Suchergebnisse

Discriminations at the recruitment, consisting in an employer's refusal to hire one or several candidates even competent ones, based on non objective considerations, which are prohibited by the French law, interfere with the principle of equal treatment between individuals, a principle dear to the Republic. That is why we have witnessed for a few years the setting-up of measures aimed at fighting the discriminatory phenomenon at the recruitment. This large set of measures forms what is known as the criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination. To take an interest in it, as is the aim of this thesis, is simply to wonder whether, today in France, all the means implemented to fight the specific discriminatory phenomenon, really enable to answer it aptly. In other words, does the criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination enable to control, even to stop the said discriminatory practises, such as they are considered and conceived today in our society? In order to achieve this, we will go on with a critical assessment of the mechanisms and methods set up by the stakeholder striving for the fight against recruitment discrimination. Therefore, our analysis organises itself around the two sectors constitutive of this criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination which are on the one hand the repressive and victim assistance sector and on the other hand the preventive sector. ; Les discriminations à l'embauche, qui consistent en le refus pour un employeur de recruter un ou plusieurs candidats pourtant compétents sur le fondement de considérations non-objectives prohibées par la loi française, portent atteinte au principe d'égalité de traitement entre les individus cher à la République. C'est la raison pour laquelle, depuis quelques années maintenant, on assiste à la mise en place d'un ensemble de mesures destinées à lutter contre le phénomène discriminatoire lors de l'embauche. Ce vaste ensemble de mesures constitue ce qu'on appelle la politique criminelle de lutte contre les ...

The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ...

The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ; Le début du 21ème siècle a vu s'ériger de profondes réformes législatives qui continuent de bouleverser le droit pénal et la politique criminelle. Elles prennent corps dans une société de risque caractérisée par l'accélération de la modernisation et la production de risques multiformes qui lui sont rattachés. Progressivement, le principe de précaution, emprunté de manière pervertie à l'environnement, et sur un mode incantatoire et répétitif, s'immiscera dans ces matières jusqu'à produire des conséquences sur le principe de légalité qui structure la rationalité pénale moderne, imposer la révision de certains autres grands principes comme celui de la présomption d'innocence et celui de nécessité, et mettre au centre des décisions des notions critiques telle la dangerosité. Sous l'influence du principe de précaution, les concepts-mêmes d'infraction, de responsabilité pénale et de peine sont bousculés avec l'invitation à prendre toujours plus en considération le futur et sa potentialité de danger. Dans cette perspective, et comme pendant au principe de précaution, le droit à la sécurité tend à déplacer la focale sur une approche victimaire de la société au détriment d'une conception ancienne d'un droit pénal fondé sur un équilibre juridique entre sécurité et liberté. Et la politique criminelle guidant ces évolutions fonctionne sur un nouveau modèle qui, dans cette recherche poussée de la sécurité, fait de la précaution à la fois sa finalité interne et sa finalité externe. Cette thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude du principe de précaution appliqué au droit pénal et à la politique criminelle qu'elle examine à la lumière de théories et d'approches pluridisciplinaires. Elle s'attache surtout à travers l'analyse de l'évolution du droit pénal et de certaines thèses criminologiques, à mettre en évidence l'émergence aujourd'hui, et au contact d'une idéologie précautionniste, d'une nouvelle rationalité pénale de précaution fonctionnant selon une méthodologie et avec l'usage d'une terminologie spécifique.

The approach intends to be aimed at understanding whether the system of property prevention measures is characterized and inspired by respect - in the strict sense - of the rule of law or more by legitimizing the objectives of criminal policy and, with it, the need for efficiency , even at the cost of having to "sacrifice" some guarantees. Finally, it remains to be understood whether the requirements of the rule of law can, however, be met by finding a possible balance with the needs of prevention, efficiency, even beyond the typical criminal law but in the necessary respect of constitutional guarantees.

The theory of social defense developed in the late nineteenth century from the work of Italian and French schools of criminal anthropology. The search for the etiology of deviant behavior, and particularly criminal behavior, should lead to the replacement of certain basic concepts of criminal law such as crime, guilt and punishment, by others that take into account the dangerousness of individuals guilty of criminal acts. The aim was to replace undifferentiated criminal sanctions with more personalized measures designed to improve public safety. In the inter-war period, criminal anthropology gave way to criminal prophylaxis, imagined by the psychiatrist Edouard Toulouse. The members of his network displayed an intense activity, but two subjects were paradoxically overlooked in their investigations: the French Guiana penal colonies and the metropolitan children's penal colonies. The public was, however, very shocked by Albert London's revelations after his investigation into the Cayenne penal colony. Almost simultaneously, the scandal of children's penal colonies, also orchestrated by journalists and philanthropic associations broke out. The thesis aims to a better understanding of the failure of the Criminal Prophylaxis, which disappeared on the eve of the second world war, even when the death sentence of the penal colony of Cayenne was pronounced, for reasons actually more economical than humanitarian, as well as the replacement of children's penal colonies with the Supervised Education System. In studying the rich debates on criminal policy in the inter-war period, it also highlights the commitment of unfairly unsung actors to date. ; La théorie de la défense sociale s'est développée à la fin du XIXe siècle à partir des travaux des écoles italienne et française d'anthropologie criminelle. La recherche de l'étiologie des comportements déviants, et particulièrement des comportements criminels devait conduire à remplacer certains concepts de base du droit pénal tels que crime, culpabilité et châtiment, par ...

The theory of social defense developed in the late nineteenth century from the work of Italian and French schools of criminal anthropology. The search for the etiology of deviant behavior, and particularly criminal behavior, should lead to the replacement of certain basic concepts of criminal law such as crime, guilt and punishment, by others that take into account the dangerousness of individuals guilty of criminal acts. The aim was to replace undifferentiated criminal sanctions with more personalized measures designed to improve public safety. In the inter-war period, criminal anthropology gave way to criminal prophylaxis, imagined by the psychiatrist Edouard Toulouse. The members of his network displayed an intense activity, but two subjects were paradoxically overlooked in their investigations: the French Guiana penal colonies and the metropolitan children's penal colonies. The public was, however, very shocked by Albert London's revelations after his investigation into the Cayenne penal colony. Almost simultaneously, the scandal of children's penal colonies, also orchestrated by journalists and philanthropic associations broke out. The thesis aims to a better understanding of the failure of the Criminal Prophylaxis, which disappeared on the eve of the second world war, even when the death sentence of the penal colony of Cayenne was pronounced, for reasons actually more economical than humanitarian, as well as the replacement of children's penal colonies with the Supervised Education System. In studying the rich debates on criminal policy in the inter-war period, it also highlights the commitment of unfairly unsung actors to date. ; La théorie de la défense sociale s'est développée à la fin du XIXe siècle à partir des travaux des écoles italienne et française d'anthropologie criminelle. La recherche de l'étiologie des comportements déviants, et particulièrement des comportements criminels devait conduire à remplacer certains concepts de base du droit pénal tels que crime, culpabilité et châtiment, par ...

The theory of social defense developed in the late nineteenth century from the work of Italian and French schools of criminal anthropology. The search for the etiology of deviant behavior, and particularly criminal behavior, should lead to the replacement of certain basic concepts of criminal law such as crime, guilt and punishment, by others that take into account the dangerousness of individuals guilty of criminal acts. The aim was to replace undifferentiated criminal sanctions with more personalized measures designed to improve public safety. In the inter-war period, criminal anthropology gave way to criminal prophylaxis, imagined by the psychiatrist Edouard Toulouse. The members of his network displayed an intense activity, but two subjects were paradoxically overlooked in their investigations: the French Guiana penal colonies and the metropolitan children's penal colonies. The public was, however, very shocked by Albert London's revelations after his investigation into the Cayenne penal colony. Almost simultaneously, the scandal of children's penal colonies, also orchestrated by journalists and philanthropic associations broke out. The thesis aims to a better understanding of the failure of the Criminal Prophylaxis, which disappeared on the eve of the second world war, even when the death sentence of the penal colony of Cayenne was pronounced, for reasons actually more economical than humanitarian, as well as the replacement of children's penal colonies with the Supervised Education System. In studying the rich debates on criminal policy in the inter-war period, it also highlights the commitment of unfairly unsung actors to date. ; La théorie de la défense sociale s'est développée à la fin du XIXe siècle à partir des travaux des écoles italienne et française d'anthropologie criminelle. La recherche de l'étiologie des comportements déviants, et particulièrement des comportements criminels devait conduire à remplacer certains concepts de base du droit pénal tels que crime, culpabilité et châtiment, par ...

Oggetto della ricerca è la rilevanza nell'ambito del diritto penale del principio di precauzione. Quest'ultimo deve la sua diffusione e popolarità al fatto di presentarsi come criterio guida al problema del rischio e dell'incertezza. L'esigenza di adottare scelte normative in condizioni di incertezza scientifica è infatti oggi ineludibile. Si cercherà in primo luogo di circoscrivere l'oggetto dell'indagine analizzando il rilievo che il principio di precauzione ha a livello legislativo e giurisprudenziale. Quindi si analizzeranno le problematiche che il ricorso allo stesso suscita con riferimento alla struttura classica del reato e legate al contesto di incertezza nel quale viene invocato. Tali problematiche si riferiscono alla possibilità o meno di dare rilevanza al modello del reato di pericolo, alla ricostruzione del nesso causale e all'influenza che il principio di precauzione può determinare nell'accertamento dell'elemento soggettivo delle colpa. Si concluderà l'analisi analizzando le diverse posizioni assunte dalla dottrina italiana circa l'opportunità o meno dell'intervento penale in contesti di incertezza scientifica, individuando, in caso di risposta affermativa, le modalità di intervento. ; The precautionary principle states that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking the action. This principle allows policy makers to make discretionary decisions in situations where there is the possibility of harm from taking a particular course or making a certain decision when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. The principle implies that there is a social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm, when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk. In some legal systems, as in the law of the European Union, the application of the precautionary principle has been made a statutory requirement. Transposed in a criminal law context precautionary principle meets him with the characteristics of this branch of law. Criminal law is in fact a retrospective law and the classic type of crime (behaviour and event) clashes with a criminal policy time to avoid harmful events. The first stage of the research will be the analysis of actual characteristics of criminal law with particular regards to the meaning of that principle, according to the law and to the case law. The second proposal of the present project is to investigate whether the criminal intervention is feasible in case of scientific uncertainty, according to the different points of view of the Italian doctrine and I will try to identify a method of intervention, if it is possible.

Today, the penal norm is anymore the traditional sanction against discrimination policy. Its ineptitude to offer an adequate answer has justified this situation; it still has a real function within this policy. The first function of the penal norm is to promote the core values of a society.Discrimination is usually assimilated with breach of equality. In criminal law, discrimination is linked with a rupture of human dignity, but as we know the penal norm is not fully applied.The treatment of discrimination is nowadays numerous (prevention program, criminal sanction, regulation policy) but on the other hand theses measures are not able to deal with criminal deficiencies. The system, today, can be improved, as it is so hard to define a role to each other or alternative processing option. Anyway, it is obvious saying that, in some cases, other sanctions than criminal are necessarily insufficient. The criminal policy has to ensure the balance. ; La norme pénale n'est plus l'unique règle de droit sanctionnant les discriminations, elle ne constitue qu'une disposition parmi toutes celles composant la politique criminelle de lutte contre les discriminations. Son incapacité à offrir une réponse suffisante a justifié cette évolution. Pourtant, il convient de démontrer que la norme pénale occupe encore une réelle fonction au sein de cette politique criminelle. En rattachant la discrimination au respect de la dignité humaine, la norme pénale a élaboré un concept éthique de non-discrimination. Le traitement des discriminations n'en reste pas moins éclectique. La multiplicité des mesures adoptées n'a pas permis de faire face à toutes les carences existantes. Le système actuel reste perfectible, sa complexité ne permet pas une définition suffisante des rôles de chaque voie de traitement ou de chaque acteur. La subsistance d'atteintes graves, qui ne sauraient se passer d'une sanction pénale, induit l'idée qu'un nouvel équilibre doit être instauré.

Studying the family link from a criminal law perspective may seem paradoxical at first sight. Yet this is not the case since the confrontation between these two concepts is as ineluctable as is it necessary. The examination of the impacts of the family link on the repressive rules falls within a multidisciplinary approach and sheds light on two conceptions, whose limits are constantly changing. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current phenomenon of transformation in the criminal protection of families through observation and research; and to break down the principles governing it, so as to better grasp the situation and to give a new orientation towards future implementations. The study reveals the existence of an overall disinterest of the repressive field in the family link precisely where its consideration is a fundamental criterion in the construction and consistent implementation of criminal rules. The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing body of repressive laws and regulations currently in use as well as to establish an unprecedented classification of family offenses. The creation of a functional typology of family offenses in criminal law will make it possible to provide tailored legal tools to deal with this dilemma and to implement a specific criminal policy regarding the family. This endeavour challenges the very existence of the family link in criminal justice and demands not only that it be reintegrated into criminal law at the initial stage of classifying family offenses, but also that it be subsequently taken into consideration when dealing with these offenses. ; Confronter le lien familial au droit pénal peut sembler paradoxal. La contradiction s'efface cependant devant le caractère inéluctable et nécessaire de cette rencontre. L'étude de l'impact spécifique de la présence du lien de famille sur les règles répressives s'inscrit dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et propose de mettre en présence deux objets dont les frontières évoluent constamment. À travers une double perspective d'observation et de prospection, cette recherche propose d'analyser le phénomène actuel de mutation de la protection pénale de la famille et de découvrir les principes qui lui sont propres, dans le but de mieux le saisir et de pouvoir en réorienter les applications futures. L'examen révèle l'existence d'un désintérêt répressif global à l'encontre du lien familial à l'endroit où sa prise en compte constitue un atout fondamental pour l'édification et la mise en œuvre cohérente des règles pénales. Cette étude propose d'analyser l'arsenal répressif existant et se donne pour objectif l'édification théorique d'une classification inédite des infractions familiales. La réalisation d'une typologie fonctionnelle de l'infraction familiale en droit pénal permet de pouvoir lui attribuer un outil de traitement procédural adapté à ses spécificités et d'aboutir à la mise en œuvre d'une politique pénale familiale spécifique. Cette ambition questionne la réalité du lien familial pénal et appelle, d'une part, à réinsérer le droit pénal dans le lien familial au stade de la classification des infractions familiales, et, d'autre part, à intégrer le lien familial dans le droit pénal au stade du traitement des infractions familiales.

Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei mercati europei e globali. Crisi, diritti, regolazione ; La distinzione del pubblico dal privato rappresenta uno dei capisaldi della modernità giuridica. Una "grande dicotomia", di cui si trova traccia nei codici pre-Repubblicani, nella Costituzione, nelle leggi ordinarie e finanche nelle Convenzioni post-belliche. Nel quadro giuridico post-moderno, tuttavia, la distinzione del pubblico dal privato è divenuta vieppiù dispendiosa e gravida d'incertezze. Orfana dei capisaldi teorici ottocenteschi che la sorreggevano, sembra conservare un'efficacia puramente evocativa, apparendo ormai incapace di descrivere i confini e le ragioni della sua esistenza. Nel diritto penale, però, essa mantiene una forte centralità applicativa, operando (a tacer d'altro) da spartiacque tra il severo statuto penale della Pubblica amministrazione, e quello dedicato alle società di diritto privato. Lo studio che si propone, pertanto, ambisce a individuare le caratteristiche e la funzione che la distinzione del pubblico dal privato assolve nel diritto penale, eleggendo quale suo principale campo d'indagine i delitti a soggettività ristretta contenuti (anzitutto) nel Titolo II del codice Rocco. In buona sostanza, si cercherà di verificare a che condizioni, e secondo quali limiti, questa dicotomia possa conservare una sua validità teorica, e una qualche utilità pratica, nel sistema giuridico in cui ci si trova a operare. ; The Public-Private Law Divide represents one of the cornerstones of legal modernity. A "great dichotomy", traces of which can be found in the pre-Republican codes, in the Constitution, in the ordinary laws and even in the post-war Conventions. In the post-modern legal framework, however, the distinction of the public from the private has become increasingly expensive and fraught with uncertainty. Deprived of the nineteenth-century theoretical cornerstones that supported it, it seems to retain a purely evocative effectiveness, appearing by now incapable of describing the boundaries and the reasons for its existence. In criminal law, however, it maintains a strong applicative centrality, operating (moreover) as a watershed between the strict penal regime dedicated to the Public Administration, and the one dedicated to private companies. The proposed study, therefore, aims to identify the characteristics and the function that the distinction between public and private offenders absolves in the criminal law, electing as its main field of investigation the offenses contained (mainly) in Title II of the penal code. Basically, efforts will be made in this thesis to verify at what conditions, and according to what limits, this dichotomy can preserve its theoretical validity, and some practical use, in the juridical system in which it is most likely to operate.