorremos às investigações sobre duas grandes organizações criminosas brasileiras: o Comando Vermelho e o Primeiro Comando da Capital.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine the major research issues in the study of the relationship between crime and drugs and to examine the relevant research literature as it applies to those issues. Typologies are constructed for both criminal and drug using behavior and it is argued that the relationship between crime and drugs should be examined for each type of crime and each type of drug. A variety of issues regarding the nature of the relationship are discussed. These issues include the statistical association, causal priority, heroin use and increased, sustained and type of criminal activity, the direction of the causal effect and the ecology of crime and drugs. Finally, it is argued that a longitudinal design is necessary before the complexities of the nature of the crime-drug relationship can begin to be unraveled.

AbstractResearch literature into doorstep crime is limited. This article draws on a focused literature review, to explore existing evidence about the efficacy of crime‐prevention strategies targeting doorstep crime. The findings of the review suggest that doorstep crime strategies to protect older people frequently present offenders as a 'monstrous figure'; promote home security aids and adaptations; increase vigilance and suspicion; and encourage new doorstep habits. This article examines the nature and development of doorstep crime, and critiques the efficacy of prevention strategies that may, it is argued, risk damaging the older person's quality of life.

In Juan Goytisolo's work there is a tendency to consider the act of writing as a subversive attitude, an act against a repressive and alienating society. We can trace this attitude in Modernism and its consolidation in the avant-garde movements with an anti-bourgeoisie hint. Goytisolo recovers this tradition fighting against the inevitable recuperation and integration of any subversive content by the hegemonic discourses. In this approach to the literary act we observe certain problems concerning the political and moral consequences of his writing ; En la obra de Juan Goytisolo encontramos una tendencia a considerar la escritura como un acto subversivo, un acto en contra de la sociedad. Esta actitud se remonta al modernismo y se consolida en la vanguardia como un gesto antiburgués. Goytisolo recupera esa actitud ante la constante recuperación de los discursos hegemónicos antes cualquier contenido subversivo y su consecuente transformación en un contenido vacío de capacidad transformadora. En esta aproximación al acto literario observamos algunos problemas respecto a las significaciones políticas y morales de su escritura