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The authors of the article discuss international humanitarian law (IHL) as a normative mechanism for the protection and defense of victims of armed conflicts. The problems of IHL due to the loss of effectiveness of international legal regulation are pointed out. The aim of the article is a broad theoretical-legal and international-practical analysis of the transformations of the legal system under conditions of war. The basis of this scientific search was a system of methodology, which includes a complex of three levels of philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods and a group of approaches, conditioned by the subject of the research. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the current system of international legal regulation has significant drawbacks. The most significant of them is the declarative character of the rules, caused by the absence of an effective system of accountability and the failure to update the doctrine of IHL rules in the light of new challenges and transformations of the political and social reality. In addition, the analysis of the organizational and administrative problems of the regulation of the law of war indicated that the institutional guarantees in a military conflict also need revision.

In the modern history of Western Civilisation, the term "terrorism" has been used without the appropriate care, making it a very vague and diffuse one. On the other hand, a more precise concept –which is similar to the partisan described by Carl Schmitt- ; En la historia moderna de la civilización occidental, el término "terrorismo" ha sido utilizado sin escrúpulos, haciéndolo bastante vago y difuso. En contraposición, se propone un concepto –cercano al de partisano de Carl Schmitt- más concreto y objetivo

En Colombia, el INMLCF1administra la base de datos genéticos con fines de investigación criminal, en ella se almacenan perfiles de ADN (datos de carácter personal) de víctimas (de desaparición forzada y familiares de los desaparecidos), de personas relacionadas con la autoría de un delito y de vestigios encontrados en el lugar de los hechos. Sin embargo el marco regulatorio actual no delimita los criterios de uso de la base de datos genéticos con fines de investigación criminal de cara a la protección de los derechos fundamentales (derecho a la intimidad). El análisis de la normatividad de los países de referencia (Argentina, España y Reino Unido) permitió identificar los criterios de uso de la base de datos de perfiles de ADN y los aspectos primordiales a incluir en una propuesta de regulación para Colombia. La caracterización de la legislación colombiana permitió establecer el estado actual de la regulación y los vacios normativos existentes. Como resultado se obtiene la presente propuesta que contiene los parámetros normativos aplicables a Colombia, incluyendo el tratamiento especial que debe darse a cada uno de los perfiles de ADN, dependiendo de la persona que provenga ya sean víctimas, familiares, indiciados, condenados o vestigios. ; In Colombia, the INMLCF (National Agency of Forensic Science and Medicine) administrates DNA databases in criminal investigations. This is used for storing the DNA data of victims (of forced disappearance and of relatives of the disappeared) as well as those responsible for committing crimes, including remains found at the scene of the crime. However, the current regulatory framework does not delimit the outlines for use of the Colombian DNA databases in criminal investigation with respect to protecting fundamental rights (the right to privacy). On the one hand, an analysis of the prevailing norms in the countries chosen as case studies (Argentina, Spain and the United Kingdom) allows criteria for the use of the DNA database, and the key aspects to be included in regulation in Colombia, to be identified; on the other hand, characterizing Colombian legislation makes it possible to establish the current state of the regulation and locate gaps in the normative procedures. This facilitates the proposal around the normative parameters applicable in Colombia, including the way in which each DNA data should be handled, depending on the person from whom it is taken both victims, relatives, suspects, condemned criminal or remains of genetic material. ; Maestría

This article, which is the result of research, clearly points out the sub-rules that have been determined in Colombia through the creation of an autonomous crime, called by the legislator as Feminicide, which expresses a guarantee to a social problem in which, Crimes against women have escalated and lead to punishable conduct such as homicide and homicide attempts. For this reason, it is indicated that, although it is true that it is considered an autonomous crime, it has been investigated about its pertinence, to obtain a certainty about phenomena such as impunity or true legal certainty, therefore, questions have been raised, objectives, thematic developments and other elements that allow us to discuss on the subject of study. ; El presente artículo, resultado de investigación, puntualiza de forma clara, las subreglas que en Colombia se han determinado a través de la creación de un delito autónomo, denominado por el legislador como Feminicidio, que expresa una garantía a una problemática social en la cual, los delitos contra la mujer se han recrudecido y derivan en conductas punibles como el homicidio y las tentativas. Por tal motivo se indica, que, si bien es cierto, se considera un delito autónomo, se ha investigado acerca de su pertinencia, para obtener una certeza acerca de fenómenos como la impunidad o la verdadera seguridad jurídica, por tanto, se han planteado preguntas, objetivos, desarrollos temáticos y otros elementos que permiten discurrir sobre el tema de estudio

The objective of the study was to determine the legality of the application of coercive medical measures and to develop recommendations to improve the legislative regulation of their use. The study included data on the number of offenders with mental disorders; the empirical background was the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercive medical measures; provisions of the legislation of 31 countries. Methods of system approach, comparison, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach, prognosis were used. The national criminal law of most states regulates the application of coercive medical measures to persons who have committed a crime in a state of limited sanity or insanity or have acquired it before sentencing or during the execution of the sentence, but its practical application causes several complications. It is concluded that the legislative definition of coercive medical measures corresponds to human rights legislation. But there are problems with its practical application. Proposals were made to amend national and international legislation: to broaden the range of grounds for the application of coercive medical measures; regulate the possibility of early termination of a coercive medical measure; oblige the courts to determine the appropriate terms.

Desde los acontecimientos del 11 de septiembre de 2001 y la crisis financiera de 2008, la categoría excepción ha adquirido un estatuto principal en la configuración del derecho y la política mundial, puesto que pareciera que las sociedades viven en permanente estado de necesidad y urgencia. En paralelo, esta condición ha sido esgrimida por gobiernos e instituciones internacionales para impulsar y dictar un conjunto de políticas que restringen de manera considerable el contenido de los derechos y libertades individuales y, al mismo tiempo, reducen al mínimo el aspecto democrático en los procesos de tomas de decisiones. El presente artículo explora la determinación del estado de excepción en el contexto geopolítico global y se concentra en una de sus manifestaciones, cual es el derecho penal. En este campo, el terrorismo ha constituido la figura política preponderante mediante la cual determinados ordenamientos jurídicos occidentales aplican disposiciones jurídicas propias de excepción que terminan irradiando a toda la ciudadanía. ; Since the events of September 11, 2001 and the financial crisis of 2008, the exception category has acquired a major status in the configuration of world law and politics, since it seems that societies live in a permanent state of need and urgency. In parallel, governments and international institutions to promote and enact a set of policies that considerably restrict the content of individual rights and freedoms have wielded this condition. At the same time, minimize the democratic aspect in the processes of decision-making. This article explores the determination of the state of exception in the global geopolitical context and focuses on one of its manifestations, which is criminal law. In this field terrorism has been the preponderant political figure through which certain western legal systems apply their own legal provisions of exception that end up radiating to all citizens. ; Fil: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

The non-existence of a specific topic in the criminal law legislation about sports injuries impose the use of the general elements of offenses against the person offered by the criminal law legislation, this use is necessary because of the need of impute ; La inexistencia de un precepto concreto en el Código Penal que verse sobre las lesiones deportivas hace que tengamos que tengamos que acudir a los elementos objetivos del delito de lesiones al objeto de poder imputar responsabilidad penal al deportista qu

RESUMEN: El artículo trata fundamentalmente de la internacionalización del Derecho penal desde una perspectiva amplia; este fenómeno está estrechamente vinculado con las consecuencias que ha generado la globalización de la economía de orientación neoliberal en diversos ámbitos del contexto social, entre ellos, la política-criminal. Para adentrarse en este tema, la autora se vale de un caso: el «lavado de activos». Respecto a él afirma que las normas supranacionales que lo conforman, consolidan un sistema de represión expansivo y autoritario; este último cuando es trasladado al interior de los ordenamientos nacionales genera importantes tensiones con las garantías y los derechos de libertad adscritos al Estado social y democrático de derecho. Para ilustrar este último aspecto describe someramente las regulaciones de España y Colombia. ; ABSTRACT: This article refers primarily to the internationalization of criminal law from a broad perspective. This phenomenon is closely related to the consequences arising from the globalization of neoliberal economic orientation in various areas of social context, including the criminal policy. To venture into this subject, the author uses a case: the "money laundering", which she asserts that supranational rules that integrate it, build an expansive and authoritarian system of repression when it is transferred to internal national legal systems where it generates significant tensions with the guarantees and the rights of liberty attached to the social and democratic State of Law. To illustrate this last point it briefly describes the legal regulations of Spain and Colombia.

The aim of the research is to reveal political and legal aspects at international level in the field of citizens' participation in the fight against crime. Attention is paid to the most common forms of public participation: patrolling; provide information on criminals or criminal acts committed; participation in anti-corruption measures; assistance in the resocialization of offenders; aiding victims of crime; strengthening the security of one's own property; participation in information on anti-criminal measures. Methodologically it is a documentary research. In conclusion, the benefits of public participation in crime prevention, based on international crime prevention, can be divided into two groups: basic and additional. The main advantages are reduction of crime and delinquency; improve security in relevant areas of cities; reducing citizens' fear of crime; strengthening the service function of the police forces in relation to the inhabitants of territorial communities; improve police partnerships with the public.

The objective of the research was to identify threats to individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law. The research involved system methods, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, doctrinal approach and forecasting. Martial law introduced as a result of armed conflict carries important implications for criminal justice. Ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during this period applies to several crimes, the common feature of which is the time of their commission. The classification of subjects of prevention of infringement of such rights is presented. The prospects for improving the protection of individual rights in criminal proceedings require international assistance in the detection of crimes related to the armed conflict. It is concluded that ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law requires combining the efforts of national and international specialists. Prospects for improving this process envisage international assistance with increased use of its results as evidence in national and international courts. It is appropriate to develop international recommendations for national law enforcement agencies and judicial bodies.

Ecuador corporate criminal liability was introduced into the legal system in 2014 and is regulated in article 49 of the Ecuadorian Criminal Code. This article was reformed with the "Anti-corruption Law" in February 2021, in which the legislator designed the compliance regulations not as an exemption system, as is the case of Spain legislation, but as a mitigating measure of the penalty for the legal person. The mitigation is based on the existence of integrity systems, standards, programs, and compliance policies, as the legislator calls them. Recent regulations require an exhaustive study, however, this article is a short study of corporate criminal liability and an overview of the requirements listed in the recent reform and the challenges that due reform represent. ; La responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica se estableció en Ecuador en el año 2014 con la entrada en vigor del Código Orgánico Integral Penal; sin embargo, la normativa sobre los programas de cumplimiento recién fue incorporada en febrero de 2021, con la llamada "Ley Anticorrupción", el legislador reforma los artículos 45 y 49 del COIP e inserta a los compliance programs como circunstancia atenuante de la responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica. La atenuante está basada en la existencia de sistemas de integridad, normas, programas y las respectivas políticas de cumplimiento. En este contexto, la normativa reciente precisa de análisis, por tanto, en el presente texto se tiene como fin hacer un breve estudio del modelo ecuatoriano de responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica y de los compliance programs, sus requisitos y los desafíos que la reforma plantea a la materia.

This paper synthesizes the first part of the research where we present the national and international references records of agricultural criminal colonies in Colombia (Colonias Penales Agrícolas, in Spanish) from the moment they were created to the present. Likewise this paper also focus on the national legislative and geographic study of the Colonia Penal de Oriente in Acacias (Colombia), on the type of individuals they seclude and the activities they do, in order to be able to construct a reference basis that works as a starting point of a debate, enabling the construction of a line of research where the lag of criminal legal positivism in Colombia could be insightfully examined. ; El presente artículo sintetiza la primera parte de la investigación, en donde se presenta los antecedentes de los referentes nacionales e internacionales, de las colonias penales agrícolas desde su creación hasta la actualidad. Igualmente se centra en el estudio legislativo nacional y la descripción geografía de la Colonia Penal de Oriente en Acacias (Meta), los tipos de individuos que recluyen y las actividades que desarrollan, para desde allí poder construir un punto de referencia que sirva de partida a un debate que conlleve a la construcción de una línea de investigación, donde se examine a profundidad el rezago del positivismo jurídico penal en Colombia.

In Latin American countries, the idea of legal pluralism and the beginning of processes aimed at the search for normative decolonization have shown a slow evolution. Much of this slow development has been due to the monopolization of the administration of justice by the State, given that state intervention has resulted in the criminalization of the forms of social control of indigenous peoples that were once allowed. However, in recent times the constitutional recognition of indigenous justice has allowed indigenous peoples to recreate and apply their own forms of social control regarding behaviors that the community considers unapproved. State interference is reluctant to give up its interventionism and for that purpose it uses infra-constitutional legislation that has not presented the same constitutional development, since in these persistence the inferiority lags were believed to have been overcome. In this sense, this article intends to present, on the one hand, a descriptive vision of the rights recognized by the constitutions of the countries that make up the Community of Andean Nations and on the other, the lack of harmony that exists with respect to current legislation, not only limiting but criminalizing the administration of indigenous justice. ; En los países latinoamericanos, la idea de pluralismo jurídico y el inicio de procesos encaminados a la búsqueda de la descolonización normativa presentan una lenta evolución. Gran parte de este lento desarrollo ha sido debido a la monopolización de la administración de justicia por parte del Estado, dado que el intervencionismo estatal ha desembocado en la penalización de las formas de control social de los pueblos indígenas que otrora eran permitidas. No obstante, en los últimos tiempos, el reconocimiento constitucional de la justicia indígena ha permitido que los pueblos indígenas puedan recrear y aplicar sus propias formas de control social respecto de conductas que la comunidad considera desaprobadas. Sin embargo, la injerencia estatal se resiste a dejar su intervencionismo y para ello utiliza legislación infraconstitucional que no ha presentado el mismo desarrollo de la Constitución, ya que en ella persisten rezagos de inferioridad que se creían superados. En este sentido, el presente artículo pretende plantear, por un lado, una visión descriptiva de los derechos que reconocen las constituciones de los países que integran la Comunidad Andina de Naciones y, por otro, la falta de sintonía que existe respecto de la legislación penal que a la fecha sigue, no solamentelimitando sino criminalizando a la administración de la justicia indígena.