In the context of the Human Rights Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Bristih Institute of International and Comparative Law undertook a project on "Human Rights in International Law and Iran". One of the outputs of this project is the publication of the present book, designed as a practical guide and reference book for foreign jurists and human rights defenders ... (Quelle: Text Verlagseinband / Verlag)
"Te Mātāpunenga sets out the terms and concepts of Māori customary law as they are recorded in traditional Māori accounts and historical records, along with modern interpretations of the terms and concepts, the contexts for their cited uses, etymological information, regional differences, and the manner in which customary concepts have been recognised or modified by the legislative and judicial branches of the New Zealand government since 1840. It provides an authoritative point of reference for those wishing to engage in the ongoing public discourse on the future shape of the legal system of our country"--Publisher information
Background and Aim: About one-third of Iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. Using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. Based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran. Materials and Methods: Initially, a mixed methods research is carried out by a phenomenological qualitative study, a discussion session by traffic injuries' stakeholders was performed to assess & discuss the opportunities and threats to mandatory law of child restraint usage in Iran, by brain storming method to find the themes in the related topic. A structured questionnaire is later prepared and completed by the stakeholders in the area of road traffic injuries. Assigned scores of 0-100 were considered for each response and analysis of results was performed according to target themes & the total score of the filled questionnaires.Results: Overall, 28 stakeholders participated in the study. According to the stakeholders, traffic police department obtained the highest score of 90 (from 0-100) as an organization to establish the mandatory law of child restraint usage, and acquired the score of 100 for future enforcement and monitoring. As threats and obstacle to the mandatory law of child restraint usage, lack of television and media campaigns and child restraint law and legislation, obtained the highest scores of 85 & 70 respectively. And family sensitivity to their children's health, officials' support and national facilities for broadcasting, and community awareness to use child restraints had the highest scores among existing opportunities and facilities in the country, by scores of 83, 69 and 68 respectively.Conclusion: Due to sensitivity of the family about their children's health & safety, and officials' support to safety establishment through media campaigns, implementation and applicability of child restraint usage laws and legislations, and subsequent enforcement and monitoring seem practical. ReferencesIsna.ir/fa, 13th May 2012.National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2003, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009. (www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status date of access 12 September 2012.Jacobs G, AaronThomas A, Astrop A. Estimating global road fatalities. London: Transport Research Laboratory, (TRL Report 445), First Published 2000, ISSN 0968-4107. Nantulya VM, Reich MR. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324:1139.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global health problem. Lancet 2004; 367:1533-1540.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3035. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2003. Available at: http://www.ntl.bts.gov/Lib/24000/24400/24490/25935_wps3 035.pdf. Data of access June 2012.Montazeri A. Road-traffic-related mortality in Iran: A descriptive study. Public Health 2004; 118: 110- 3.Soori H, Masoudinegad M R. Azari R M. Analysis of opportunities and legal obstacle in control of road traffic injury in Iran. Final report. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention research center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2008.Kahane, C. An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and Benefits of Safety Seats, Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation1986.World report on child injury prevention, World Health Organization 2008. Global Status Report on Road Safety. www.who.int/entity/violence safety./state of road_safety_en.pdf , access28 August.Phyllis F. AGRAN, PAuL F. WEHRL E. Injury Reduction by Mandatory Child Passenger Safety Laws. AJPH 1985; 75(2): 129.Najafi H. Research methodology in educational science and psychology, Tehran, Ahsan, 2007, first edition, page 62.Zaza S, Sleet D A, Thompson R S, Sosin DM , Bolen J C. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats. Am J Prev Med 2001; 21(4 Suppl), 31-47.Desapriya E B, Iwase N, Pike I, Brussoni M, Papsdorf M. Child motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian casualties before and after enactment of child restraint seats legislation in Japan. Inj Control Saf Promot 2004; 11(4): 225-230.Staunton C, Davidson S, Kegler S, DawsonL, Powell K, Dellinger A. Critical gaps in child passenger safety practices, surveillance, and legislation: Georgia, 2001. Pediatrics 2005; 115(2): 372-379.Cameron L, Segedin E, Nuthall G, Thompson J. Safe restraint of the child passenger. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42(12): 752-757.Bingham CR, Eby DW, Hockanson HM, Greenspan AI. Factors influencing the use of booster seats: a state-wide survey of parents. Accid Anal Prev. 2006; 38(5):1028-1037.Ehiri J, King W, Ejere H, Mouzon P. Effects of Interventions to Increase Use of Booster Seats in Motor Vehicles for 4-8 Year Olds. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2006.GunnVL, Phillippi R M, Cooper WO. Improvement in Booster Seat Use in Tennessee. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 131-136.Winston FK, Kallan MJ, Elliott M R, Xie D, Durbin D R. Effect of Booster Seat Laws on Appropriate Restraint Use by Children 4 to 7 Years Old Involved in Crashes. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2007; 161:270-275.NHTSA. Preliminary Data Indicate That Booster Seat Laws Increase Child Safety Seat Use.Traffic Safety Facts. Traffic Tech, 331. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007.Robertson L. Automobile seat belt use in selected countries, states and provinces with and without laws requiring belt use. Accid Anal and Prev 1978; 10:5-10.Stulginskas J V, Pless B. Effects of a seat belt law on child restraint use. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137:582-585. Wagenaar A C, Webster D W. Preventing Injuries to Children Through Compulsory Automobile Safety Seat Use, Pediatrics 1986; 78 (4) : 662-672.Decina LE, Lococo KH, Ashburn W, William B, Rose H J. Identifying Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of Booster Seat Laws, Draft Final Report, May 2008, www.nhtsa.dot.gov.Connell P M M. An evaluation of the Virginia 2002, Child passenger safety law: determining if the law reduced motor vehicle crash injuries and fatality. Virginia Common wealth University Richmond April, 2009.Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners London, FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society, 2009.Istre G R, Stowe M, McCoy M A, Moore B, Culica D, Womack K N, Anderson R J. Anna B. Preventing unintentional injuries in Indigenous children and youth in Canada .Paediatr Child Health 2012; 17(7):393.
زمینه و هدف: آموزش علاوه بر اینکه یکی از مصادیق مهم حقوق بشر است، ابزاری مهم برای تحقق سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر نیز به شمار میرود. تضمین و اجرای حق آموزش مقدمه تضمین و اجرای سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر میباشد. حق بر آموزش ابتدعاً در قامت یک اصل کلی و منعطف که فاقد تعهدات حقوقی مشخص و الزامآور بود، در قالب اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر پذیرفته شد. به علت تفاوتهای بنیادینی که در نظامهای حقوقی ـ سیاسی دولتها وجود داشت، توسعه و تقویت حق مزبور به نظامهای حقوقی منطقهای و داخلی سپرده شد. مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه با روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی، ابتدا مفهوم شهروندی و اهمیت آموزش بحث و بررسی خواهد شد. پس از مشخصشدن وضعیت متغیر مزبور، اهداف فرآیند آموزشی و مفهوم «حق بر آموزش» برای تبیین دقیقتر چارچوب کلی مسأله اصلی پژوهش حاضر و سپس آموزش دموکراسی، تسامح و تساهل به عنوان معیار اصلی برای ترویج شهروندی دموکراتیک مورد بحث و بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است. یافتهها: در چارچوب حق بر توانمندسازی، آموزش سازکاری است که با استفاده از آن، افراد میتوانند ابزارهای لازم را برای مشارکت کامل در جوامع به دست آورند. آموزش نقش بسیار مهمی را در توانمندسازی اقشار آسیبپذیر، ترویج حقوق بشر و دموکراسی، فراهم کردن زمینههای لازم برای توسعه پایدار و. ایفا میکند، در نتیجه آموزش به عنوان یکی از بهترین سرمایهگذاریهای مادی و معنوی محسوب میشود که یک دولت میتواند در راستای توسعه، پیشرفت و رفاه شهروندان خود، انجام دهد. نتیجهگیری: تحولات حق بر آموزش و اجرا و تضمین آن در چارچوب دکترین شهروندی دموکراتیک و در نتیجه، ارتباط آن با توسعه و تقویت مفهوم حکومت قانون و عناصر تشکیلدهنده آن، در فرآیند تربیت شهروندان پایبند به دموکراسی و ایجاد یک نظام حقوقی ـ سیاسی که اصلیترین و کارآمدترین ضمانت اجرای آن فشار واقعی افکار عمومی و مطالبهگری عموم مردم خواهد بود، نقش اساسی ایفا کند. ; Background and Aim: Education is not only one of the important examples of human rights but also an important tool for the realization of other examples of human rights. The guarantee and enforcement of this right is a prelude to the guarantee and enforcement of other instances of human rights. The right to education was initially recognized as a general and flexible principle that had no clear and binding legal obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Due to the fundamental differences that existed in the legal-political systems of governments, the development and strengthening of this right was entrusted to regional and domestic legal systems. Materials and Methods: In this study with analytical-descriptive method, first the concept of citizenship and the importance of education will be discussed. After determining the status of this variable, the objectives of the educational process and the concept of "right to education" will be considered to explain more precisely the general framework of the main issue of the present study. In the third step, the teaching of democracy, tolerance and tolerance as the main criteria for promoting democratic citizenship will be discussed. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Findings: Within the framework of the right to empowerment, education is a mechanism by which individuals can acquire the tools necessary for full participation in society. Education plays a very important role in empowering the vulnerable, promoting human rights and democracy, providing the necessary conditions for sustainable development, and so on. As a result, education is considered as one of the best materials and spiritual investments that a government can make for the development, progress and welfare of its citizens. Conclusion: Developments in the right to education and implementation and its guarantee within the framework of the doctrine of democratic citizenship and, consequently, its relationship with the development and strengthening of the concept of rule of law and its constituent elements can in the process of educating citizens committed to democracy and creating a legal-political system. The main and most effective guarantee of its implementation will be the real pressure of public opinion and public demand, to play a key role. Please cite this article as: Rostami S, Soleymanzadeh T. A Rethinking of the Concept of Right to Education in the Light of Democratic Citizenship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 173-186.
Ko ngā muka oÿ te rino : threads of the two-stranded rope / Rhonda Powell, Elisabeth McDonald, Māmari Stephens and Rosemary Hunter -- Law in Aotearoa New Zealand / Māmari Stephens and Rhonda Powell -- Introducing the feminist and mana wahine judgments / Rosemary Hunter, Māmari Stephens, Elisabeth McDonald and Rhonda Powell -- Taylor v Attorney General [2015] NZHC 1706, commentary : disengaging the disengaged / Margaret Wilson and Julia Amua Whaipooti, judgment : Mihiata Pirini and Lisa Yarwood -- Brooker v Police [2007] NZSC 307, commentary : rights balancing rejected / Ursula Cheer, judgment : Janet McLean -- Ruka v Department of Social Welfare [1997] 1 NZLR 154, commentary : defining a relationship for the purposes of state support / Catriona MacLennan, judgment : Māmari Stephens -- Lawson v Housing New Zealand [1997] 2 NZLR 474, commentary : state housing, market rents and families facing eviction / Dean R Knight, judgment : Natalie Baird -- Seales v Attorney-General [2015] NZHC 1239, commentary : the potential interface of gender and vulnerability in legal contexts / Kate Diesfeld, judgment : Joanna Manning -- Hallagan v Medical Council of New Zealand HC Wellington CIV-2010-485-222, 2 December 2010, commentary : whose choice, whose conscience? / Colin Gavaghan, judgment : Rhonda Powell -- Re W [PPPR] ('Re Williams[PPPR]') (1993) 11 FRNZ 108, commentary : caring for the pregnant woman / Rosemary Hunter, judgment : Holly Hedley -- Quilter v Attorney General [1997] NZCA 207, commentary : same-sex marriage and the Marriage Act / Wendy Aldred, judgment : Clare Abaffy -- Amo'h v Ajo'h (Caldwell v Caldwell) [2010] NZFC 48, commentary : the case of the missing woman / Erin Ebborn, judgment: Ruth Ballantyne -- V v V [2002] NZFLR 1105, commentary : a fair share of the pavlova? / Vivienne Crawshaw and Khyati Shah, judgment : John Adams -- Lankow v Rose [1995] 1 NZLR 277, commentary : property division on the breakdown of a de facto relationship : the search for a just outcome / Nicola Peart and Kyla Mullen, judgment : Mark Bennett -- Director of Human Rights Proceedings v Goodrum [2002] NZHRRT 13, commentary : the challenge of proving discrimination in the face of bias and gender stereotyping / Sam Bookman and Gayathiri Ganeshan, judgment : Selene Mize -- Air Nelson v C [2011] NZCA 466, commentary : she said, he said, from myth to reality / Annick Masselot, judgment : Jenny Catran and Martha Coleman -- Stephens v Barron [2014] NZCA 82, commentary : should company law principles affect duty of care analysis? / Liesle Theron, judgment : Victoria Stace -- Bruce v Edwards [2002] NZCA 294, commentary : taonga tuku iho, the generational treasure of land / Jacinta Ruru, judgment : Kerensa Johnston and Mariah Hori Te Pa -- Waipapakura v Hempton (1914) 33 NZLR 1065, commentary : whitebait for the people / John Dawson, judgment : Emma Gattey -- Squid Fishery Management Company Ltd v Minister of Fisheries (CA39/04, 7 April 2004), commentary : an ecofeminist approach to the impact of fisheries on sea lion mortality / Joanna Mossop, judgment: Nicola Wheen -- West Coast Ent Inc v Buller Coal Lltd [2013] NZSC 87, commentary : broadening an ethic of care to recognise responsibility for climate change / Catherine Iorns, judgment : Estair van Wagner -- R v S [2015] NZHC 801, commentary : reasonable grounds to believe an unconscious woman is consenting? : the relevance of advance consent / Elisabeth McDonald, judgment : Paulette Benton-Greig -- R v Sturm [2004] 1 NZLR 570, commentary : "well, what did you think would happen?" / Cassandra Mudgway, judgment : Sarah Croskery-Hewitt -- Vuletich v R [2010] NZCA 102, commentary : when is sexual violence against adults unusual? : the admissibility of propensity evidence / Elisabeth McDonald, judgment: Carissa Cross -- Police v Kawiti [2000] 1 NZLR 117, commentary : Kāwiti at the centre / Julia Tolmie and Khylee Quince, judgment : Khylee Quince and Julia Tolmie -- R v Wang [1990] 2 NZLR 529, commentary : finding a plausible and credible narrative of self-defence / Lexie Kirkconnell-Kawana and Alarna Sharratt, judgment : Brenda Midson -- R v Te Tomo [2012] NZHC 71, commentary : the truth about sentencing Maori women : giving context to the meaning of mana wahine / Linda Hasan-Stein and Valmaine Toki, judgment : Valmaine Toki -- R v Taueki [2005] NZCA 174, commentary : sentencing guidelines for domestic violence : the missing factors / Yvette Tinsley, judgment : Frances Gourlay.
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The first Iranian woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, Shirin Ebadi has inspired millions around the globe through her work as a human rights lawyer defending women and children against a brutal regime in Iran. Now Ebadi tells her story of courage and defiance in the face of a government out to destroy her, her family, and her mission: to bring justice to the people and the country she loves. For years the Islamic Republic tried to intimidate Ebadi, but after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad rose to power in 2005, the censorship and persecution intensified. The government wiretapped Ebadi's phones, bugged her law firm, sent spies to follow her, harassed her colleagues, detained her daughter, and arrested her sister on trumped-up charges. It shut down her lectures, fired up mobs to attack her home, seized her offices, and nailed a death threat to her front door. Despite finding herself living under circumstances reminiscent of a spy novel, nothing could keep Ebadi from speaking out and standing up for human dignity. But it was not until she received a phone call from her distraught husband--and he made a shocking confession that would all but destroy her family--that she realized what the intelligence apparatus was capable of to silence its critics. The Iranian government would end up taking everything from Shirin Ebadi--her marriage, friends, and colleagues, her home, her legal career, even her Nobel Prize--but the one thing it could never steal was her spirit to fight for justice and a better future. This is the amazing, at times harrowing, simply astonishing story of a woman who would never give up, no matter the risks. Just as her words and deeds have inspired a nation, Until We Are Free will inspire you to find the courage to stand up for your beliefs; advance praise for Until We Are Free: "Shirin Ebadi is quite simply the most vital voice for freedom and human rights in Iran"--Reza Aslan, author of No god but God and Zealot : The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth; "A riveting account of a brave, lonely struggle. Reads like a police thriller, its drama heightened by Ebadi's determination to keep up the quotidian aspects of her family life"--The Washington Post Book World; "A must-read. may be the most important book you could read this year"--Seattle Post-Intelligencer; "As a testament to how a single, inspired voice can rise above the cacophony. The book should be required reading"--The Nation; "Some of her admirers in Iran call her a woman of steel. Sure, ...
