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The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The Supreme Court has been quite intensively, directly and officially involved in the criminal legislation, acting as an institution or through representatives, by initiating, preparing drafts of Criminal Code, criminal law amendments and providing advisory opinions. The aforementioned conclusions of the article are drawn from the analysis of drafts of criminal laws, explanatory notes, opinions and other preparatory documents of the criminal legislation, the legislation in force, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, legal doctrine.

The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ...

An origin, an history of an institute of the court's penal order (hereinafter – penal order) (a form of a simplified criminal process'es model), an influence of the European criminal procedure laws on the criminal code of procedure (hereinafter – the CCP) of the Republic of Lithuania is briefly presented within an introduction of the Master's thesis (hereinafter – Thesis). In addition, some principles of legal regulation and the requirements of legal technique (hereinafter – Requirements) are represented. An hypothesis is then formed that legal regulations of the penal order's issuing process (regulated in the CCP of Lithuania) that violate the principles, Requirements raise problems of applying the institute of the penal order. In order to test the hypothesis, a concept of the penal order's issuing process is represented and the most possibly problematic legal regulations identified in the research. Furthermore, there are ascertained which identified legal regulations conflict with the principles, Requirements; proper legal regulations is then proposed to alter or supplement some provisions of the CCP of Lithuania. The structure of the Thesis includes 2 chapters, 4 paragraphs, conclusions and recommendations for the legislator. In the first chapter (the analysis of the concept of the penal order's issuing process), the penal order issuing process, which is similar in whole jurisdictions, is briefly presented highlighting it's essential features. The second chapter consists of 4 paragraphs that provide the identification of the most possibly problematic legal regulations and statements if and why the legislator violated the principles and Requirements. In the first paragraph, a first problem of the applying of the institute of the penal order is analysed, identifying, that an opportunity to misinterpret the Art. 418 (4), 420 (1) of the CCP exists. Considering the fact that an implied, supplementing and extending the explicit legal regulation, legal regulation is not clear to a law applier (in this case – a prosecutor), because it needs to clarify a legislator's will so that he / she would not send investigating materials and a statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to a court before this court examins a victim's complaint to that, there are ascertained violations of the principle of clarity and the Requirement that legal regulation shall prevent misinterpreting legal norms. There has been resumed that, in order to ensure a purpose of this legal regulation (a victim's title to appeal a prosecutor's decision on completing the process by the way of the penal order in a court. Consequently, in case of this appeal's outcomes' appearing in favor of the victim, the decision would be announced as ineffective and the prosecutor would lose the right to send investigating materials and the statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to the court), the legislator shall clearly (expressis verbis) supplement into the Art. 418 (3) of the CCP a prosecutor's title to apply to a court for issuing a penal order exclusively after a deadline of possibility to implement a victim's right to appeal a prosecutor's decision of completing process by a penal order and a date of receipt of data about not-receiving the appeal from the court, or, in case of receiving it, upon receipt of a copy of the court's decision on the victim's appeal. In the second paragraph, an issue of possibility of misinterpreting the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1), 234 (2) that enables malpractise of removing substantial violations of the CCP in the same manner as unclear case's circumstances, although they are different in nature, is solved. A conclusion was drawn that the problematic legal regulation violates the clarity principle, Requirements that legal norms shall be understandable to the adressees, formulated clearly, simply, there shall be prevented possibility of interpreting them illegaly, because, in case of substantial violations of the CCP, the law applier sees alternative, but not-fulfilling legislator's will, a not-justified way of applying it. It usually applies the Art of 420 (1(2)) (transferring the process from the simplified into the common criminal procedure's model when a judge detects substantial violations of the CCP within case's materials, although the transferring is executed exclusively in case of unclear case's circumstances (the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1(2))), not substantial violations of the CCP, because unclear case's circumstances might be removed in a court, but substantial violations of the CCP might not), 234 (2) of the CCP (returning case's materials then to a prosecutor so that he / she would remove the substantial violations of the CCP), instead of the implicit Art. 234 (2) of the CCP (directly returning case's materials to the prosecutor, without applying the Art of 420 (1(2)) prior (indirectly)). The third paragraph deals with a problem when it is impossible to serve a penal order on the accused in case of his / her hiding and he / she not-having other actors mentioned in the Art. 422 (1) of the CCP. In such a case, the penal order does not acquire legal force, the risk of reaching limitation period becomes large. It is researched whether: 1) in case of participating of a defense attorney in the process, is it possible to serve the penal order on him / her; 2) in case of his / her not-participation, might legal norms, regulating persons' search, be held as implicit, and the term of a defendant's submitting a demand of trying a case in a court be started to count after he / she has been found and with the penal order served; 3) shall a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative be held as a better alternative; 4) is a proposal of the Supreme Court of Lithuania to start the counting from the receipt of data about defendant's hiding justified. The findings show the breach of principles of systematic (the legal norms are inconsistent), effectiveness (the most efficient alternative has not been chosen. As the most efficient one shall be held a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative. The court could send it him / her per e-mail, mail or leave in the court)), Requirements that legal regulation shall be easily implemented, unsophisticated. In the fourth paragraph, a problem of prohibiting a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court according to the common rules of the criminal procedure is tackled. There was concluded that the legislator violated the principles of effectiveness, systematic, the Requirement that legal norms shall be consistent, because the legal regulation is not constitutionally justified, in accordance with it, a prevention of human (a prosecutor's, a judge's) errors is not carried, there are no other opportunities for these subjects to correct those errors, the principle of equality is violated. As a better alternative shall be held allowing a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court. As a result, a content of conclusions drawn in the paragraphs are presented. Furthermore, it is resumed that the hypothesis confirmed fully itself. In the recommendations for the legislator, there is suggested to revise the problematic legal regulations, submitted concrete alterations of the CCP.

The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ; Le début du 21ème siècle a vu s'ériger de profondes réformes législatives qui continuent de bouleverser le droit pénal et la politique criminelle. Elles prennent corps dans une société de risque caractérisée par l'accélération de la modernisation et la production de risques multiformes qui lui sont rattachés. Progressivement, le principe de précaution, emprunté de manière pervertie à l'environnement, et sur un mode incantatoire et répétitif, s'immiscera dans ces matières jusqu'à produire des conséquences sur le principe de légalité qui structure la rationalité pénale moderne, imposer la révision de certains autres grands principes comme celui de la présomption d'innocence et celui de nécessité, et mettre au centre des décisions des notions critiques telle la dangerosité. Sous l'influence du principe de précaution, les concepts-mêmes d'infraction, de responsabilité pénale et de peine sont bousculés avec l'invitation à prendre toujours plus en considération le futur et sa potentialité de danger. Dans cette perspective, et comme pendant au principe de précaution, le droit à la sécurité tend à déplacer la focale sur une approche victimaire de la société au détriment d'une conception ancienne d'un droit pénal fondé sur un équilibre juridique entre sécurité et liberté. Et la politique criminelle guidant ces évolutions fonctionne sur un nouveau modèle qui, dans cette recherche poussée de la sécurité, fait de la précaution à la fois sa finalité interne et sa finalité externe. Cette thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude du principe de précaution appliqué au droit pénal et à la politique criminelle qu'elle examine à la lumière de théories et d'approches pluridisciplinaires. Elle s'attache surtout à travers l'analyse de l'évolution du droit pénal et de certaines thèses criminologiques, à mettre en évidence l'émergence aujourd'hui, et au contact d'une idéologie précautionniste, d'une nouvelle rationalité pénale de précaution fonctionnant selon une méthodologie et avec l'usage d'une terminologie spécifique.

Attention is drawn towards problematic aspects of implementation of international legislation in national criminal law. The idea of international organised crime as of criminality without borders, and of the global problem is raised here. The study analyses the possibilities of confiscation of property; the reader's attention is drawn to extended confiscation of property; it evaluates the topicalities of consolidation of unjust enrichment, as a both radical and efficient measure in the criminal law, also other important issues pertaining to criminal justice. Simultaneously, institutional issues on international cooperation in criminal cases are considered. It is stated that in contemporary world, international legal cooperation in criminal cases is inevitable. Individual states and the European Union create and improve the newly emerging tools of legal cooperation, implement new principles of cooperation, and expand central powers of EU institutions in the cooperation process. Practical application of some new tools (for example, the European arrest warrant) proved their efficiency; it allows thinking that the created new tools, substantiated by application of the same principle of mutual acknowledgement (the European investigation order), will bring tangible results. [.]

Attention is drawn towards problematic aspects of implementation of international legislation in national criminal law. The idea of international organised crime as of criminality without borders, and of the global problem is raised here. The study analyses the possibilities of confiscation of property; the reader's attention is drawn to extended confiscation of property; it evaluates the topicalities of consolidation of unjust enrichment, as a both radical and efficient measure in the criminal law, also other important issues pertaining to criminal justice. Simultaneously, institutional issues on international cooperation in criminal cases are considered. It is stated that in contemporary world, international legal cooperation in criminal cases is inevitable. Individual states and the European Union create and improve the newly emerging tools of legal cooperation, implement new principles of cooperation, and expand central powers of EU institutions in the cooperation process. Practical application of some new tools (for example, the European arrest warrant) proved their efficiency; it allows thinking that the created new tools, substantiated by application of the same principle of mutual acknowledgement (the European investigation order), will bring tangible results. [.]

La fiscalité ne peut être ignorée dans la construction européenne d'un marché intérieur unique. Cependant, la fiscalité étant un des attributs essentiels de la souveraineté étatique, les Etats membres sont particulièrement réticents à délaisser de leurs compétences en ce domaine. Elle n'apparaît donc pas comme un élément-clé de cette construction. Pourtant, dès le Traité de Rome, des choix stratégiques sont opérés, qui vont peu à peu conduire à l'harmonisation de pans entiers de la fiscalité. Si certaines avancées résultent de l'action politique, d'autres progrès seront plus tard le fait des contribuables. L'émergence d'une fiscalité européenne est donc le résultat d'un processus évolutif et interactif impliquant – à des degrés divers – les institutions européennes, les Etats membres et les contribuables. Cette construction connaît cependant des limites, qui sont d'autant plus durement ressenties que la fiscalité prend de plus en plus d'importance, par rapport à d'autres matières, au fur et à mesure de la réalisation du marché intérieur.

The restoration of the independence of the Republic of Lithuania on 11 March 1990 ipso facto implies the beginning of buildup of the new legal system in Lithuania and succession of the best Western values legal traditions. At the same time it is considered to be the starting point for the legal system of the Republic of Lithuania from which it has been beginning to evolve and develop into the direction of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. This is clearly reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in the Referendum of 25 October 1992. The preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania provides that one of the most significant aims of the Lithuanian nation is to strive for an open and harmonious civil society and law-based state. The social nature of human beings pushes them for social interaction and each human being has his own interests which may not always coincide with interest of other individuals. Therefore, a state's high priority task is to ensure that every human being and the whole society is protected by state from unlawful acts. The state is forced to take legal means to disclose the criminal acts committed by the individuals, and limitation of human rights and fundamental freedoms is inevitable. For this purpose, legislation has granted law enforcement authorities the right to use special investigative techniques in conducting the prosecution. It should be noted that the special investigation techniques such as controlled delivery, covert surveillance, electronic surveillance of all forms are legitimate and internationally recognized e.g., 1988 The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic In Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. That encourage national lawmakers transform special investigation methods from criminal surveillance law to criminal procedure law.