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Still in Russia and abroad, questions about implementation of the right to life and right to death are controversial, and as a consequence, the threat of killing the person by the use of euthanasia does not cease to be relevant. Russian criminal law provides criminal responsibility for the murder, which is a variety of ways, however, standards meeting the requirements of the safe existence of terminally ill people, including those not able to be fully aware of the incurability of the disease, is not provided. The legislator attempted criminal prohibitions of the use of euthanasia, however, in the current criminal law of the Russian Federation the data of rules. In this connection, many questions of law enforcement practice in the sphere of criminal-law protection of the safety of life and human health remain uncertain. The given circumstances testify to the fact that the study of issues of qualification of crimes against life and health becomes more fundamental. The article analyzes the problematic issues of demarcation of euthanasia from murder and suicide, and the author's article, providing for the criminal-legal prohibition of the use of euthanasia that will contribute to the improvement of law enforcement practice.

This article analysis the international acts and standards of the foreign criminal legislation providing questions of counteraction to cyberterrorism.

The study of the constitutional and legal basis of the status of migrants will allow to determine and summarize the rights and obligations of these persons, which significantly affect the formation of legal social order. This article discusses the constitutional, legal and administrative basis of the status of migrants, regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Considering the issue of the current state of the migration legislation of the Russian Federation, the theoretical aspect of migration as the mobilization of people to change their permanent residence is highlighted. The causes of this phenomenon and the classification of categories of migrants are determined. The definitions of external and internal migrants are differentiated, on the basis of which the constitutional norms of foreign persons who entered the territory of the Russian Federation are further studied. According to Federal laws, the basic rights and obligations of immigrants who entered the Russian Federation for different definitions of reasons and circumstances are distinguished. The article considers the administrative and legal basis of the status of migrants in the context of a violation of the rule of law according to the norms of the Code of administrative violations. The Institute of citizenship is singled out as a status that directly affects the scope of individual rights and freedoms, which allows it to be singled out as a special status of a migrant. In conclusion, the above topic is summarized

Рассмотрены вопросы правового статуса криптовалюты открытого типа (аналог биткоин) в российском уголовном праве. При отсутствии определенности в части гражданско-правовой легализации и системного нормативного закрепления понятия виртуальной валюты и порядка оборота подобных цифровых активов, а также при отсутствии запрета на такой оборот в рамках регулятивного законодательства, с учетом колоссального увеличения числа операций с криптовалютами и, как следствие, повышенных криминогенных рисков возникает объективная потребность в установлении содержания этого явления при выполнении задач по охране общественных отношений от совершения уголовных преступлений. До разрешения «регулятивных» правовых вопросов уголовное право вынуждено выполнять не свойственную ему функцию и находить существующие подходящие правовые инструменты в целях эффективной борьбы с совершаемыми преступлениями, а также противодействия их совершению. Авторы на основе анализа действующих норм, разъяснений Верховного суда Российской Федерации, научных трудов, зарубежного опыта предложили понимание криптовалюты как иного имущества — цифрового актива, бестелесного имущества — при квалификации преступлений.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08 ; The article deals with the legal status of an open type cryptocurrency (bitcoin analogue) in the Russian criminal law. In the absence of certainty in the part of civil law legalization and of systematic normative consolidation of the concept of virtual currency and the order of circulation of such digital assets, and in the absence of a ban on such turnover in the framework of regulatory legislation, taking into account the enormous increase in operations with cryptocurrencies, and as a result of increased criminogenic risks, there is an objective need to establish the content of this phenomenon in the performance of tasks to protect the public relations from criminal offence. To consider these "regulatory" legal issues, criminal law is forced to perform a different function and to find the existing suitable legal tools to prevent and combat crimes. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the existing norms, explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, scientific works, foreign experience suggested understanding of cryptocurrency as a different property — a digital asset, disembodied property — in the qualification of crimes.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

the article is devoted to the topical problem of IKT Constitution legal development of legislation by formation and activity of e-government. The authors considers acceptance of the Law about e-government has become a progressive step in improving the legislation of the country. The article review the features of the new Law about e-government.

В статье рассматривается уголовно-правовая характеристика изнасилования ; а также анализируется законодательство в изучаемой сфере и раскрывается уголовную ответственность за данные преступления. Автор исследует судебную практику относительно опасных преступлений против личности. ; In the article ; the author considers the criminal law characteristics of rape ; as well as analyzes the legislation in the field under study and reveals the criminal liability for these crimes. The author explores judicial practice regarding dangerous crimes against the individual.

Summary When Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004, the law of European Communities became an integral part of law of the Republic of Lithuania. While the system of criminal law sources is expanding, whereby one legal norm complements or replaces another or there is a competition between them, objective and subjective reasons which cause the occurrence of potential judicial errors tend to arise. In this respect, the official doctrines of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the formation of uniform judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania become increasingly important. The aim of the present thesis is to review in principle the established system of criminal law sources in a systematic manner by expanding it with new forms of kinds of legal sources, presenting the concept of the EU acquis and certain peculiarities of co-operation between courts and the police in the European Union, inter alia the paper reveals: 1) the semantic importance of the use of legal terminology and criteria for distinguishing sources of legal norms and sources of legal thought; 2) specifics of criminal law sources of the Republic of Lithuania and ideas reflected in them during various stages of the evolution of the state and legal sources and priorities of changed protected legal values in the new Criminal Code of the Rpulic of Lithuania; 3) subornation and correlation of standard sources of criminal law; 4) the content of different forms of criminal law sources and relationship with others sources, examples of judicial practice, potential problems and their solutions, the significance of alternative legal sources and their relation to criminal law through the logical structure of criminal law norm as well as examples when sources of other branches of law become ad hoc and criminal law sources; 5) concrete examples aimed at proving the application of generally accepted principles in criminal law and their constitutionalised recognition as Lithuanian criminal law sources; 6) the issue of independence of courts, the significance of recognition of court judgements and official doctrine as criminal law sources in the context of enforcing justice by emphasising the growing importance of the Constitutional Court in the negative and positive legislation process; 7) attention is paid to active participation of criminal law scholars by amending, supplementing or repealing norms of criminal law sources in the processes of criminalisation and decriminalisation, penalisation and depenalisation in order to avoid chaotic criminal law source replacement procedures initiated by the legislator. The conclusions formulated at the end of this thesis reflect the key aspects of results achieved during this study

Summary When Lithuania joined the European Union on 1 May 2004, the law of European Communities became an integral part of law of the Republic of Lithuania. While the system of criminal law sources is expanding, whereby one legal norm complements or replaces another or there is a competition between them, objective and subjective reasons which cause the occurrence of potential judicial errors tend to arise. In this respect, the official doctrines of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the formation of uniform judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania become increasingly important. The aim of the present thesis is to review in principle the established system of criminal law sources in a systematic manner by expanding it with new forms of kinds of legal sources, presenting the concept of the EU acquis and certain peculiarities of co-operation between courts and the police in the European Union, inter alia the paper reveals: 1) the semantic importance of the use of legal terminology and criteria for distinguishing sources of legal norms and sources of legal thought; 2) specifics of criminal law sources of the Republic of Lithuania and ideas reflected in them during various stages of the evolution of the state and legal sources and priorities of changed protected legal values in the new Criminal Code of the Rpulic of Lithuania; 3) subornation and correlation of standard sources of criminal law; 4) the content of different forms of criminal law sources and relationship with others sources, examples of judicial practice, potential problems and their solutions, the significance of alternative legal sources and their relation to criminal law through the logical structure of criminal law norm as well as examples when sources of other branches of law become ad hoc and criminal law sources; 5) concrete examples aimed at proving the application of generally accepted principles in criminal law and their constitutionalised recognition as Lithuanian criminal law sources; 6) the issue of independence of courts, the significance of recognition of court judgements and official doctrine as criminal law sources in the context of enforcing justice by emphasising the growing importance of the Constitutional Court in the negative and positive legislation process; 7) attention is paid to active participation of criminal law scholars by amending, supplementing or repealing norms of criminal law sources in the processes of criminalisation and decriminalisation, penalisation and depenalisation in order to avoid chaotic criminal law source replacement procedures initiated by the legislator. The conclusions formulated at the end of this thesis reflect the key aspects of results achieved during this study

In this work the author aspires to fully explore the importance of European Union law for the national criminal law. This is done by taking a closer look at the European Union law and how it is incorporated into national law. Author is analyzing different types of European Union legal acts and how they directly influence national and national criminal law. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the European Union legal acts types, their adoption procedures and how they influence Lithuanian legal system. It is analyzed how European Union law is influencing national legislation and the author mentions some aspects that should be taken into consideration when national law is being harmonized with European Union law requirements. In the second part of the work a direct look is taken at the primary and secondary European Union legal acts influence for the national criminal law system. Moreover, it is analyzed how European Union law is incorporated into national law and what influence it has. Finally, some of international conventions are reviewed, precisely the ones that have influence for national criminal law formation. In the final part of the paper particular institutes of national criminal law are examined. These are the institutes that are highly influenced by European Union legal acts, such as liability of natural an legal persons, stages in the commission of crime, aiding and abetting. The author analyses how European Union legal acts regarding the mentioned institutes are implemented in national criminal law. Besides, one of the most important European Union legal cooperation institutes is examined – the European Union arrest order. Its pros and cons are compared to previously adopted extradition mechanism.

In this work the author aspires to fully explore the importance of European Union law for the national criminal law. This is done by taking a closer look at the European Union law and how it is incorporated into national law. Author is analyzing different types of European Union legal acts and how they directly influence national and national criminal law. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the European Union legal acts types, their adoption procedures and how they influence Lithuanian legal system. It is analyzed how European Union law is influencing national legislation and the author mentions some aspects that should be taken into consideration when national law is being harmonized with European Union law requirements. In the second part of the work a direct look is taken at the primary and secondary European Union legal acts influence for the national criminal law system. Moreover, it is analyzed how European Union law is incorporated into national law and what influence it has. Finally, some of international conventions are reviewed, precisely the ones that have influence for national criminal law formation. In the final part of the paper particular institutes of national criminal law are examined. These are the institutes that are highly influenced by European Union legal acts, such as liability of natural an legal persons, stages in the commission of crime, aiding and abetting. The author analyses how European Union legal acts regarding the mentioned institutes are implemented in national criminal law. Besides, one of the most important European Union legal cooperation institutes is examined – the European Union arrest order. Its pros and cons are compared to previously adopted extradition mechanism.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.