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This study explores the limitations of recognising traditional leadership as institution through legislation. The legislative recognition of traditional leadership has serious implications for the processes of change within customary law from 'official' customary law to 'living' customary law. The advent of the 1996 Constitution and its emphasis on freedom, dignity, equality and accountability has opened up avenues for democratic political participation, which is changing the nature of customary law through a bottom-up process involving community members in the evolution of customary law. This process of evolution draws on various sources of law, including aspects of official customary law, community norms and procedures as well as the Constitution, particularly rights discourse. Deep legal pluralism has taken root through living customary law and is changing the way in which community members relate to traditional leaders by empowering rural citizens to demand accountability from traditional leaders. Legislative recognition of traditional leadership has been characterised as necessary for the restoration of the dignity of African justice systems. Though constitutionally sanctioned through the rule of law, the legislative framework recognising and regulating traditional leaders has had a negative impact on the processes of change and democratisation described above at grassroots level. Gaining an understanding of these consequences and how they have come about is at the heart of this study, especially given that they are unintended consequences of a government policy meant to improve the lives of rural citizens. Legal pluralism as a theory of law provides a critical lens through which the shortcomings of legislation recognising traditional leadership can be perceived, and probing questions can be asked about the effect of state law on non-state legal orders. However, in South Africa the situation is quite complicated given that the distinction between state law and non-state law with regard to African customary law is not always easy to make. The two systems have existed not only in juxtaposition for many years, but have bled into each other in layered ways. These layers have been moulded very deeply through the influence of various politicolegal orders in existence at particular times and their impact on social relations in South African society. As a theory of law, legal pluralism is used in this study to try and peel back a few of these layers, enabling observation and analysis of how the distribution of political power from the different politico-legal frameworks of governance in South Africa namely, colonialism, apartheid, and constitutional democracy, have shaped traditional leadership; and the impact of these processes on the power relationships between traditional leaders and rural citizens. Law, mostly in the form of legislation, has been an important factor in the establishment, destruction, and re-establishment of these power relationships. This forms the basis of the study, at the end of which it is determined that although legislation is necessary for the recognition and regulation of traditional leadership, as a requirement of the rule of law, the current and proposed legislative framework for traditional leadership is an inappropriate framework. It centralises legislative, judicial and executive power in an unelected arm of government, namely traditional leaders, which is unconstitutional on the basis of the separation of powers principle which is a founding value of South Africa's constitutional democratic dispensation.

This article aims to analyze government policies related to Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB), known as lockdown, through the concept of Islamic law to find legal synchronization between the policy and the concept of sharia. The problem that will be answered in this study is how Islamic law regulates PSBB when an infectious disease occurs, and whether the PSBB policy has been intertwined with the provisions of the Shari'ah. This research is a normative-juridical that focuses on the problem of synchronization between the two legal systems; sharia and positive law. The results show that Shari'a provisions explicitly require that a lockdown be imposed for anyone and any interest (including collective worship activities) in an infectious area, except for medical personnel carrying out the mandate to provide health services to the community. Prohibition of going out or entering the disaster area can lead to the legal status of haram (strongly prohibited) or makruh (Lessly prohibited) depending on the level of emergency it causes based on information from medical experts. Thus there is a legal synchronization between the provisions of the Shari'a and government policies related to the lockdown, the policies that must be adhered to by citizens for the safety of the individuals and the people as well.Keywords: Covid-19, PSBB, synchronization of law.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (NSL) was passed on June 30, 2020 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). It did not have immediate direct effect in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). After consulting the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR (BLC) and the Government of the HKSAR (HKSARG), the NPCSC added the NSL to Annex III of The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Basic Law) before the Chief Executive of the HKSAR (Chief Executive) promulgated the NSL for local application. All this happened on June 30, enabling the NSL to enter into force at 11 p.m., just ahead of the twenty-third anniversary of the establishment of the HKSAR on July 1, 2020.

Summary
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of principles and values of the European Union, their ethimology and genesis, as well as their place and role in the legal order of the EU. One can argue that in the contemporary legal order of the European Union principles and norms that are enshrined in the founding documents of the European Union, stipulate the founding basics of the legal system of the EU. Besides, they execute the regulatory function in the relations between an individual and society. It is pointed out in the work, that principles and values appeared in the European Union law not at the same time. If principles were fixed in the first founding treaties when they were concluded, then the provisions on values were included in the founding treaties only recently that is in the latest Lisbon edition of 2007. It is underlined that the infringement by an EU Member State of values may result into imposing of sanctions against the infringer. However, EU principles and values acquire the particular importance in the course of the conclusion of international agreements with the third countries. With this regard the provisions of the Association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and its Member States. Special attention is paid in the article to the investigation of the legal mechanism of the implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association agreement in the legal order of Ukraine as well ae the effect of principles and values on the process of legal reforms in Ukraine.

This comment reflects on the legal (specifically, proprietary) tropes of linguistics, and the linguistic tropes of legal anthropology.It suggests analogies between discussions around "language rights" in contemporary political struggles, and discussions around the delineation of objects and subjects in anthropological theory. Such analogies may help side‐step the relativism‐universalism impasse that has beset the critique of rights and the critique of the objectification of language. [Keywords: language, law, anthropological theory, value]

The article is devoted to the analysis of agrarian receipts as a convenient tool for raising funds, goods, works or services to meet the current needs of agricultural producers. The novelty of this tool, in the absence of information support, generates a lot of fear among potential users of agricultural receipts. Therefore, it is important to carry out legal characteristics of agricultural receipts.The study is based on an analysis of the provisions of the current legislation and current practice of its application and is focused on disclosure of key legal aspects and features of agricultural receipts as securities, their types. Attention is also paid to the analysis of the parties and the content of relations arising based onagrarian receipts. The scope of application, the impact of agrarian receipts on the agricultural market and the ability to ensure the fulfillment of obligations are analyzed.Based on the analysis of the existing practice of applying the Law, it is concluded that its norms provide for the simplicity in issuing agrarian receipts, do not set strict requirements for the presentation of the agrarian receipt, and introduce clear mechanisms for the voluntary or forced execution of agricultural receipts, thereby minimizing the possibility of disputable situations or threats of non-fulfillment obligations on them.Based on the study, the main features of agrarian receipts that are constituent components of the legal characteristics of these securities are formulated and summarized. In particular, agrarian receipts relate to commodity-dealing securities, exist in documentary form; a debtor on an agricultural receipt is an agricultural producer, a creditor is a business entity that transfers money, goods, renders services or performs work required by the debtor; agricultural receipts certify an unconditional obligation to deliver goods or return funds; are designed for use in crop production; establish a pledge for future harvest; have a turnover and influence the movement, pricing and quality of products in the agricultural market; have a simple procedure for registration and registration, a clear mechanism for voluntary or compulsory fulfillment of obligations thereon. ; Статтю присвячено аналізу аграрних розписок як нового і зручного інструменту залучення коштів, товарів, робіт або послуг для забезпечення поточних потреб сільськогосподарських виробників. Дослідження зосереджено на розкритті ключових правових аспектів та особливостей аграрних розписок як цінних паперів, їх видів, аналізу сторін і змісту відносин, які виникають на підставі аграрної розписки, сфери застосування, оцінці впливу аграрних розписок на аграрний ринок і здатності забезпечити виконання зобов'язань.На основі проведеного дослідження сформульовано та узагальнено основні риси аграрних розписок, які виступають складовими правової характеристики цих цінних паперів.

The article examines problematic issues related to the social and legal responsibility of business. In particular, the author argues that the concept of social responsibility of business is an ideological construct filled with meanings formed over almost two centuries as a result of scientific reflection on the relationship between business, state and society. An attempt has been made to present this concept as a relatively independent form of knowledge organization. It is emphasized that the trajectories of legal research must meet the needs of not only the state, but also society, the individual, one of which is the need to establish fair principles not only in respect of rights, but also obligations, responsibility to the individual and the state. The desire of law to streamline social relations by means of standardizing the behavior of not only individuals, but also legal entities, demonstrates movement and appeal to the highest moral and ethical categories, one of which is «responsibility».

In pluralistic legal systems, the regulation of non-state law through statute carries the risks associated with codification; namely the ossification and distortion of law. This article examines the effects of statutory regulation on unwritten systems of law in the South African legal context. It argues that the constitutional recognition of customary law in South Africa has forced the state to legislate in this arena, the most notable enactments being the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Law of Succession and Regulation of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009. The enactments' attempt to align customary law with constitutional values have imported significant portions of the common law to regulate the customary law of marriage and succession. This has resulted in a distortion of customary law to reflect common law values and rules. Furthermore, it is argued that significant lacunae in the enactments have necessitated litigation and resulted in the judiciary playing a significant role in shaping customary law. Finally, despite the incorporation of living customary law into the enactments, the implementation thereof by courts and in practice has – and perhaps inevitably so – ossified and distorted portions of the law. Nonetheless, the article argues that legislation is critical to regulate customary law. It advocates that the shortcomings identified in the article are addressed to ensure a more accurate portrayal of customary law in legislation and the successful implementation thereof.