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Корупција представља једну од најважнијих тема међународне политике сузбијања криминалитета. Управо нас она упућује, заједно са савременим облицима коруптивног деловања, на потребу увођења одговорности правних лица за дела корупције. Дуго година владајућа максима societas delinquere non potest, која је одбацивала идеју о кривичној одговорности правних лица, у савременом кривичном законодавству је доведена у питање. О неопходности законског уређења проблематике одговорности правних лица за кривична дела говоре многобројни међународни документи које је наша земља ратификовала и на тај начин преузела обавезу имплементације норми међународног права. Овом приликом проблематизујемо питање које се односи на одговорност правних лица за кривична дела и кривичноправно сузбијање корупције. На овом месту размотрићемо да ли је потребно да се говори о кривичној одговорности правних лица, или је примереније терминолошки и са становишта теорије говорити о казненој одговорности правних лица. ; Corruption is considered a social problem not only in Serbia. This phenomenon is given more and more attention at the international level as well. This primarily means coordinated efforts in opposing this obstacle and threat to the development of every country. It is surprising how material-criminal legal norms were narrowly determined in the field of one of the most important topics of international and national policy of crime suppression. For decades, and particularly thanks to sensations of the last years, the practitioners, especially those in the field of judiciary and police, have been warning of corruption and the need of its suppression and limiting. The connection between corruption and organized crime has intensified even more the discussions on counter measures that could be incorporated into the existing laws and remove their weaknesses. Every country should undertake a number of measures and activities in the field of battle against corruption taking into account the international standards in this field. These measures may be of preventive or repressive character. This paper deals with criminal legal intervention that represents ultima ratio, i.e. the last resort that should not be used until all other means and manners to protect someone have been exhausted. Our legislator has responded in the meantime, removed the most important flaws that distort the picture about our criminal legal regulations and incriminated corruptive behaviour, taking into account at that the obligations undertaken based on international conventions. Very delicate field of the responsibility of legal persons for criminal act remains unregulated. In this paper we point out to the need and state the reasons, with parallel study of the achieved solutions in some countries and Anglo-Saxon and continental legal culture, why the issue of responsibilities of legal persons for acts of corruption and even more widely should be regulated by a separate law.

Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.

Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.

Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.

Problems in the sphere of national security of Lithuania draw attention to the fact that the management and use of information as a traditional working method of law enforcement institutions is changeable because of the increased involvement of security services and their attention towards current threats to security. Observation over the running and fast changing integration processes in the European Union in the sphere of law reforms, provision of security and significant social processes, as well as their study acquire not just a theoretical but also a more practical importance. It requires a close attention within a scientific community, namely, the representatives of legal sciences. The work presents the current issues and latest trends of development in the sphere of law regulation of the public security stipulated by the adoption of the Law of Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania, which have not received yet a comprehensive and detailed reflection in scientific debates. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the implementation of this legal instrument in the sphere of secret activity of Lithuania's security at the present stage within the globalisation process. The author applied general scientific methods of studying objective reality and means and techniques peculiar to legal sciences. As a result, the significance and urgency of this legal instrument as a guarantee for protection of democratic values and human rights and freedoms have been emphasised.

The ultimate goal of game theory is to provide a theoretical model for strategic situations' analysis, i.e. for situations where one actor's choice depends on the behavior of other players in the game. As a concept, game theory is also applicable to the legal context. Legal dialectics and processes are often conducted in some form of strategic interactions. Game theory is a way to see how legal rules affect particular actors' behavior. International Economic Law has its own dynamics which makes the process similar to the analysis through the game theoretical tools. Therefore, the rules of international law are considered as the rules of the game that are taking place among different actors. Game theoretical considerations clarify the substance of the interaction and cooperation of players involved (states, international organizations and other actors). Game theory provides a basis for normative analysis of the issue of implementation of the rules of international law and improves understanding of those rules. The topic of the paper is the application of the game theory in the context of the legal framework established by the World Trade Organization. The member states' dilemma between using the advantages and liberalization options provided by the WTO on the one hand, and joining the regional trade agreements, on the other one, is strategic by nature. Therefore, game theory can contribute to understanding and resolving, using the game of 'prisoner's dilemma' as a model. It is the game which clearly shows that a group of rational egoists can end up worse than a group of actors that acts prima facie contrary to their own interests. 'Prisoner's dilemma' demonstrates why society and law has the need for coordination as well as mechanisms for co-operation. WTO member states put emphasis on the process of liberalization conducted in the framework of regional trade agreements (RTAs); at the same time, their participation in WTO negotiations is not effective and efficient enough to make a breakthrough in the multilateral framework. A solution of the game for Member States is not to cooperate: i. e, liberalization is primarily achieved through regional agreements rather than within the WTO. The rational decision of the Member States (opting for a regional approach) has resulted in a suboptimal result, which is a basic characteristic of the game model based on a prisoner's dilemma: in this case, the optimal solution would be cooperation through a multilateral framework (World Trade Organization).

Завештање представља пример утицаја законских прописа на комплекс обичајног права. Такав правац утицаја није неуобичајан, али је свакако ређи у односу на утицај обичајног на грађанско право, поготово ако посматрамо њихову интеракцију код наслеђивања. Стога настојим да објасни овај пример правне осмозе, и то на нивоу праксе. Међутим, то није једини циљ овог рада. Наиме, пракса показује да код тестаменталног наслеђивања долази и до утицаја обичајног права на легислатуру. Подстакнута поменутим сазнањима, проблематизујем питање природе односа обичајног и грађанског права, са намером да укажем на неке од проблема који се јављају код наслеђивања, како на нивоу појединца тако и на нивоу друштва. ; Bequeath, a dispose of personal property by the last will is an example of intervention of legislation within the complex of customary law. This influence is not unusual but certainly is less frequent than the influence of customary into civil law, especially so in their interaction within inheritance. This paper therefore tries to explain this example of legal osmosis in practice. In addition, the practice in testament inheritance shows also an influence of customary law into legislation. Hence, the paper will also try to discuss a relationship between customary and civil laws and succeeding problems in inheritance at the levels of individual and that of the society.

Борба против корупције спада у најважније задатке сваког друштва и државе, због чега се предузимају бројне активности усмерене у правцу адекватне превенције и сузбијања корупције. Најзначајније активности посвећене су изградњи свеобухватног нормативног оквира у борби против корупције, дефинисању корупције, инкриминацији коурптивних дела, успостављању специјализованих органа за борбу против корупције и изградњи оперативних и техничких капацитета тих органа у циљу успешне борбе против корупције. Мада појам корупције још увек није на јединствен начин дефинисан, корупција се може одредити као злоупотреба овлашћења ради личнекористи. Имајући у виду чињеницу да корупција води осиромашењу друштва и државе и губитку поверења грађана у демократске институције, Република Србија је донела нови Закон о организацији и надлежности државних органа у сузбијању организованог криминала, тероризма и корупције, којим су прописана коруптивна кривична дела и предвиђена је специјализација државних органа ради кривичног гоњења и суђења за та кривична дела. Такође, овим законом прописано је увођење финансијске форензике, службеника за везу са Тужилаштвом за организовани криминал и посебним одељењима за сузбијање корупције и формирање ударних група при надлежним тужилаштивма, а све у циљу успешног истраживања и доказивања коруптивних кривичних дела. У раду су представљени резултати рада Посебног одељења за сузбијање корупције при Вишем јавном тужилаштву у Београду у првој години рада, односно анализирана су: коруптивна кривична дела која су процесуирана, практична имплементација нових законских одредаба којима се унапређује истраживање и доказивање коруптивних кривичних дела и број судски окончаних поступака. Посебно је указано на одређене недостатке у законским решењима који отежавају ефикасну борбу против корупције. ; The fight against corruption is the overriding task of every society and state because of which many activities are undertaken that are directed towards adequate prevention and suppression of corruption. The most important activities are dedicated to building comprehensive normative framework in the suppression of corruption, through defining corruption, incrimination of the corruption offenses, establishment of specialized state bodies for the suppression of corruption and defining operational and technical capacities of these bodies in order to successfully fight against corruption. Although the concept of corruption has not yet been uniquely defined, corruption can be defined as abuse of power for private gain. Bearing in mind the fact that corruption leads to impoverishment of the society and state and loss of citizens` confidence in democratic institutions, the Republic of Serbia adopted the new Law on Organisation and Jurisdiction of Government Authorities in the Suppression of Organised Crime, Terrorism and Corruption that prescribes corruptive criminal offenses and foresees specialization of state bodies in order to prosecute and try such criminal offenses. Also, the law provides for the establishment of financial forensics units, connecting officials within the Prosecutor`s Office for Organised Crime and the Special Department of the Public Prosecutor`s Offices for the Suppression of Corruption and establishment of task forces within mentioned Public Prosecutor`s Offices, in order to successfully investigate and prove corruptive criminal offenses. Since more than one year has passed from the beginning of the application of this law, we will present the work results of the Special Department for the Suppression of Corruption within the Higher Public Prosecution Office in Belgrade. Therefore, in this paper we will analyse: corruptive criminal offenses prosecuted during the first year; practical implementation of the new legal provisions which improve investigation and proving of corruptive criminal offenses and the number of court-terminated proceedings. Special attention will be paid to cooperation between specialized bodies for the suppression of corruption. In addition to the practical application analysis of the Law on Organisation and Jurisdiction of Government Authorities in the Suppression of Organised Crime, Terrorism and Corruption focusing on the example of the Special Department for the Suppression of Corruption in Belgrade, we will point out certain deficiencies in the legal provisions that make it difficult to efficiently fight against corruption.

The Republic of Serbia has introduced special circumstances for the determination of sentence for hate crime in the Criminal Code amended in December 2012. If a criminal offence is committed through hate based on race or religion, national or ethnic affiliation, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity of another, the court shall consider any aggravating factors except when it is not stipulated as a feature of the criminal offence. However, the State still neglects to consider mitigating factors. Moreover, it does not pay sufficient attention to eliminating verbal expressions of hatred and discrimination that often precede crimes motivated by hate. The paper discusses the possibility of improving education and coordinated activities of the State, particularly of courts, prosecutors, police and local self-governments, to combat hate speech and hate crimes. The aim of the paper is to present mechanisms of improving institutional capacities to prevent these phenomena that have been implemented within the project "Implementation of Anti-Discrimination Policies in Serbia" financed by the European Union. The paper concludes that central to the success of this process are the education of state actors, and the development of a value system based on equality and acceptance of diversity.

. ; Constituye un gran error olvidar que los profesionales del derecho no pueden ser simples aplicadores de códigos normativos, sino que a partir de una serie de declaraciones de principios deben ser intérpretes de la ley, siempre en clave constirucionalista. Nadie es aséptica por naluraleza ante un conflicto social. No interesa que el poder judicial sea débil, vulnerable e ineficaz, para así criticarlo cada vez que se discrepe de sus decisiones. Al poder político le gustan mucho más los juristas que se limitan a aplicar de forma literal y neutra la ley. El objetivo primordial del derecho es decidir lo que es justo. La administración de justicia tiene que ser honesta, servida por personas con una sólida formación jurídica; pero, al mismo tiempo, dotadas también de una inseparable formación complementaria en campos tan próximos al derecho como son la ética, la criminología, la educación psicosocial. El lenguaje jurídico debe ser también vehículo de comprensión de la ley. ; We make a great mistake when we forget that law professionals cannot be merely appliers of legal codes, but that they must interpret the law, always from the constitucionalist standpoint. Nobody is aseptic by nature in the face of a social conflict. Legal powers cannot be weak, vulnerable and inefficatious, and we must be able to criticise them when we do not agree with their decisions. Political power prefers jurists who merely apply the law literally and neutrally. The main objective of the law is to decibe what is fair. The administration of justice must be honest, served by people with solid legal training. Hoewer, they must also be endowed with an inseparable complementary training in areas close to law such as ethics, criminology.

El present article és un informe que recull l'estat de les presons i la situació legal a Mèxic i que apunta possibles millores a implementar en aquest àmbit. Per abordar el tema penitenciari a Mèxic, s'inicia l'informe puntualitzant la normativitat específica amb la qual es compta, assenyalant tres articles fonamentals de la Constitució Política dels Estats Units Mexicans i l'existència de la Llei Nacional d'Execució Penal, que actualment impacta en tota la República Mexicana. ; This article presents an overview of the state of the prisons and the legal situation in Mexico and suggests a number of possible improvements that might be implemented in this area. In addressing the issue of the prison system in Mexico, the report begins by outlining the specific regulations currently in force, detailing three fundamental articles of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the existence of the National Law of Criminal Enforcement, which applies throughout the Mexican Republic. ; El presente artículo es un informe que recoge el estado de las cárceles y la situación legal en México y que apunta posibles mejoras a implementar en este ámbito. Para abordar el tema penitenciario en México, se inicia el informe puntualizando la normatividad específica con la que se cuenta, señalando tres artículos fundamentales de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la existencia de la Ley Nacional de Ejecución Penal, que actualmente impacta en toda la República Mexicana

El TJUE ha desarrollado una rica jurisprudencia en torno a la edad como causa de discriminación prohibida, si bien con una exclusiva proyección en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales, pues hasta ahora es el único ámbito donde el Consejo ha ejercido la competencia prevista en el art. 19 TFUE en relación con esta causa de discriminación. Tal y como se articula en la Directiva 2000/78, la edad es merecedora de un nivel intermedio de protección, sobre todo en comparación con otras discriminaciones prohibidas por el Derecho de la Unión, como el sexo o la nacionalidad. Ello se debe a la propia redacción de la Directiva 2000/78, que establece un marco general mínimo para luchar contra la discriminación por razón de edad, circunscrito al ámbito del empleo y la ocupación. No obstante, el TJUE aporta importantes precisiones respecto al alcance y la articulación de las causas de justificación de una diferencia de trato basada en la edad, tal y como se establecen en dicha Directiva, así como respecto a ciertos efectos jurídicos de la no discriminación por razón de la edad, especialmente en las relaciones entre particulares. En este sentido, el TJUE ha afirmado la aplicación supletoria e incluso independiente del principio general del Derecho que prohíbe la discriminación por razón de la edad, también en las relaciones horizontales, siempre que la situación litigiosa se englobe dentro del ámbito de aplicación del Derecho de la Unión. La jurisprudencia Mangold/Kücükdeveci confirma con certeza que la Directiva 2000/78 no ha establecido un principio general de no discriminación por razón de la edad, sino que esta norma está destinada a facilitar la aplicación concreta de este principio general del Derecho en el ámbito del empleo y la ocupación, pero sin alterar el contenido ni el alcance jurídico del mismo. Ahora bien, en el Asunto Kücükdeveci el TJUE ha revisado el fundamento de este principio general del Derecho al entender que, a partir de su positivación en el art. 21 de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales, es ésta la sede desde la que dicho principio despliega sus posibilidades y los límites de su eficacia. Este razonamiento ha sido utilizado por el TJUE para afirmar que otras manifestaciones específicas del principio de no discriminación, como la orientación sexual, también se benefician del estatus de principio general del Derecho de la Unión. ; The ECJ has developed a significant amount of case law on age as a prohibited ground of discrimination, this case law having been so far exclusively reflected in the labour relations field. This is the only field where the Council has exercised the competence set forth in art. 19 of TFEU on this ground of discrimination. Under Directive 2000/78, age is granted an intermediate level of legal protection, especially when compared to other prohibited grounds of discrimination under EU Law, such as sex or nationality. This results from the drafting of Directive 2000/78 itself, which establishes a minimal general framework to fight discrimination on the ground of age, one exclusive to the employment and occupation fields. However, the ECJ provides significant specifications as to the scope and wording of the pleas for unequal treatment on the ground of age, as established in the said Directive. Likewise, the ECJ, details the particular legal effects of non-discrimination on the grounds of age, especially on relations between individuals. In this sense, the ECJ confirms the supplementary, even independent, application of the legal general principle prohibiting discrimination on grounds of age to horizontal relations, provided that the dispute is framed within the EU Law scope of application. The Mangold/Kücükdeveci case law confirms that Directive 2000/78 does not establish a general principle of non-discrimination on grounds of age, but it facilitates the application of this legal General Principle of EU Law to the labour field, without altering the principle's legal content or scope. Yet, in the Kücükdeveci case, the ECJ has reviewed the basis of this General Principle of EU Law, enshrined in Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, upon considering the latter the legal framework within which the principle becomes effective. This has been the reasoning provided by the ECJ so as to hold that other specific manifestations of the principle of non-discrimination, as for instance sexual orientation, are granted the status of General Principles of EU Law as well.