Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific concepts and legal terminology of criminal legislation, the identification of their relationship and role in lawmaking in the development and adoption of quality in form and perfect in content laws on criminal liability. The logical structure of criminal law concepts (content and volume) and their industry types are considered: specific, generic, evaluative concepts and categories as fundamental concepts of law; developed the basic rules for their determination and consolidation in the text of the law. The basic requirements (quality parameters) that are presented to legal terms are identified, with the help of which the law on criminal liability defines legal concepts that comprise the content of legal norms, legal structures and other legal formations that are components of this law. The proposals aimed at improving the form and content of criminal law are formulated. The problems of scientific concepts and legal terminology considered in the article, their analysis and formulated proposals are aimed, as a whole, at improving legislative activity on the development and adoption of high-quality criminal-form laws in form and perfect in content. Legal concepts and legal terminology - organically interconnected phenomena of criminal law – are specifically logical and linguistic means of displaying and consolidating verbally in criminal liability laws (in their norms, legal structures, other regulatory legal conditions) subject to legal regulation formations) of phenomena (objects) of reality that are subject to criminal law regulation. The deeper the legal concepts are developed, the more perfect the legal terminology used in the text of the law, the better the positive law, which should be objectively capable of optimally regulating public relations in the field of criminal law.

The article deals with certain problems arising out of implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The author researches experience of criminal liability of legal entities in some foreign countries and analyzes existing problems of this institute. Foreign and national approaches to criminal liability of legal entities have been compared. The issue of incompliance between international standards in criminal law and traditional approaches to the main institutes of criminal law in Ukraine has been considered. The article deals with theoretical and practical application of criminal liability against legal entities. Grounds for criminal liability and types of punishment which can be applied to legal entities and their future implementation in Ukraine have been emphasized. It has been established that economic imfluence is the most effective against legal entities. That is why the most common type of sanctions for legal entities is fine. Implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in foreign legislation was a significant step towards counteraction to illegal activities of these entities. Foreign experience is useful and efficient for future implementation of European integration of Ukraine and attempts to solve existing problems related to bringing of legal entities to liability. At the same time, it would be possible to use experience of the state which implemented the most effective mechanisms of impact on legal entities for corruption and other crimes. For national legislation this step is really revolutionary. But if the legislator is interested that this institute operates effectively certain amendments and supplements to the Criminal Code of Ukraine are needed.

Still in Russia and abroad, questions about implementation of the right to life and right to death are controversial, and as a consequence, the threat of killing the person by the use of euthanasia does not cease to be relevant. Russian criminal law provides criminal responsibility for the murder, which is a variety of ways, however, standards meeting the requirements of the safe existence of terminally ill people, including those not able to be fully aware of the incurability of the disease, is not provided. The legislator attempted criminal prohibitions of the use of euthanasia, however, in the current criminal law of the Russian Federation the data of rules. In this connection, many questions of law enforcement practice in the sphere of criminal-law protection of the safety of life and human health remain uncertain. The given circumstances testify to the fact that the study of issues of qualification of crimes against life and health becomes more fundamental. The article analyzes the problematic issues of demarcation of euthanasia from murder and suicide, and the author's article, providing for the criminal-legal prohibition of the use of euthanasia that will contribute to the improvement of law enforcement practice.

This article analysis the international acts and standards of the foreign criminal legislation providing questions of counteraction to cyberterrorism.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the legal technique of criminal law rules formation. In our study, the principles and techniques of formal-logical methodology are used, as well as the structural-functional approach is applied. Identifying cross-sectoral links in lawmaking is based on the functional nature of law in general and regulatory means in particular. In addition, dialectical, system-structural and functional methods, the method of interpretation (applied to the current criminal law rules) are used in the paper. Using the formal-legal method, the relationship between the content and form of criminal law rules with the use of legal techniques is traced. Scientific novelty lies in the theoretical understanding and delineation of legal techniques for the formation of criminal law. It is shown that in addition to defects in legal definitions and constructions, there are often conflicts between textually enshrined rules of law. The coordination of actions on the part of law-making bodies adopting by-laws and on the part of the parliament, which should take into account the needs of development and concretization of the provisions of the law in the future, is substantiated.In fact, outside of scientific knowledge at this stage, there is a huge area of legal technology, associated with its features in various fields of law. Obviously, the legal technique in each area has its own specifics. Identification and analysis of factors that cause technical and legal shortcomings improves the quality and efficiency of lawmaking. This does not seem to be enough, because there is no single systematic understanding of the situation in lawmaking in general as well as in criminal law field in particular.It is necessary to direct the technical and legal assessment to eliminate specific shortcomings of system-forming factors in particular. The imperfection of legal acts is a constant source of insufficiently thought-out law-making decisions.As a result of the research, it is argued that in the process of adopting a law-making decision in the field of criminal law, it is necessary to proceed, first of all, from their expediency, objective necessity. It is necessary to take into account the assessment of the consequences arising from the implementation of the rule of law, in particular, how they will affect such processes as latency, corruption, recidivism, as well as the disclosure of their crimes. It is argued that from a technical and legal point of view, it is necessary to make a scientific foresight of the expected positive and negative consequences that arise as a result of issuing a certain law-making decision. The results of the study can be used in lawmaking to improve the quality and effectiveness of criminal law, as well as to reform the Criminal Code of Ukraine. ; Метою дослідження є розкрити особливості юридичної техніки формування норм кримінального права. У нашому дослідженні використано принципи і прийоми формально-логічної методології, а також застосовано структурно-функціональний підхід. Виявлення міжгалузевих зв'язків у правотворчості побудоване на функціональній природі права в цілому і регулятивних засобах нормативно-правових актів зокрема. Крім того, в роботі отримали застосування діалектичний, системно-структурний і функціональний методи, метод інтерпретації (в застосуванні до чинних норм кримінального права). За допомогою формально-юридичного методу простежено взаємозв'язки між змістом і формою норм кримінального права зі застосуванням юридичної техніки. Здійснено теоретичне осмис-лення та окреслено юридичну техніку формування норм кримінального права. Показано, що, крім дефектів правових дефініцій та конструкцій, нерідко трапляються колізії між текстуально закріпленими нормами права. Обґрунтовано узгодження дій з боку право-творчих органів, що приймають підзаконні нормативно-правові акти та з боку парламенту, який має враховувати потреби розвитку і конкретизації положень закону в майбутньому. У результаті дослідження аргументовано, що у процесі вироблення правотворчого рішення в галузі кримінального права варто керуватися перш за все їх доцільністю, об'єктивною необхідністю. Треба враховувати оцінку наслідків, що виникають в результаті реалізації норм права, зокрема, як вони впливатимуть на такі процеси, як латентизація, коруп-ціогенність, рецидивність злочинності, а також на розкриття, передбачених ними злочинів. Аргументовано, що з техніко-юридичного погляду доцільно робити науковий прогноз очікуваних позитивних та негативних наслідків, які виникають у результаті видання певного правотворчого рішення. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані у право-творчості для підвищення якості та ефективності кримінального законодавства, а також для реформування Кримінального кодексу України.

The study of the constitutional and legal basis of the status of migrants will allow to determine and summarize the rights and obligations of these persons, which significantly affect the formation of legal social order. This article discusses the constitutional, legal and administrative basis of the status of migrants, regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Considering the issue of the current state of the migration legislation of the Russian Federation, the theoretical aspect of migration as the mobilization of people to change their permanent residence is highlighted. The causes of this phenomenon and the classification of categories of migrants are determined. The definitions of external and internal migrants are differentiated, on the basis of which the constitutional norms of foreign persons who entered the territory of the Russian Federation are further studied. According to Federal laws, the basic rights and obligations of immigrants who entered the Russian Federation for different definitions of reasons and circumstances are distinguished. The article considers the administrative and legal basis of the status of migrants in the context of a violation of the rule of law according to the norms of the Code of administrative violations. The Institute of citizenship is singled out as a status that directly affects the scope of individual rights and freedoms, which allows it to be singled out as a special status of a migrant. In conclusion, the above topic is summarized

Рассмотрены вопросы правового статуса криптовалюты открытого типа (аналог биткоин) в российском уголовном праве. При отсутствии определенности в части гражданско-правовой легализации и системного нормативного закрепления понятия виртуальной валюты и порядка оборота подобных цифровых активов, а также при отсутствии запрета на такой оборот в рамках регулятивного законодательства, с учетом колоссального увеличения числа операций с криптовалютами и, как следствие, повышенных криминогенных рисков возникает объективная потребность в установлении содержания этого явления при выполнении задач по охране общественных отношений от совершения уголовных преступлений. До разрешения «регулятивных» правовых вопросов уголовное право вынуждено выполнять не свойственную ему функцию и находить существующие подходящие правовые инструменты в целях эффективной борьбы с совершаемыми преступлениями, а также противодействия их совершению. Авторы на основе анализа действующих норм, разъяснений Верховного суда Российской Федерации, научных трудов, зарубежного опыта предложили понимание криптовалюты как иного имущества — цифрового актива, бестелесного имущества — при квалификации преступлений.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08 ; The article deals with the legal status of an open type cryptocurrency (bitcoin analogue) in the Russian criminal law. In the absence of certainty in the part of civil law legalization and of systematic normative consolidation of the concept of virtual currency and the order of circulation of such digital assets, and in the absence of a ban on such turnover in the framework of regulatory legislation, taking into account the enormous increase in operations with cryptocurrencies, and as a result of increased criminogenic risks, there is an objective need to establish the content of this phenomenon in the performance of tasks to protect the public relations from criminal offence. To consider these "regulatory" legal issues, criminal law is forced to perform a different function and to find the existing suitable legal tools to prevent and combat crimes. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the existing norms, explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, scientific works, foreign experience suggested understanding of cryptocurrency as a different property — a digital asset, disembodied property — in the qualification of crimes.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

The Article 1 of the Constitution of Ukraine regulates: Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. One of the destabilizing factors in building the rule of law is the commission of criminal offenses by organized criminal groups. Due to the changes in the criminal legislation during the last two years, the criminal law norms have undergone significant changes, which directly or indirectly affect the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. Given the changes in criminal law, the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups requires uniform systemic approaches, primarily at the level of judicial law enforcement practice. The formation of the Ukrainian legal doctrine on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups is one of the significant auxiliary guidelines in the formation of such law enforcement practice. To achieve this goal and the defined objectives, the following methods were applied in the study: logical and normative – for the analysis of criminal law on the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups; system analysis – when considering judicial law enforcement practice (first of all, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Ukraine) of the qualification of criminal offenses committed by organized criminal groups. The legislation strengthens criminal liability for criminal offenses by organized criminal groups, in particular, as evidenced by the amendments to the Criminal Code under the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by the Criminal Community" dated by the 4th of June 2020. Before the formation of new approaches to the doctrine of criminal law and law enforcement judicial practice on the qualification of criminal offenses (crimes), a specific part of which is provided by h.ch. 1-5 art. 255 of the Criminal Code, the indirect reference is the provision of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine of December 23, 2005 №12 "On the practice of consideration by courts of criminal cases on crimes committed by stable criminal groups." Keywords: criminal offenses, criminal community, criminal organization, organized group, creation of a criminal community, leadership of a criminal community, organized criminal groups.

"The author intends to present legal socialization - the concept of the sociology of law - which describes attitudes to norms, law and law enforcement institutions. For law to be effective, any individual in a given community needs to internalize a number of values and attitudes. The attitude to law will influence its application; its effectiveness will depend on the perspective adopted by the legal norm addressees who could either accept binding regulations or ignore them. An adequate legal policy helps construe legal norms in a manner to prevent costs of interventions which need to be taken when law is not convergent with social expectations." (author's abstract)

The article is devoted to the identification of characteristic features of legislative defects caused by regulatory legal acts (or within legislative acts) of terminological interpretations that are ambiguous. Polysemy quite often has a negative impact on the universal conceptual-categorical apparatus. Attention is drawn to the fact that the homogeneity of the subject matter of the legal regulation requires the maximum terminological clarity, since the context of the individual legal relations is not in itself sufficiently pronounced to provide a clear delineation of the meaning of the ambiguous term. The manifestations of normative polysemy only reduce the clarity of the law and create difficulties in law enforcement, including in the field of criminal justice. The manifestation of polysemy in criminal procedural law is considered on the example of the ambiguous legal term «reconciliation», the definition of legal meaning of which is determined only by the context of its use. In addition, the study draws attention to the fact that in the criminal procedural legislation there are cases where the problem of polysemy is not solved by taking into account the contextual meaning, and the use of means of interpreting the text of the law does not provide a clear answer. This situation is illustrated by an example of the use by the legislator of the identical terminological designation «trial» both for the name of the stage of proceedings in the court of first instance, and for the name of its separate (second) stage, which involves the examination of evidence. Suggestions are made to eliminate and overcome the described legislative defects.

The article presents an analysis of the legal basis for implementing the law enforcement function of the state in the economic sphere, Ukraine's entry into the single European economic and political space. The importance of the law enforcement function of the state in the sphere of Ukraine's economy in the context of legal regulation, which is directly related to the sovereignty and protection of national interests, is analyzed. Legal regulation of the economy should be carried out in two priority areas: regulatory consolidation of acceptable mechanisms that develop as a result of natural economic laws; economic development to achieve the interests of the state and society in the context of European integration. The directions of improvement of legal regulation of the economic sphere of Ukraine are offered, namely: improvement of the normative-legal base of realization of the system of measures of financial safety maintenance; effective legal regulation of economic relations; compliance with the provisions adopted by the legislation of Ukraine in the field of prevention of corruption violations; ensuring fair competition, supporting entrepreneurship and others.

Domestic criminal law is being in constant dynamics, so it means that the norms of the current legislation are being improved, new, previously unknown, criminal-legal categories are being introduced, recommendations of international institutions are taken into account, etc. Not an exception in this process is Chapter XIII-1 of the General Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which regulates restrictive measures (these provisions came into force on January 11, 2019).For the complete and comprehensive study of restrictive measures, the scientific interest is caused primarily by their legal nature. Restrictive measures are in the system of criminal-legal consequences applied to the person who committed a socially dangerous act. These criminal-legal consequences are applied through criminal-legal measures to counteract crimes. The system of criminal-legal measures can be summarized by categories: punishment, security measures, incentives (encouragement), measures of restoration of material (economic) relationships. In the context of considering the legal nature of restrictive measures, it is necessary to identify the nature of security measures, since the two concepts are linked to each other, moreover, the restrictive measures are one of the types of security measures. Security measures are mostly preventive and warning, and the ground for their application is a socially dangerous act. The type and term, for which a security measure can be assigned, is determined in each case individually based on the criminal offense and the person who committed the socially dangerous act. Today, the institution of security measures exists only at the theoretical level, but due to the recent reform of the criminal legislation, radical changes and corresponding regulation of this concept in the Criminal Code of Ukraine can be expected in the near future.Therefore, starting from the moment of the restrictive measures regulation in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, they have acquired the status of criminal-legal measures. Restrictive measures have a specific purpose – to protect the victim from a person who has committed a socially dangerous act, to protect against committing a socially dangerous act in relation to the victim in the future, to minimize the interaction between the person, who is in a dangerous state, and the victim, if such has the significant risks.Based on the above, it is necessary to distinguish the features of restrictive measures that will determine their legal nature: 1) they are the measures of governmental constraint, since they are applied to someone who has a legal right; 2) restrictive measures are regulated in Article 91-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and refer to the measures of criminal-legal influence; 3) have a supplementary nature and belong to the category of other criminal-legal measures, specifically, security measures, since they are applied in addition to the punishment (except for the penalties related to imprisonment). ; Вітчизняне кримінальне право перебуває у постійній динаміці, тобто норми чинного законодавства вдосконалюють, запроваджують зовсім нові, раніше невідомі, кримінально-правові категорії, враховують і досліджують рекомендації міжнародних інституцій та інше. Не виняток у цьому процесі, і розділ ХІІІ-1 Загальної частини КК України, в якому регла­ментовані обмежувальні заходи (ці положення набули чинності 11 січня 2019 року).Відтак, у науковій статті висвітлено розуміння правової природи обмежувальних захо­дів. Проаналізовано поняття «кримінально-правові наслідки» та їх реалізацію через заходи кримінально-правового впливу. Подано авторську класифікацію кримінально-правових за­ходів та доведено, що обмежувальні заходи належать до заходів безпеки у криміналь­ному праві України. Аргументовано, що впровадження інституту заходів безпеки є потре­бою сьогодення. Наголошено, що існування та реалізація обмежувальних заходів у межах кримінального права є доцільним та необхідним механізмом протидії злочинності. Узагаль­нено ознаки обмежувальних заходів, які вичерпно висвітлюють їх правову природу.

the article is devoted to the topical problem of IKT Constitution legal development of legislation by formation and activity of e-government. The authors considers acceptance of the Law about e-government has become a progressive step in improving the legislation of the country. The article review the features of the new Law about e-government.

The article is devoted to the topical problem of intro-duction of the criminal liability institution of a legal en-tity, since for a long time in the domestic criminal law doctrine the possibility of recognition of legal entities as subjects of criminal liability was not considered.The author discusses the issue of the guilt of a legal en-tity as one of the elements of the crime. The basic concepts of the guilt of a legal entity in the national criminal law science are analyzed. Regulatory acts regarding the appli-cation of criminal law measures against legal entities in Ukraine are considered. In the course of the research the author makes an attempt to define the concept of guilt of a legal entity in the criminal law.Legal entities are full-fledged entities with many legal relationships and may commit unlawful acts. At the same time, a significant difference between these unlawful acts is the nature of the subjective side of such offenses. This characteristic of the offense is reflected in the notion of guilt, which characterizes the person's conscious, mental attitude to the wrongful act he has committed and its con-sequences.According to the results of the research, the auth-or concludes that the guilt of the legal entity can be de-fined as the mental attitude of natural persons who have the right to act on behalf of the legal entity, to the link between their actions or omissions and unlawful actions of the legal entity.According to the author, the introduction of the crim-inal liability institution of a legal entity is a necessary step in the reform of criminal legislation. Since the national criminal law doctrine still lacks a scientifically sound con-cept of introduction of the institution of criminal liability of legal persons, the problem of guilt of the legal person remains quite topical and requires further research.The introduction of criminal liability of legal entities is one of the most difficult issues in reforming criminal law. Particularly heated discussions relate to the guilt of the legal person, since the fundamental principle in do-mestic criminal law is the fault-based individual respons-ibility principle, and guilt is one of the obligatory fea-tures of the crime. ; Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі впрова-дження інституту кримінальної відповідальності юри-дичної особи, адже протягом тривалого часу у вітчиз-няній кримінально-правовій доктрині можливість визнання юридичних осіб суб'єктами кримінальної відповідальності не розглядалася.Автором розглянуто дискусійне питання вини юри-дичної особи як одного з елементів складу злочину. Здійснено аналіз основних концепцій вини юридич-ної особи у вітчизняній науці кримінального права. Розглянуто нормативно-правові акти, які регулюють застосування заходів кримінально-правового характе-ру щодо юридичних осіб в Україні. У ході дослідження автором зроблено спробу визначити поняття вини юри-дичної особи у кримінальному праві.Юридичні особи є повноправними суб'єктами ве-ликої кількості правовідносин і можуть вчиняти про-типравні діяння. Водночас суттєвою відмінністю цих протиправних діянь є характер суб'єктивної сторони такого виду правопорушень. Ця характеристика пра-вопорушення дістає відображення у понятті вини, яка характеризує свідоме ставлення особи до вчинено-го нею протиправного діяння та його наслідків.За результатами дослідження автор робить висновок, що вина юридичної особи може бути визна-чена як психічне ставлення фізичних осіб, які мають право діяти від імені юридичної особи, до зв'язку між їхніми діями чи бездіяльністю та протиправними дія-ми юридичної особи.На думку автора, введення інституту кримінальної відповідальності юридичної особи є необхідним кроком у реформуванні кримінального законодавства. Оскіль-ки у вітчизняній кримінально-правовій доктрині все ще відсутня науково обґрунтована концепція впрова-дження інституту кримінальної відповідальності юри-дичних осіб, то проблема вини юридичної особи зали-шається досить актуальною та потребує подальших досліджень.Запровадження кримінальної відповідальності юридичних осіб є одним з найскладніших питань у ре-формуванні кримінального законодавства. Особливо гострі дискусії стосуються вини юридичної особи, адже основоположним принципом у вітчизняному кримі-нальному праві є принцип особистої і винної відпові-дальності, а вина є однією з обов'язкових ознак складу злочину.