Colombia does not have a structured and defined Criminal Policy; on the contrary, the only thing that is found with respect to this theme are varied statements of the Constitutional Court, which make it possible to clarify that all those materialized measures, especially in penal, penal process, and prison legislation; such as categorization of crimes, behavior modification, increase of penalties, among others; are Criminal Policy. Now then, the objective of this article is to convey the legal insecurity which involves subjecting the Principle of Opportunity to a State Criminal Policy which does not enjoy solid bases, even more so when the application of this Principle involves broad legalconsequences. We make it clear that this article is part of a dissertation thesis titled "Principle of Opportunity in Colombian Criminal Law" as a requirement to qualify for a law degree ; Colombia no posee una politica criminal estructurada y definida; por el contrario lo unicoque se encuentra con respecto al tema son variadas manifestaciones de la Corte Constitucional,que permiten dilucidar que todas aquellas medidas, materializadas especialmenteen la legislación penal, procesal penal y carcelaria, tales como tipificación de delitos, modificaciónde conductas, aumento de penas, entre otros, son política criminal. Ahora bien,el objetivo del presente artículo es dar a conocer la inseguridad jurídica que implica sujetarel principio de oportunidad a una política criminal del Estado que no goza de bases sólidas,?mas cuando la aplicacion de este principio envuelve amplias consecuencias juridicas.Hacemos claridad en que el presente artículo forma parte del trabajo de grado para optaral título de abogadas "Principio de Oportunidad en la Legislación Penal Colombiana".
In this paper I intend to reflect on the inability of functionalist dogmatic currents to contain the ius puniendi of the State. I will also point out what are the reasons of the penal system itself that have led to give the legislator a carte blanche, which has led to an unbridled punitiveness, and what fundamentals are proposed to build a more rational criminal response. By reviewing the current situation of criminal dogmatics, the questions of the method and the object of study of this branch of knowledge, we come to the conclusion of an improper relativism of a knowledge that is intended to be scientific. The rational proposal against this relativism is a criminal policy based on human rights. ; En este trabajo pretendo reflexionar sobre la incapacidad de las corrientes dogmáticas funcionalistas para contener el ius puniendi del Estado. Asimismo, señalaré cuáles son las razones del propio sistema penal que han conducido a dejar carta blanca al legislador, lo cual ha dado lugar a un punitivismo desbocado, y qué fundamentos se proponen para construir una respuesta penal más racional. Haciendo un repaso de la situación actual de la dogmática penal, de las cuestiones del método y el objeto de estudio de esta rama del conocimiento, se llega a la constatación de un relativismo impropio de un conocimiento que se pretende científico. La propuesta racional frente a este relativismo es una política criminal fundada en los derechos humanos.
ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas ; El presente trabajo representa un esfuerzo por analizar la definición de la política criminal en su relación con orden público en el período 2001-2010, en su fase primaria –la definición de las conductas sociales que reciben reproche del Estado a través de diferentes instrumentos, principalmente, por medio del ejercicio punitivo- desde un enfoque estratégico relacional que concibe al Estado como poliforme y como una relación social, enfoque desarrollado por Bob Jessop. Este enfoque contempla el elemento discursivo, de allí que ha sido útil para su mejor desarrollo acudir teórica y metodológicamente a los postulados de Teun Van Dijk, específicamente, al análisis crítico del discurso. Con este abordaje se da respuesta a tres cuestionamientos principales: dónde y cómo se originan las ideas e imaginarios relacionados con la definición de la política criminal, qué tipo de ideas o marcas de conocimiento se seleccionan para representar los objetivos de intervención del Estado a través de la política criminal y qué tipo de proyecto hegemónico se construye desde la definición de la política criminal. De manera más ampla, se busca aportar en la comprensión de la política criminal como un espacio de la contienda política y a la vez una estrategia del ejercicio de poder de un bloque definido al interior del Estado, lo que la dota de un carácter estratégico y dinámico. De esta forma, esta tesis profundiza en la caracterización de los actores participantes en la definición de la política y sus estrategias, los recursos discursivos, así como las disputas al interior de las fuerzas políticas, todo lo cual conlleva a analizar las conductas e imaginarios que permiten construir los enemigos a combatir. El estudio se realizó a partir del análisis de 37 normas -decretos, leyes y sus respetivos debates legislativos junto a las sentencias en los casos que aplica la revisión de constitucionalidad, expedidos entre el período 2001 y 2010, los cuales constituyen el corpus de la política criminal en su relación con el orden público. En el primer capítulo se presentan los objetivos y se realiza una síntesis del balance de la literatura académica que ha abordado el objeto de estudio de este trabajo. En el segundo capítulo se presenta de manera general el marco teórico y metodológico que guían la investigación. El tercer capítulo resume el contexto político del período de estudio (2001- 2010). Los capítulos siguientes presentan los hallazgos de la investigación, identificando en el cuarto capítulo las características generales de la política criminal, los actores institucionales que la definen y las fuerzas políticas que intervienen en su definición; por su parte, el quinto capítulo sintetiza los problemas de política que las fuerzas políticas determinan como relevantes para la intervención estatal desde la óptica de la política criminal en su relación con el orden público y los recursos que justifican la intervención, todo a partir del análisis del corpus identificado como relevante para el período de estudio. El capítulo sexto se centra en los hallazgos estructurales relacionados con la tentativa de hacer de los estados de excepción un recurso permanente y ordinario; el sesgo anti Constitución de 1991 y el terrorismo como enemigo difuso. Finalmente, el último capítulo presenta las conclusiones a manera de cierre y recapitulación, centrándose en el proyecto hegemónico impulsado en la lógica de la política criminal. (Texto tomado de la fuente). ; This work represents an effort to analyze the definition of criminal policy in its relationship with public order in the period 2001-2010, in its primary phase – the definition of social behaviors that receive reproof from the State through different instruments, mainly, through the punitive exercise- from a strategic relational approach that conceives the State as polyform and as a social relationship, an approach developed by Bob Jessop. This approach contemplates the discursive element; hence, it has been useful for its better development to turn theoretically and methodologically to the Teun Van Dijk's postulates, specifically, critical discourse analysis. This approach answers three main questions: where and how the ideas and imaginaries related to the definition of criminal policy originate, what kind of ideas or brands of knowledge are selected to represent the objectives of State intervention through criminal policy and what kind of hegemonic project is built from the definition of criminal policy. More broadly, it seeks to contribute to the understanding of criminal policy as a space for political dispute and at the same time a strategy of the exercise of power of a block defined within the State, which gives it a strategic and dynamic character. In this way, this thesis deepens in the characterization of the participating actors in the definition of the policy and its strategies, the discursive resources, as well as the disputes within the political forces, all of which leads to the analysis of the behaviors and imaginaries that allow the building of enemies to fight. The study was carried out from the analysis of 37 regulations -decrees, laws and their respective legislative debates together with the sentences in the cases that apply the review of constitutionality, issued between the period 2001 and 2010, which constitute the corpus of criminal policy in its relationship with public order. In the first chapter the objectives are presented and a synthesis of the balance of the academic literature that has addressed the object of study of this work. In the second chapter, the theoretical and methodological framework that guides the research is presented in a general way. The third chapter summarizes the political context of the study period (2001-2010). The following chapters present the research findings, identifying in the fourth chapter the general characteristics of criminal policy, the institutional actors that define it and the political forces that intervene in its definition; for its part, the fifth chapter synthesizes the policy problems that the political forces determine as relevant to state intervention from the perspective of criminal policy in its relationship with public order and the resources that justify the intervention, all based on the analysis of the corpus identified as relevant for the study period. The sixth chapter focuses on the structural findings related to the attempt to make states of exception a permanent and ordinary resource; the bias against the Constitution of 1991 and terrorism as a diffuse enemy. Finally, the last chapter presents the conclusions, focusing on the hegemonic project promoted in the logic of criminal policy. ; Tesis con Distinción Meritoria. Resolución No. 325 de fecha 09 de noviembre de 2021. Consejo de Facultad de Ciencias Humanas ; Maestría ; Magíster en Sociología ; Sociología política
Legislation in the health sector must always follow and fulfill the community needs. After that, it must be able to answer the problems of the community in the health sector, so that people feel at ease as citizens. It is the duty of the government so that people can enjoy health care at affordable costs. In addition, hospitals must always maintain their professionals. The problem this paper about how is criminal law policy in health care and the methods is Normative legal research is research conducted by examining library materials. This research on normative literature includes research on legal principles, research on legal systematic, research on the levels of vertical and horizontal synchronization, comparison of law and legal history. The result is obtained are in addition to criminal law, namely Law Number 1 Year 1946 on the Criminal Code, there are also several criminal policy that regulate criminal law protection in health care or medical. The laws and regulations are Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health, Law Number 44 Year 2009 on Hospitals, Law Number 29 Year 2004 on Medical Practice and many other laws and regulations related to criminal policy in the health sector. Since ancient Greece, legal science has touched almost all aspects of human life, except the medical field. Health workers who existed at that time regulated their own work methods with professional codes of ethics and oaths that were deeply rooted in tradition and had a strong influence on society.
RESUMEN: El artículo trata fundamentalmente de la internacionalización del Derecho penal desde una perspectiva amplia; este fenómeno está estrechamente vinculado con las consecuencias que ha generado la globalización de la economía de orientación neoliberal en diversos ámbitos del contexto social, entre ellos, la política-criminal. Para adentrarse en este tema, la autora se vale de un caso: el «lavado de activos». Respecto a él afirma que las normas supranacionales que lo conforman, consolidan un sistema de represión expansivo y autoritario; este último cuando es trasladado al interior de los ordenamientos nacionales genera importantes tensiones con las garantías y los derechos de libertad adscritos al Estado social y democrático de derecho. Para ilustrar este último aspecto describe someramente las regulaciones de España y Colombia. ; ABSTRACT: This article refers primarily to the internationalization of criminal law from a broad perspective. This phenomenon is closely related to the consequences arising from the globalization of neoliberal economic orientation in various areas of social context, including the criminal policy. To venture into this subject, the author uses a case: the "money laundering", which she asserts that supranational rules that integrate it, build an expansive and authoritarian system of repression when it is transferred to internal national legal systems where it generates significant tensions with the guarantees and the rights of liberty attached to the social and democratic State of Law. To illustrate this last point it briefly describes the legal regulations of Spain and Colombia.
Colombia does not have a structured and defined Criminal Policy; on the contrary, the only thing that is found with respect to this theme are varied statements of the Constitutional Court, which make it possible to clarify that all those materialized measures, especially in penal, penal process, and prison legislation; such as categorization of crimes, behavior modification, increase of penalties, among others; are Criminal Policy. Now then, the objective of this article is to convey the legal insecurity which involves subjecting the Principle of Opportunity to a State Criminal Policy which does not enjoy solid bases, even more so when the application of this Principle involves broad legalconsequences. We make it clear that this article is part of a dissertation thesis titled "Principle of Opportunity in Colombian Criminal Law" as a requirement to qualify for a law degree ; Colombia no posee una politica criminal estructurada y definida; por el contrario lo unicoque se encuentra con respecto al tema son variadas manifestaciones de la Corte Constitucional,que permiten dilucidar que todas aquellas medidas, materializadas especialmenteen la legislación penal, procesal penal y carcelaria, tales como tipificación de delitos, modificaciónde conductas, aumento de penas, entre otros, son política criminal. Ahora bien,el objetivo del presente artículo es dar a conocer la inseguridad jurídica que implica sujetarel principio de oportunidad a una política criminal del Estado que no goza de bases sólidas,?mas cuando la aplicacion de este principio envuelve amplias consecuencias juridicas.Hacemos claridad en que el presente artículo forma parte del trabajo de grado para optaral título de abogadas "Principio de Oportunidad en la Legislación Penal Colombiana".
The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ...
Since mid-1980s crime rates in Brazil started to increase with the transition from military dictatorship to democracy, a period marked by the rise of poverty and hyperinflation. Given levels of police corruption and protection of criminal gangs, trust in the criminal justice system was low, leading to a heightened dependence on private security, gated communities and the politicisation of law and order politics. An impressive punitive turn began at in the 1990s. This paper analysed penal policies under successive left-wing Lula and Dilma governments from 2003 to 2014. During this period the rise of 'postneoliberal' and 'postneoconservative' politics, led by the Workers Party, developed governmental strategies and initiatives that formulated and legitimized rich and complex expressions of traditionally left-wing politics. Despite the simultaneous implementation of distributive policies, the increase of human development levels throughout the country, the reduction of social inequalities and the redirection of the official discourse of Federal Government security policies towards crime prevention, incarceration rates continued to increase. This article examines why efforts to build an effective public security policy committed to upholding civil rights and improving the control of police and police activities have failed.
The beginning of the 21st century has seen the implementation of profound legislative reforms which have upset the criminal law and the criminal policy. They took place in a society of risk characterized by the acceleration of the modernity and the production of multiform risks which are linked to it. Gradually the precautionary principle, taken forcibly from the environmental perspective and as an incantation and a refrain, will interfere in those matters to such an extent as to generate consequences on the principle of legality which structures the modern legal rationality, to impose the revision of some other key principles like the presumption of innocence and the principle of necessity, and to place at the center of decisions critical notions such as the danger. Under the influence of the precautionary principle, the very concepts of infraction, of legal responsibility and of punishment are being dislocated by the urgent appeal to take more and more into consideration the future and its potentiality of danger. In this perspective and under the growing pressure of the precautionary principle, the right to security tends to focalize upon a victimizing approach of the society at the expense of an old conception of criminal law founded upon the legal balance between security and liberty. And the criminal policy guiding those developments operate as a new model, which in its obsessional quest of security, makes of the precautionary principle both its internal and external finality. This thesis is thus devoted to the study of the precautionary principle as it is applied to the criminal law and to the criminal policy which it examines through theories and multidisciplinary approaches .Its main objective is, by the examination of the evolution of the criminal policy and of some theories of criminology, and in contact with the ideology of precaution, to highlight the current emergence of a new legal rationality of precaution which operates according to a specific methodology and by the use of a specific terminology. ; Le début du 21ème siècle a vu s'ériger de profondes réformes législatives qui continuent de bouleverser le droit pénal et la politique criminelle. Elles prennent corps dans une société de risque caractérisée par l'accélération de la modernisation et la production de risques multiformes qui lui sont rattachés. Progressivement, le principe de précaution, emprunté de manière pervertie à l'environnement, et sur un mode incantatoire et répétitif, s'immiscera dans ces matières jusqu'à produire des conséquences sur le principe de légalité qui structure la rationalité pénale moderne, imposer la révision de certains autres grands principes comme celui de la présomption d'innocence et celui de nécessité, et mettre au centre des décisions des notions critiques telle la dangerosité. Sous l'influence du principe de précaution, les concepts-mêmes d'infraction, de responsabilité pénale et de peine sont bousculés avec l'invitation à prendre toujours plus en considération le futur et sa potentialité de danger. Dans cette perspective, et comme pendant au principe de précaution, le droit à la sécurité tend à déplacer la focale sur une approche victimaire de la société au détriment d'une conception ancienne d'un droit pénal fondé sur un équilibre juridique entre sécurité et liberté. Et la politique criminelle guidant ces évolutions fonctionne sur un nouveau modèle qui, dans cette recherche poussée de la sécurité, fait de la précaution à la fois sa finalité interne et sa finalité externe. Cette thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude du principe de précaution appliqué au droit pénal et à la politique criminelle qu'elle examine à la lumière de théories et d'approches pluridisciplinaires. Elle s'attache surtout à travers l'analyse de l'évolution du droit pénal et de certaines thèses criminologiques, à mettre en évidence l'émergence aujourd'hui, et au contact d'une idéologie précautionniste, d'une nouvelle rationalité pénale de précaution fonctionnant selon une méthodologie et avec l'usage d'une terminologie spécifique.
This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework. ; El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
Gender violence and violence against women constitutes a serious problem that affects society as a whole. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the importance of the criminal policy adopted by Nicaragua to prevent and punish the crimes of gender violence and violence against women in its different manifestations, in accordance with Law number 779 and its Regulation. This investigation includes definitions and concepts of national legislation, binding international legal instruments for Nicaragua and doctrinal criteria of different authors who conceptualizes about criminal policy, human rights, gender violence and violence against women. It concludes with the evident need for a possible reform of Law number 779 and the rethinking of strategies in public policies to prevent and sanction gender violence and violence against women. ; La violencia de género constituye un problema grave que afecta a la sociedad en su conjunto. El trabajo de investigación que a continuación se presenta tiene como finalidad analizar la importancia de la política criminal que adopta Nicaragua para prevenir y sancionar los delitos de violencia de género y violencia contra las mujeres en sus diferentes manifestaciones, conforme la Ley No. 779 y su Reglamento. En él se reúnen definiciones y conceptos de la legislación nacional, instrumentos jurídicos internacionales vinculantes para Nicaragua y la doctrina de autores sobre política criminal, violencia de género y violencia contra las mujeres, como fuentes formales de conocimiento. Concluye con la evidente necesidad de una posible reforma a la Ley No. 779 y el replanteamiento de estrategias en las políticas públicas para prevenir y sancionar la violencia de género y la violencia contra las mujeres.
The author presents approaches to understanding the term "political system of society" as an integrated set of political power, subjects, relations, political organizations and political culture of society, which ensures its social stability, social order and which has a certain socio-political orientation. It contains the organization of political power, relations between society and the state, characterizes the flow of political processes, including the institutionalization of power, the state of political activity, the level of political creativity in society, the nature of political participation, non-institutional political relations. The political system is generally based on the principle of "dynamic equilibrium" (D. Easton): if decisions and actions meet the requirements and expectations of society, then support for the political system is enhanced. On the other hand, if the government ignores the demands of members of society and pays attention only to their own demands and wishes (new-fashioned rationale – "for reasons of political expediency"), decisions and actions do not meet support and understanding. The chain "social request/need" – "political elaboration" – "political decision" directly determines the peculiarities of formation, trouble-free work and further improvement of the political system of society. Every political system that is positioned as effective has the appropriate institutions and structures through which social requests, needs and demands are transformed into political decisions and subsequently manifested in a particular policy area. The author notes that under this scheme all spheres of state policy work. Criminal police is no exception. Receiving the relevant criminalized requests/needs from the public, the system, through the appropriate actors (institutions), then makes a political decision that will be implemented through a number of legal, social, economic, etc. activities. The totality of such decisions constitutes criminal policy. ; Автор у статті наводить підходи до розуміння терміна «політична система суспільства» як інтегрованої сукуп-ності політичної влади, суб'єктів, відносин, політичних організацій і політичної культури суспільства, яка забез-печує його соціальну стабільність, соціальний порядок і яка має певну соціально-політичну орієнтацію. Вона містить організацію політичної влади, відно-сини між суспільством і державою, характеризує про-тікання політичних процесів, що включають інститу-ціоналізацію влади, стан політичної діяльності, рівень політичної творчості в суспільстві, характер політич-ної участі, неінституціональних політичних відносин. Політична система, як правило, побудована на принципі «динамічної рівноваги» (Д. Істон): якщо рішення й дії відповідають вимогам та очікуванням суспільства, то підтримка політичної системи посилю-ється. З іншого боку, якщо влада ігнорує вимоги членів суспільства та приділяє увагу тільки власним вимогам і побажанням (новомодне обґрунтування – «з мотивів політичної доцільності»), то рішення й дії не отриму-ють підтримки й розуміння. Ланцюжок «соціальний запит/потреба» – «полі-тичне опрацювання» – «політичне рішення» прямо визначає особливості формування, безперебійної ро-боти й подальшого вдосконалення політичної системи суспільства. Кожна політична система, що позиціону-ється як ефективна, має відповідні інститути і струк-тури, за допомогою яких соціальні запити, потреби й вимоги трансформуються в політичні рішення й надалі проявляються в тій чи іншій сфері політики. Автор зазначає, що за цією схемою працюють усі сфери державної політики. Не є винятком і кримі-нально-правова. Отримуючи відповідні кримінально зумовлені запити/потреби від суспільства, система за допомогою відповідних суб'єктів (інституцій) фор-мує надалі певне політичне рішення, що буде впрова-джуватися за допомогою низки правових, соціальних, економічних тощо заходів. Сукупність таких рішень і становить кримінально-правову політику.
The article examines the objective and subjective factors that determined the criminalpolicy of the pre-revolutionary Russian State, describes the main stages of this policyand the specific legal forms of its expression, stresses the importance of studying theproblem in question. Any problem acquires a political character if its solution is directly or indirectlyconnected with class interests, the problem of power. It is the needs of classes that determinethe content of political interests. The social cause of politics, political actions, in thefinal analysis, is geopolitical interests. At its core, the independence of politics leads topositive results if it does not fundamentally contradict the economic conditions. Theseprovisions have methodological significance, contributing to a correct understanding ofcommon problems, disclosure of the objective content of the state's activities, which isthe essence of its policy in this or that sphere of public life. This formulation of the questionhas a direct bearing on the characterization of the criminal policy of the Russianstate. ; В статье рассматриваются объективные и субъективные факторы, опреде-лявшие уголовную политику дореволюционного Российского государства, харак-теризуются основные этапы этой политики и конкретные правовые формы ее вы-ражения, подчеркивается важность изучения рассматриваемой проблемы.Любая проблема приобретает политический характер, если ее решение прямоили опосредованно связано с классовыми интересами, проблемой власти. Именнопотребности классов определяют содержание политических интересов. Социаль-ную причину политики, политических действий, в конечном счете, составляютгеополитические интересы. В своей основе самостоятельность политики приводитк позитивным результатам, если она в корне не противоречит экономическим ус-ловиям. Указанные положения имеют методологическое значение, способствуяправильному пониманию общих проблем, раскрытию объективного содержаниядеятельности государства, составляющего существо его политики в той или инойсфере общественной жизни. Такая постановка вопроса имеет прямое отношение кхарактеристике уголовной политике Российского государства.
Author analyzes different approaches to the crime and criminality phenomenon understanding and criminal policy during formation and development of the Russian criminal law. He proposes E. Toffler wave theory as a basis of comparative analysis. According to this theory there were three waves of civilizations progress in the history of mankind, which were independent of societys national and cultural characteristics or political structure and regime. There were agricultural, industrial and informational Tofflers waves. Within each waves framework all social links from family to state, law and economy foundations are transformed. During all periods of its history, Russia was inclined to the first wave, the Earth culture. According to it the will of the state bureaucracy became a law. We can see simultaneous affection of the second and the third wave onto political and law system in contemporary world. It predetermines both possibility of advancing Russian state-law system on the higher level of civilization development, also rises the destructive changes linked with wave incompatibility danger. ; Автор излагает понимание феноменов преступление и преступность и особенностей уголовной политики на различных этапах становления и развития отечественного уголовного права. В качестве концептуального основания сравнительного анализа перечисленных категорий автор предлагает избрать волновую теорию Э. Тоффлера, в соответствие с которой человечество в своем историческом развитии попадает под влияние трех волн, каждая из которых является этапом цивилизационного развития и не зависит от национально-культурных особенностей той или иной социальной общности, а также от формы государственного устройства и политического режима. Волны Тоффлера подразделяются на сельско-хозяйственную, индустриальную и информационную. В рамках каждой волны претерпевают качественные трансформации все общественные отношения, от устройства семьи до базовых оснований государства, права, экономики. Россия на всех этапах своего развития тяготела к первой волне культуры земли, в рамках которой право представляло собой возведенную в закон волю представителей государственной бюрократии. В современных условиях наблюдается практически одновременное воздействие на политико-правовую систему индустриальной и информационной волн, что, с одной стороны, предопределяет возможности перехода государственно-правовой системы России на более высокую ступень цивилизационного развития, а с другой стороны, повышает опасность деструктивных изменений, связанных с волновой несовместимостью.
This updated Second Edition surveys the incredibly dynamic field of criminal justice policy in the United States. The collection addresses how criminal policy issues are framed, identifies participants in the policy process, discusses how policy is made, and considers the constraints and opportunities facing policy-makers. Findings are linked to broader institutional, cultural, and global criminal justice trends, and are used to determine what current research reveals about crime policy and democratic governance. U.S. Criminal Justice Policy: A Contemporary Reader, Second Edition encourages readers to engage in a dialogue about criminal justice policy, as well as think about the potential for criminal justice reform. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/fac_books/1145/thumbnail.jpg
