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Intelligence Success and Failure presents a new theory in the study of strategic surprise that claims the key explanation for warning failure is not unintentional action, but rather, motivated biases in key intelligence and central leaders that null any sense of doubt prior to surprise attacks.

'Intelligence Success and Failure' presents a new theory in the study of strategic surprise that claims the key explanation for warning failure is not unintentional action, but rather, motivated biases in key intelligence and central leaders that null any sense of doubt prior to surprise attacks.

'Intelligence Success and Failure' presents a new theory in the study of strategic surprise that claims the key explanation for warning failure is not unintentional action, but rather, motivated biases in key intelligence and central leaders that null any sense of doubt prior to surprise attacks

Debates imitates scholarship, which imitates debate. Using perspectives from both my policy debate career and my research career, this article argues that the enterprise of critique, whether in critical security studies or elsewhere, is always and already failing and failed. It proceeds in four sections. The first section sets up my entry into the problems of/with critique. The second section analyzes the types of dissonances inherent in the production of critical security studies scholarship. The third section theorizes those dissonances as failures – arguing that failure itself is a part of in and of critical security studies. The conclusion discusses where to go from, during, and in a world of failed critique in critical security studies.

The focus of this study is on the effect of institutional envioronment on organizational decision making in an African state. Three empirical studies were conducted consecutively in Nigeria. The first one provided the instrument for the subsequent studies. The instrument, containing 26 items, was factor analyzed in the second and third studies. In the second, four interpretable factors were identified where a factor containing items concerning the exchange environment accounted for the largest variance. The other factors measured aspects of the institutional environment. In the third study, a similar configuration of item clusters was obtained, though consistency was most observed in the factor measuring the exchange environment. This was taken as evidence for the validity of the exchange environment as well as the reliability of items used to measure it. Three characteristics define this environment. The first is transactional failure or the failure to take possession of a service or good already paid for. The second is the feedback timelag; this refers to the length of time it takes to learn of the outcome of a transaction. The third is personalissimo, meaning a situation in which the actor has to know someone who knows someone who can give the desired service (Triandis, 1984).

Recent studies have revealed differences between American Indian and Anglo-American values. Four categories of value orientation—activity, relational, time, and man/nature—were tested at the empirical level with results that have implications for social work education and services.

Critical theory emerged primarily through an interdisciplinary approach to examining society, social structures, and power imbalances in an effort to change existing oppressive social structures. One of the most valued principles in the United States is the belief that there exists an open society where people can critically analyze and question the government and social structures in order to promote social justice and equality within society. There have been many examples of movements, from the abolitionist movement to the civil rights movement and beyond, that have been successful exposing social injustice and creating changes within the social structure of the United States. Unfortunately, despite claims of a society that values an openness of ideas and equality, social change does not come easy. Social structures are rigid, people are often resistant to change, and many feel threatened by ideas that question the status quo. Despite the resistance, change in oppressive structures is necessary.