Suchergebnisse

While the creation of public policies usually requires a process of consultation of the stakeholders, foreign policy is an exception to this rule. The concentration of the decision-making competences at the peak of the institutional architecture of the State is a characteristic that has lead scholars to consider it as pertaining to high politics. Nevertheless, identifying the main actors of decision-making is a relevant issue when it comes to the attribution of responsibility for a State's external action. This issue is at the heart of this article, which tries to locate this kind of responsibility for the post-communist Romanian foreign policy. Thus, after outlining the main theoretical tools that can be used for such an endeavor, the author proceeds to examine the legal and institutional framework that circumscribes foreign policy decision-making in Romania. The third part of the article is dedicated to a deeper approach to the informal relations established between the persons holding the key positions in the decision-making apparatus, based on a methodology that triangulates official documents, interviews with Romanian officials, and autobiographic texts published by the latter.

International audience ; A ce point, c'est incertain si ou quand la Constitution Européenne entre dans la force. Néanmoins, elle introduit de nouveaux actes juridiques pour l'Union Européenne. Ceci est la première tentative pour définir une hiérarchie des normes plus claire. Pourquoi de nouveaux actes juridiques étaient-ils nécessaires ? Et les provisions dans la Constitution sont-ils une amélioration en comparaison du système actuel ?

International audience ; A ce point, c'est incertain si ou quand la Constitution Européenne entre dans la force. Néanmoins, elle introduit de nouveaux actes juridiques pour l'Union Européenne. Ceci est la première tentative pour définir une hiérarchie des normes plus claire. Pourquoi de nouveaux actes juridiques étaient-ils nécessaires ? Et les provisions dans la Constitution sont-ils une amélioration en comparaison du système actuel ?

online text on the Council website constitutionnel:http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/cahiers/ccc21/normativite1.htm What is a legal standard remains an issue discussed. If one were to take it into its ontological dimension, it would be illusory to imagine that it could be answered. However, this paper highlights some basic consequences that the reference to a legal standard entails, and seeks a requirement of minimum consistency in its use: thus, to say what a legal norm would mean for a theory that would refer to that concept. This requirement depends both on the concept of a norm of the science of law, and on the conditions under which it can be said to be legal ; texte en ligne sur le site du Conseil constitutionnel : http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/cahiers/ccc21/normativite1.htm Ce qu'est une norme juridique demeure une question discutée. Si on la prenait dans sa dimension ontologique, il serait illusoire d'imaginer pouvoir y répondre. Ce papier souligne cependant quelques élémentaires conséquences que la référence à une norme juridique implique, et rechercher une exigence de cohérence minimale dans son usage : dire donc ce que désignerait une norme juridique pour une théorie qui se référerait à ce concept. Cette exigence dépend à la fois du concept de norme de la science du droit, et des conditions permettant de dire de cette norme qu'elle est juridique

This book comes out at a time of grave uncertainty about the content and the very existence of international legal restraints on the use of force, in the international community as well as among legal scholars. The time is therefore ripe for an in-depth analysis on the methodological issues which constitute the basic bricks on which the legal discourse about the state of the law must be built. By offering the result of an open and frank discussion about the methodology of determining the law on the use of force "at a time of perplexity", this timely book constitutes an invaluable contribution to legal analysis

The reform of Vietnamese criminal law engaged in the early 1980s has proved deceptive: it never led to the de-politicization of penal practices & of the characterization of crimes. The judicial & legal apparatus of social control was merely superimposed upon preexistent disciplinary mechanisms, instead of replacing them. Admittedly, codifying criminal law, rationalizing judiciary organization & reinforcing judicial review have put an end to the lawlessness of the revolutionary era & to "government by morality" -- up to a certain point. But the reinforcement of legality has not established the rule of law, only a "government by the law" of sorts, because it was really only intended to consolidate social control, to provide a legal frame for economic reform, & to supply the regime with a new, legal, rational source of legitimacy. Besides, criminal charges are only superficially de-politicized in the 1999 Criminal Code: the influence of socialist theories of law, revolutionary justice & customary law is still obvious in the definition of criminal responsibility, & the characterization & hierarchy of crimes. Finally, the sentencing system remains essentially the same. Based on repression, exemplary punishment & reeducation, it is a product of socialist theories of social hygiene & certain Vietnamese popular beliefs. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper, I review various questions related to the relationships between banks and private clients, taking into account the impact of the entry into force of the Belgian Code of Private International Law. Among the questions analysed, I review the position of the bank when faced with clients who are married and the impact of the law of marriage. I also review the impact of the death of a client - what are the duties imposed to the bank, how can the bank deal with prospective heirs. All of this focusing exclusively on cross-border relations and hence on questions of applicable law.

This thesis proposes to establish a general theory of the amnesty of political leaders, by considering the legal rules and the constitutional litigation of South Africa, Latin America, the United States, Europe, as well as the international law and where necessary the history of law. Amnesty is a constitutional instrument of intervention in the judicial function, controlled by the other powers. Studying it allows a better analysis of the responsibility of these leaders. The amnesty of political leaders can be the consequence of the inadequacy of their rules of responsibility but it can also be the direct source of their irresponsibility. In the latter case, the new instruments of international law relating to amnesty do not recognize the legal effects of amnesty for particularly serious crimes, because of the function of the leader at the time of the commission of the crime but also of the nature of the last. ; Cette thèse se propose d'établir une théorie générale de l'amnistie des dirigeants politiques, en envisageant les règles juridiques et le contentieux constitutionnel d'Afrique du Sud, d'Amérique latine, des États-Unis, d'Europe, ainsi que le droit international et lorsque c'est nécessaire l'histoire du droit. L'amnistie est un instrument constitutionnel d'intervention dans la fonction judiciaire, contrôlé par les autres pouvoirs. L'étudier permet une meilleure analyse de la responsabilité de ces dirigeants. L'amnistie des dirigeants politiques peut être la conséquence de l'inadaptation de leurs règles de responsabilité mais elle peut également être la source directe de leur irresponsabilité. Dans ce dernier cas les nouveaux instruments de droit international relatifs à l'amnistie ne reconnaissent pas d'effets juridiques à l'amnistie de crimes particulièrement graves, en raison de la fonction du dirigeant au moment de la réalisation du crime mais aussi de la nature de ce dernier.

This thesis proposes to establish a general theory of the amnesty of political leaders, by considering the legal rules and the constitutional litigation of South Africa, Latin America, the United States, Europe, as well as the international law and where necessary the history of law. Amnesty is a constitutional instrument of intervention in the judicial function, controlled by the other powers. Studying it allows a better analysis of the responsibility of these leaders. The amnesty of political leaders can be the consequence of the inadequacy of their rules of responsibility but it can also be the direct source of their irresponsibility. In the latter case, the new instruments of international law relating to amnesty do not recognize the legal effects of amnesty for particularly serious crimes, because of the function of the leader at the time of the commission of the crime but also of the nature of the last. ; Cette thèse se propose d'établir une théorie générale de l'amnistie des dirigeants politiques, en envisageant les règles juridiques et le contentieux constitutionnel d'Afrique du Sud, d'Amérique latine, des États-Unis, d'Europe, ainsi que le droit international et lorsque c'est nécessaire l'histoire du droit. L'amnistie est un instrument constitutionnel d'intervention dans la fonction judiciaire, contrôlé par les autres pouvoirs. L'étudier permet une meilleure analyse de la responsabilité de ces dirigeants. L'amnistie des dirigeants politiques peut être la conséquence de l'inadaptation de leurs règles de responsabilité mais elle peut également être la source directe de leur irresponsabilité. Dans ce dernier cas les nouveaux instruments de droit international relatifs à l'amnistie ne reconnaissent pas d'effets juridiques à l'amnistie de crimes particulièrement graves, en raison de la fonction du dirigeant au moment de la réalisation du crime mais aussi de la nature de ce dernier.