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CRIMINAL CAREERS AND "CAREER CRIMINALS" -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Issues in the Measurement of Criminal Careers -- ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT APPROACHES -- CONVERGENCE OR DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATES -- Social Class -- Race -- EFFECTS OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ON ESTIMATES -- Reliability of Self-Reports of Crime -- Validity of Self-Reports of Crime -- Reverse Record Checks -- SOURCES OF RESPONSE EFFECTS ON VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY -- Interviewer Characteristics -- Task Characteristics -- Structural Characteristics -- Question Characteristics -- Respondent Characteristics -- Characteristics of Serious, Chronic Offenders -- Effects of Serious, Chronic Offender Characteristics on Responses -- LIMITATIONS OF OFFICIAL RECORDS -- RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE MEASUREMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Impact of Substance Abuse on Criminal Careers -- OVERVIEW -- Approach -- Summary of Findings -- CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON DRUG USE AND CRIME -- Drug Use and Crime Rates Among Youths and Adults -- Studies of Youths -- Studies of Adults -- Diversity of Crimes Among Drug Users -- Conclusion -- Drug Use and Violent Crimes -- Conclusion -- Drug-Distribution Activities and the Measurement of Crime Rates -- Conclusion -- Onset of Drug Use and Crime: Does It Matter Which Occurred First? -- Conclusion -- Drug Use Among Arrestees -- Conclusion -- Marijuana and Crime-A Weak Link -- Conclusion -- PCP and Violent Crime-A Stronger Link -- Conclusion -- The Role of Hard-Drug Use in Crime -- Conclusion -- Interventions for Reducing Drug Use and Crime -- Conclusion -- Identifying High-Rate Drug Users -- Conclusion -- SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- What Is the Course of Drug Use and Crime in Persons Who Have Been Processed by the Criminal Justice ... -- What Impact Does Reducing the Availability of Drugs Have on Drug Use and Crimes?.

What kind of choices does a hardened criminal make? What belief systems are these choices based on? The Criminal Lifestyle approaches these questions by examining how various biological, sociological and psychological factors interact to bring about criminal behaviour. Walters develops a model of crime as a lifestyle and shows that this concept is historically, cross-nationally and empirically valid. This groundbreaking book will be of interest to psychologists and sociologists as well as criminologists

This paper explores the relationship between various measures of prior victimization and indicators of both the perceived victimization risk and fear of crime. Equations are specified and estimated both for the fear of crime/perception of risk and for prior victimization. Since prior victimizations are exogenous to the determination of the current assessment of risk or fear of crime, it is possible to isolate the independent effects of victimization and extraneous factors, like racial neighborhood composition, in a recursive model structure. The analysis also examines the contribution that individual victimization and extraneous factors make to the overall gap between average victimization rates and average indicators of fear.Prior victimization explains some of the rather enormous perception of future victimization, but a sizable gap between perceived risk and actual risk remains. Much of that gap appears to be related to proximity to nonwhites, a possible proxy for racial prejudices and beliefs that nonwhite neighborhoods contribute to heightened crime.

This article summarizes significant legislative changes, decisions of the United States and Virginia Supreme Courts, and decisions of the Virginia Court of Appeals. A more extensive consideration of this material as well as recent decisions of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and federal district courts is contained in R. Bacigal, Virginia Criminal Procedure (Supp. 1987).

This book is the first attempt to bring together diverse research on criminal offenders to estimate the effectiveness of incapacitation. The author analyzes inmate surveys, arrest records, and other data to estimate the production function of the criminal justice system; determines likely benefits and costs of general and selective incapacitation policies; and details an economic theory to help policymakers decide on the appropriate level of imprisonment