The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific concepts and legal terminology of criminal legislation, the identification of their relationship and role in lawmaking in the development and adoption of quality in form and perfect in content laws on criminal liability. The logical structure of criminal law concepts (content and volume) and their industry types are considered: specific, generic, evaluative concepts and categories as fundamental concepts of law; developed the basic rules for their determination and consolidation in the text of the law. The basic requirements (quality parameters) that are presented to legal terms are identified, with the help of which the law on criminal liability defines legal concepts that comprise the content of legal norms, legal structures and other legal formations that are components of this law. The proposals aimed at improving the form and content of criminal law are formulated. The problems of scientific concepts and legal terminology considered in the article, their analysis and formulated proposals are aimed, as a whole, at improving legislative activity on the development and adoption of high-quality criminal-form laws in form and perfect in content. Legal concepts and legal terminology - organically interconnected phenomena of criminal law – are specifically logical and linguistic means of displaying and consolidating verbally in criminal liability laws (in their norms, legal structures, other regulatory legal conditions) subject to legal regulation formations) of phenomena (objects) of reality that are subject to criminal law regulation. The deeper the legal concepts are developed, the more perfect the legal terminology used in the text of the law, the better the positive law, which should be objectively capable of optimally regulating public relations in the field of criminal law.
The article deals with certain problems arising out of implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The author researches experience of criminal liability of legal entities in some foreign countries and analyzes existing problems of this institute. Foreign and national approaches to criminal liability of legal entities have been compared. The issue of incompliance between international standards in criminal law and traditional approaches to the main institutes of criminal law in Ukraine has been considered. The article deals with theoretical and practical application of criminal liability against legal entities. Grounds for criminal liability and types of punishment which can be applied to legal entities and their future implementation in Ukraine have been emphasized. It has been established that economic imfluence is the most effective against legal entities. That is why the most common type of sanctions for legal entities is fine. Implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in foreign legislation was a significant step towards counteraction to illegal activities of these entities. Foreign experience is useful and efficient for future implementation of European integration of Ukraine and attempts to solve existing problems related to bringing of legal entities to liability. At the same time, it would be possible to use experience of the state which implemented the most effective mechanisms of impact on legal entities for corruption and other crimes. For national legislation this step is really revolutionary. But if the legislator is interested that this institute operates effectively certain amendments and supplements to the Criminal Code of Ukraine are needed.
La dimensión real de la actual política criminal española carece de adecuados niveles de racionalidad, entre sus múltiples causas, podemos mencionar el fenómeno de la creciente dinámica punitivista, la ausencia de una adecuada cultura de evaluación, el menosprecio a la criminología, la escasa consideración de los responsables políticos hacia las opiniones expertas de la dogmática, y la constante indiferencia de ésta hacia la realidad que debe enfrentar. Se configura así un decepcionante panorama donde la política criminal real aparece como carente de una sólida base empírica. La dimensión teórica de la política criminal, no puede soslayar el aporte de las investigaciones criminológicas, ya que aquellos tendrían la virtualidad de ser condición necesaria aunque no suficiente de la utilización racional del sistema punitivo. Hay que optar por una reducción de la privación de libertad y promover otras sanciones en cuyo contenido se armonicen los conceptos de incapacitación y responsabilización. Además, se requiere el desarrollo de una victimología que se dirija a inhibir los impulsos punitivos de las víctimas en función de orientar la política criminal hacia una cultura jurídica reparatoria que enfrente la actual expansión del derecho penal. ; Der aktuellen Kriminalpolitik in Spanien mangelt es an einem angemessenen, vernünftigen Rahmen. Unter den zahlreichen Ursachen finden sich eine zunehmend strafende Dynamik, die Abwesenheit einer angemessenen Wertungskultur, die Geringschätzung der Kriminologie, die geringe Beachtung der Expertenmeinungen durch die federführenden Politiker und die anhaltende Gleichgültigkeit der Fachwelt gegenüber der Wirklichkeit. Auf diese Weise entsteht ein enttäuschendes Gesamtbild, bei dem die tatsächliche Kriminalpolitik erscheint, als fehlte es ihr an einer soliden empirischen Grundlage. Die theoretische Dimension der Kriminalpolitik kann nicht auf den Beitrag der kriminologischen Forschung verzichten, schon weil diese notwendige Voraussetzung ist, obwohl im strafenden System nicht in ausreichendem Maße vernünftig herangezogen. Man muss für eine Reduzierung von Freiheitsentziehungen stimmen und andere Sanktionsfolgen wählen, welche das Konzept der Unschädlichmachung mit dem der Verantwortlichkeit kombinieren. Erforderlich ist außerdem die Entwicklung einer Viktimologie, die darauf gerichtet ist, die Strafimpulse der Opfer zu verhindern und welche die Kriminalpolitik an eine Rechtskultur der Wiedergutmachung heranführt, die der Ausweitung des Strafrechts entgegentritt.
The aim of the article is found on the idea of measure as a substrate of criminal-legal influence. The publication proposes to consider the measure as a substrate of external forms of legal influence and criminal-legal measure as a primary element of all external forms of criminal-legal influence (in connection with the commission of a criminal act). The analysis allows us to conclude that the substrate of legal influence is a basic element of socio-legal regulation (which substantively combines a system of techniques and methods of influence used to obtain a positive and socially significant result). It should be understood that a criminal-legal measure is a system of techniques and methods of coercive and rehabilitation-encouraging influence of the state on criminal practices (criminal offenses, objectively illegal acts, abuse of law) and lawful post-criminal behavior, which is carried out by the law, determined by the socio-cultural environment. It is concluded that such ideas of Leonardo Polo as coexistence, the abandonment of mental limit, his thoughts on ethics, knowledge, and law can be applied successfully when the criminal-legal measure is characterized by several features that distinguish it from measures of the legal influence of another industry.
The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the legal technique of criminal law rules formation. In our study, the principles and techniques of formal-logical methodology are used, as well as the structural-functional approach is applied. Identifying cross-sectoral links in lawmaking is based on the functional nature of law in general and regulatory means in particular. In addition, dialectical, system-structural and functional methods, the method of interpretation (applied to the current criminal law rules) are used in the paper. Using the formal-legal method, the relationship between the content and form of criminal law rules with the use of legal techniques is traced. Scientific novelty lies in the theoretical understanding and delineation of legal techniques for the formation of criminal law. It is shown that in addition to defects in legal definitions and constructions, there are often conflicts between textually enshrined rules of law. The coordination of actions on the part of law-making bodies adopting by-laws and on the part of the parliament, which should take into account the needs of development and concretization of the provisions of the law in the future, is substantiated.In fact, outside of scientific knowledge at this stage, there is a huge area of legal technology, associated with its features in various fields of law. Obviously, the legal technique in each area has its own specifics. Identification and analysis of factors that cause technical and legal shortcomings improves the quality and efficiency of lawmaking. This does not seem to be enough, because there is no single systematic understanding of the situation in lawmaking in general as well as in criminal law field in particular.It is necessary to direct the technical and legal assessment to eliminate specific shortcomings of system-forming factors in particular. The imperfection of legal acts is a constant source of insufficiently thought-out law-making decisions.As a result of the research, it is argued that in the process of adopting a law-making decision in the field of criminal law, it is necessary to proceed, first of all, from their expediency, objective necessity. It is necessary to take into account the assessment of the consequences arising from the implementation of the rule of law, in particular, how they will affect such processes as latency, corruption, recidivism, as well as the disclosure of their crimes. It is argued that from a technical and legal point of view, it is necessary to make a scientific foresight of the expected positive and negative consequences that arise as a result of issuing a certain law-making decision. The results of the study can be used in lawmaking to improve the quality and effectiveness of criminal law, as well as to reform the Criminal Code of Ukraine. ; Метою дослідження є розкрити особливості юридичної техніки формування норм кримінального права. У нашому дослідженні використано принципи і прийоми формально-логічної методології, а також застосовано структурно-функціональний підхід. Виявлення міжгалузевих зв'язків у правотворчості побудоване на функціональній природі права в цілому і регулятивних засобах нормативно-правових актів зокрема. Крім того, в роботі отримали застосування діалектичний, системно-структурний і функціональний методи, метод інтерпретації (в застосуванні до чинних норм кримінального права). За допомогою формально-юридичного методу простежено взаємозв'язки між змістом і формою норм кримінального права зі застосуванням юридичної техніки. Здійснено теоретичне осмис-лення та окреслено юридичну техніку формування норм кримінального права. Показано, що, крім дефектів правових дефініцій та конструкцій, нерідко трапляються колізії між текстуально закріпленими нормами права. Обґрунтовано узгодження дій з боку право-творчих органів, що приймають підзаконні нормативно-правові акти та з боку парламенту, який має враховувати потреби розвитку і конкретизації положень закону в майбутньому. У результаті дослідження аргументовано, що у процесі вироблення правотворчого рішення в галузі кримінального права варто керуватися перш за все їх доцільністю, об'єктивною необхідністю. Треба враховувати оцінку наслідків, що виникають в результаті реалізації норм права, зокрема, як вони впливатимуть на такі процеси, як латентизація, коруп-ціогенність, рецидивність злочинності, а також на розкриття, передбачених ними злочинів. Аргументовано, що з техніко-юридичного погляду доцільно робити науковий прогноз очікуваних позитивних та негативних наслідків, які виникають у результаті видання певного правотворчого рішення. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані у право-творчості для підвищення якості та ефективності кримінального законодавства, а також для реформування Кримінального кодексу України.
First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government's implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance. ; El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
The aim of the article was to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the features and problems of criminal prosecution of legal entities for environmental crimes. The research objectives were fulfilled through modern methods of cognition. The leading practical method was the method of observation. The study allowed to form a conceptual understanding of theoretical ideas about environmental crimes of legal entities in Ukraine. Currently, Ukraine is trying to focus in its legislative innovations on the implementation of progressive approaches to the introduction of a comprehensive institution of criminal law measures regarding the liability of these entities. Relevant legal mechanisms and comments identified in the practice of the European Union and substantiated by scholars, can be implemented in the legislation of Ukraine. Amendments to the rules governing the procedure for effective prevention of environmental crimes by legal entities are proposed. It seems reasonable to introduce an active monitoring analysis of anthropogenic activities of companies, and the creation of special units to identify relevant violations. The mechanisms for implementing the set of preventive and monitoring measures outlined in the article, set the background for further scientific research.
The article aims to study the theoretical and applied aspects of pre-trial research in emergency legal regimes such as: martial law, the state of emergency or the area of joint forces operation in Ukraine. International legal requirements for due process in criminal proceedings during emergency legal regimes are analyzed. It is claimed that the existing experience in Ukraine of normative regulation of criminal proceedings under the conditions of special legal regimes is inefficient, fragmentary, and therefore does not fully correspond to modern ideas about human rights and the democratic and legal state. The perspectives for the application of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in criminal proceedings under emergency legal regimes are identified. It was concluded that the investigating authorities carry out all the means to establish the facts of the disappeared persons in the area of Operation of Joint Forces within the framework of the criminal process, which will allow to comply, in theory, with all the requirements for the effectiveness of the investigation. The basis for the formation of legislation on this subject should be the relevant law on missing persons.
[ES] Esta tesis trata de alcanzar un punto medio entre la perspectiva general y la particular sobre los delitos relativos a la seguridad vial. Así, se encuentra referida al ámbito de la protección penal de la seguridad vial y no sólo de los delitos contra el mismo. Esto quiere dejarse claro, haciendo alusión a unas bases político criminales de la mencionada parcela penal, lo que entre otros motivos se fundamenta en la realidad latinoamericana. ; [EN] This thesis aims to achieve a balance between the general and particular perspective on crimes relating to road safety. So, is referred to the field of criminal law protection of road safety and crime not only against the latter. That is to be made clear, referring to criminal political bases for such criminal plot, which among other things is based on the Latin American reality.
Compliance programs and systems of criminal or administrative liability are being increasingly adopted by different countries as measures meant to reduce the social cost of white collar criminality. However, the legal application of these measures does not always ponder correctly the impacts on common good, the levels of economic activity and the adequate functioning of markets of goods and services. Eventually, this situation can lead to undesired effects, such as the inefficiency of the criminal system, the reduction of economic activity or the arising of obstacles to competition. By taking these circumstances into account, in this paper we will utilize the Economic Analysis of Law to analyze the logic that inspires these legal institutes and the incentives they generate. Our objective is to delineate some parameters that allow legislators, judges, legal advisors and businessmen to evaluate different compliance systems in terms of economic efficiency, generation of wealth and the promotion of competition in markets. ; Los programas de compliance y los sistemas de responsabilidad penal o administrativa de las personas jurídicas constituyen en la actualidad herramientas crecientemente adoptadas por las distintas legislaciones para intentar disminuir el costo social de la criminalidad económica. Sin embargo, la incorporación legislativa y la aplicación de estos instrumentos legales no siempre está acompañada de una adecuada ponderación respecto de sus efectos sobre el bienestar social, los niveles de actividad económica y el funcionamiento de los mercados de bienes y servicios.Ello puede conducir, eventualmente, a efectos indeseados como la ineficiencia del sistema penal, la disminución de la actividad económica o el surgimiento de obstáculos a la competencia. Teniendo en cuenta estas circunstancias, en el presente trabajo recurriremos a las herramientas que brinda el Análisis Económico del Derecho para analizar la lógica que inspira a estos institutos jurídicos y los incentivos que generan, con el propósito de delinear algunos parámetros que permitan a legisladores, funcionarios judiciales, asesores jurídicos y a los propios empresarios evaluar los distintos sistemas de compliance en términos de eficiencia económica, generación de riquezas y promoción de la competencia en los mercados.
This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework. ; El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
The Article 1 of the Constitution of Ukraine regulates: Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. One of the destabilizing factors in building the rule of law is the commission of criminal offenses by organized criminal groups. Due to the changes in the criminal legislation during the last two years, the criminal law norms have undergone significant changes, which directly or indirectly affect the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. Given the changes in criminal law, the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups requires uniform systemic approaches, primarily at the level of judicial law enforcement practice. The formation of the Ukrainian legal doctrine on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups is one of the significant auxiliary guidelines in the formation of such law enforcement practice. To achieve this goal and the defined objectives, the following methods were applied in the study: logical and normative – for the analysis of criminal law on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups; system analysis – when considering judicial law enforcement practice (first of all, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Ukraine) of the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. The legislation strengthens criminal liability for criminal offenses by organized criminal groups, in particular, as evidenced by the amendments to the Criminal Code under the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by the Criminal Community" dated by the 4th of June 2020. Before the formation of new approaches to the doctrine of criminal law and law enforcement judicial practice on the qualification of criminal offenses (crimes), a specific part of which is provided by h.ch. 1-5 art. 255 of the Criminal Code, the indirect reference is the provision of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine of December 23, 2005 №12 "On the practice of consideration by courts of criminal cases on crimes committed by stable criminal groups." Keywords: criminal offenses, criminal community, criminal organization, organized group, creation of a criminal community, leadership of a criminal community, organized criminal groups.
The article is devoted to the identification of characteristic features of legislative defects caused by regulatory legal acts (or within legislative acts) of terminological interpretations that are ambiguous. Polysemy quite often has a negative impact on the universal conceptual-categorical apparatus. Attention is drawn to the fact that the homogeneity of the subject matter of the legal regulation requires the maximum terminological clarity, since the context of the individual legal relations is not in itself sufficiently pronounced to provide a clear delineation of the meaning of the ambiguous term. The manifestations of normative polysemy only reduce the clarity of the law and create difficulties in law enforcement, including in the field of criminal justice. The manifestation of polysemy in criminal procedural law is considered on the example of the ambiguous legal term «reconciliation», the definition of legal meaning of which is determined only by the context of its use. In addition, the study draws attention to the fact that in the criminal procedural legislation there are cases where the problem of polysemy is not solved by taking into account the contextual meaning, and the use of means of interpreting the text of the law does not provide a clear answer. This situation is illustrated by an example of the use by the legislator of the identical terminological designation «trial» both for the name of the stage of proceedings in the court of first instance, and for the name of its separate (second) stage, which involves the examination of evidence. Suggestions are made to eliminate and overcome the described legislative defects.
The article presents an analysis of the legal basis for implementing the law enforcement function of the state in the economic sphere, Ukraine's entry into the single European economic and political space. The importance of the law enforcement function of the state in the sphere of Ukraine's economy in the context of legal regulation, which is directly related to the sovereignty and protection of national interests, is analyzed. Legal regulation of the economy should be carried out in two priority areas: regulatory consolidation of acceptable mechanisms that develop as a result of natural economic laws; economic development to achieve the interests of the state and society in the context of European integration. The directions of improvement of legal regulation of the economic sphere of Ukraine are offered, namely: improvement of the normative-legal base of realization of the system of measures of financial safety maintenance; effective legal regulation of economic relations; compliance with the provisions adopted by the legislation of Ukraine in the field of prevention of corruption violations; ensuring fair competition, supporting entrepreneurship and others.
