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The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le ...

The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le droit pénal. Cette étude se propose de renverser la perspective classique en appréhendant le corps non pas au travers des valeurs qu'il véhicule, mais pour ce qu'il est. L'analyse de la place du corps en droit pénal révèle sa dissimulation fréquente derrière la personne. Lorsqu'il est appréhendé comme un objet autonome, le législateur semble l'assimiler à une valeur sociale protégée. Or, cette première impression est trompeuse car il n'en constitue que le substrat. La vie, l'intégrité physique ou encore la dignité lui sont certes inhérentes, mais le corps n'est que le support concret qui véhicule ces notions abstraites. Il en découle un régime peu satisfaisant, d'une part parce que le traitement réservé aux valeurs sociales protégées ne lui est pas adapté et, d'autre part, car lorsqu'il est traité en dehors du prisme de la personne, il fait l'objet d'une appréhension lacunaire.Face à ces incohérences, cette étude se propose de renouveler le régime octroyé au corps humain en lui appliquant les règles relatives aux catégories juridiques préexistantes – les choses et les personnes. Tirant profit du droit pénal de la personne et du droit pénal des biens, une conception renouvelée du corps émerge en droit pénal.

The mere mention of the body captures the attention. However, criminal law considers it only through the human person and the protection purposes of the latter. The human body is reflected through protected social values which are part and parcel of the person, or more generally of the human being, but it is rarely considered as such. The body, being concealed behind these values, questions its position under criminal law. This study is intented to reverse the traditional approach by addressing the body for what it is and not through the values it conveys.The analysis of the position of the body under criminal law reveals its frequent concealment behind the person. When the body is tackled as an individual object, then the legislator seems to associate it with a protected social value. Yet, this first impression is misleading since it forms only the substratum. Life, physical integrity or dignity are certainly inherent to the body but the latter being only the solid support to convey those abstract notions. All this leads to an unsatisfactory legal regime, firstly because the treatment accorded to protected social values is not suitable to the body and secondly, because when treated outside the person lens, the body is the subject of a flawed apprehension. Faced with these inconsistencies, this study aims to renew the legal regime granted to the human body by applying the rules on the pre-existing legal categories- things and people. By taking advantage of the criminal law regarding people and of criminal law regarding property, a renewed understanding of the body emerges in criminal law. ; La seule évocation du corps humain éveille l'attention. Pourtant, le droit pénal ne s'en saisit qu'à travers la personne humaine et aux fins de protection de cette dernière. Le corps humain apparaît au travers des valeurs sociales protégées consubstantielles à la personne, ou plus généralement à l'humain, mais rarement en tant que tel. Dissimulé derrière ces valeurs, le corps interroge quant à la place que lui accorde le droit pénal. Cette étude se propose de renverser la perspective classique en appréhendant le corps non pas au travers des valeurs qu'il véhicule, mais pour ce qu'il est. L'analyse de la place du corps en droit pénal révèle sa dissimulation fréquente derrière la personne. Lorsqu'il est appréhendé comme un objet autonome, le législateur semble l'assimiler à une valeur sociale protégée. Or, cette première impression est trompeuse car il n'en constitue que le substrat. La vie, l'intégrité physique ou encore la dignité lui sont certes inhérentes, mais le corps n'est que le support concret qui véhicule ces notions abstraites. Il en découle un régime peu satisfaisant, d'une part parce que le traitement réservé aux valeurs sociales protégées ne lui est pas adapté et, d'autre part, car lorsqu'il est traité en dehors du prisme de la personne, il fait l'objet d'une appréhension lacunaire.Face à ces incohérences, cette étude se propose de renouveler le régime octroyé au corps humain en lui appliquant les règles relatives aux catégories juridiques préexistantes – les choses et les personnes. Tirant profit du droit pénal de la personne et du droit pénal des biens, une conception renouvelée du corps émerge en droit pénal.

Studying the family link from a criminal law perspective may seem paradoxical at first sight. Yet this is not the case since the confrontation between these two concepts is as ineluctable as is it necessary. The examination of the impacts of the family link on the repressive rules falls within a multidisciplinary approach and sheds light on two conceptions, whose limits are constantly changing. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current phenomenon of transformation in the criminal protection of families through observation and research; and to break down the principles governing it, so as to better grasp the situation and to give a new orientation towards future implementations. The study reveals the existence of an overall disinterest of the repressive field in the family link precisely where its consideration is a fundamental criterion in the construction and consistent implementation of criminal rules. The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing body of repressive laws and regulations currently in use as well as to establish an unprecedented classification of family offenses. The creation of a functional typology of family offenses in criminal law will make it possible to provide tailored legal tools to deal with this dilemma and to implement a specific criminal policy regarding the family. This endeavour challenges the very existence of the family link in criminal justice and demands not only that it be reintegrated into criminal law at the initial stage of classifying family offenses, but also that it be subsequently taken into consideration when dealing with these offenses. ; Confronter le lien familial au droit pénal peut sembler paradoxal. La contradiction s'efface cependant devant le caractère inéluctable et nécessaire de cette rencontre. L'étude de l'impact spécifique de la présence du lien de famille sur les règles répressives s'inscrit dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et propose de mettre en présence deux objets dont les frontières évoluent constamment. À travers une double perspective d'observation et de prospection, cette recherche propose d'analyser le phénomène actuel de mutation de la protection pénale de la famille et de découvrir les principes qui lui sont propres, dans le but de mieux le saisir et de pouvoir en réorienter les applications futures. L'examen révèle l'existence d'un désintérêt répressif global à l'encontre du lien familial à l'endroit où sa prise en compte constitue un atout fondamental pour l'édification et la mise en œuvre cohérente des règles pénales. Cette étude propose d'analyser l'arsenal répressif existant et se donne pour objectif l'édification théorique d'une classification inédite des infractions familiales. La réalisation d'une typologie fonctionnelle de l'infraction familiale en droit pénal permet de pouvoir lui attribuer un outil de traitement procédural adapté à ses spécificités et d'aboutir à la mise en œuvre d'une politique pénale familiale spécifique. Cette ambition questionne la réalité du lien familial pénal et appelle, d'une part, à réinsérer le droit pénal dans le lien familial au stade de la classification des infractions familiales, et, d'autre part, à intégrer le lien familial dans le droit pénal au stade du traitement des infractions familiales.

Introduction: Studying European Ways of Law -- A - Theorising 'European' Legal Culture. 1. Images of Europe in Sociolegal Traditions ; 2. American and European Ways of Law: Six Entrenched Differences ; 3. La place paradoxale de la culture juridique Americaine dans la mondialisation ; 4. Globalisation and the Rise of Procedural Informalism in Europe and America ; 5. American and European Forms of Social Theory reflecting Social Practice -- B - Re-constructing Europe. 6. 'Cold War Law': Legal Entrepreneurs and the Emergence of a European Legal Field (1945-1965) ; 7. The Transformation of Sub-State Nationalism in Conflicted Societies: the Impact of European Constitutionalism ; 8. Is There the Spirit of the European Laws? Critical Remarks on the EU Constitution-making, Enlargement and Political Culture ; 9. How to Conceptualise Law in European Union Integration Processes? Perspectives from the Literature and Empirical Research -- C - European Styles of Legal Regulation. 10. EU Ways of Governing the Marketing of Pharmaceuticals-a Shift towards more Integration, Better Consumer Protection and Better Regulation? ; 11. Embedded and Disembedded Rationality: Contributions to Global Governance from European and US American Legal Cultures ; 12. Dutch Legal Culture and Technological Transitions-the Impact of Dutch Government Interventions ; 13. Early Intervention and the Cultures of Youth Justice: A Comparison of Italy and Wales.

The article presents legal solutions of the European Union (EU) and Member States (MS) with respect to the digitalisation of company law. We analyse and evaluate the EU's efforts to overcome the backlog of legislation concerning technological development, with legal solutions in the field of the electronic formation and registration of companies and in shareholders' communication with company board members. The analysis shows that company law in the EU is lagging behind technological development. Despite ongoing dynamic efforts to modernise it on the EU level, the MS reveal differences in their speed of implementing the EU's directives. The case of Slovenia shows that while digital tools are in wide use for ensuring transparent data disclosure and publication, along with the realisation of basic corporate governance functions, big differences remain between the minority of companies traded on the regulated market and the majority of companies for which such regulation is deficient. Keywords: digitalisation, electronic means, block chain technology, company registration, shareholders' general meeting (SGM), COVID-19 pandemic