Suchergebnisse

The present study legal analysis of the legal aspects of violations of political rights and freedoms of men and citizen in the modern Russian criminal law, which is currently, despite the urgency of the problem, little studied in the direction from the point of view of the theory and from the practical point of view.

The present study legal analysis of the legal aspects of violations of labor rights of men and citizen in mod-ern Russian criminal law, which is currently, despite the urgency of the problem, little studied area, both from the point of view of the theory and from the practical point of view.

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

The article examines the key aspects of sentencing Japanese war criminals. Particular attention is paid to the study of the Tokyo process and its results. The paper also details the participation of the Soviet Union in the investigation of crimes committed by Japanese soldiers during the Second World War.

The present study legal analysis of the legal aspects of violations of intellectual property rights in modern Russian criminal law, which is currently, despite the urgency of the problem, little studied area, both from the point of view of the theory and from the practical point of view.

The results of the study represent the Russian experience in the sociological study of the non-criminal "shadow" labor market, including the identification of trends in its development, analysis of socio-economic mechanisms, in particular the socio-psychological attitudes of participants in "shadow" processes, norms of legal and economic consciousness, value orientations, and motives of behavior. that determine the massive participation in the non-criminal "shadow" economy of representatives of different social, demographic and professional groups.

The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

Статья посвящена сюжету, обойденному вниманием историков, – деятельности Ивана Сергеевича Аксакова в качестве ревизора земского и уездного судов Астраханской губернии. Обращение к отчетам, подготовленным титулярным советником Аксаковым по особой, им самим разработанной системе, позволяет увидеть, каким образом начинающий чиновник-правовед представлял программу переустройства провинциальных судов в дореформенное время. В рабочих документах и литературном наследии Аксакова отчетливо прослеживается прогрессистская логика столичных чиновников, которые, ориентируясь на западные идеи и институты, понимавшиеся как более развитые, свысока смотрели на «темную» провинцию. В статье представлены конкретные меры, предлагавшиеся Аксаковым для того, чтобы направить провинциальное правосудие в русло закона, а также следствия указанных инициатив, отразившиеся в его дальнейшей судьбе.
The article is devoted to the activities of Ivan S. Aksakov as an inspector of the zemstvo and uyezd courts of Astrakhan Governorate, a subject to which historians have paid little attention. Referring to the reports prepared by titular counselor Aksakov according to a special system, which he devised himself, allows us to see how the novice jurist official presented the program for reforming provincial courts during the pre-reform period. Aksakov's working documents and literary legacy clearly show the progressist logic of the capital's officials who looked down on the "benighted" province, considering Western ideas and institutions as better developed. The article presents specific measures proposed by Aksakov in order to direct provincial justice in line with the law and the consequences of those initiatives, which reflected in his fate.

The article is devoted to determining the place of consumer law in the system of Russian law and in the system of Russian legislation. Having formed in Russian civil law initially as a functional institution of civil law protection of consumer rights, it later, together with the norms of branches of public law, forms an intersectoral institute of Russian law, and under the influence of codified civil legislation, especially due to the reform of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the improvement of legislation on consumer protection and the practice of its application, occupies the place of a functional sub-branch in the structure of modern civil law. For more than thirty years, consumer law has also been formed as a complex branch of legislation, including normative acts containing norms of various branches of Russian law. Consumer law (consumer protection legislation) is characterized by a number of features (it includes numerous regulations of various hierarchical levels and combines legal regulation contained in codified civil legislation and special acts on consumer protection). This, on the one hand, seems to be a very progressive phenomenon, since the civil law regulation of contractual relations with the participation of consumers is elevated to the level of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and, on the other hand, this is done in part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in certain federal laws, is often inconsistent or insufficiently successful.

The aim is to define mechanisms of influence of attitudes of society to the
emergence and reproduction of corrupt practices in law enforcement. The article
considers the social phenomenon of corruption of the spirit in law enforcement. It
encompasses the process of forming a corrupt consciousness and the substance
constructed by the individual subjective reality of corruption. The causes of
corruption of the spirit are based on the biosocial nature of man, as well as in the
impact on human of cultural systems. Formation of the corrupt consciousness can be
enhanced or retarded cultural content, which is imposed on the natural matrix of the
human in social interaction. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the philosophical
analysis of such categories as corruption of the spirit and the corrupt consciousness in
relation to law enforcement. The author concludes that the modern value orientations
of society contribute to the emergence and reproduction of corrupt practices in law
enforcement through the social mechanism of external relations, which are digested
by law enforcement officers through agents of socialization.