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An examination of the problems encountered in cross-nat'l res. Indicators of similar variables are manifested in diff ways for diff pop's, & the influence of intervening variables must be taken into account in the analysis of cross-nat'l data. A procedure for establishing cross-nat'l equivalence of identical concepts is presented & some examples are given. Cross-nat'l measures are seen as composed of a cross-nat'l, identical set of indicators & a set of nation-specific indicators. These 2 combined provide a scale for reliable & valid measurement of the same phenomenon in various countries. According to the proposed procedure, measurement is considered identical to the extent to which the same, interdependent indicators are used to assess the same phenomenon. By allowing the res'er to utilize diff indicators in diff countries, the identity-equivalence procedure permits him to take into account phenomena which otherwise might be considered qualitatively diff & hence not measurable. By referring the equivalent indicators back to the identical indicators, this procedure introduces safeguards of validity-the guarantee that the phenomena examined in various countries constitute specific occurrences of a more general concept. M. Maxfield.

AbstractWhile cross-national marriage has come to public attention and is gaining traction in Western scholarship, it is still an understudied phenomenon in the Arab region, including Qatar. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore and describe the phenomenological constructs of cross-national marriages by Qataris through documenting the societal perception, family reaction, and motivating factors behind this marriage form. To achieve the study's aim, a phenomenological qualitative method was used along with in-depth interviews as the primary source of data collection. The results indicated that cross-national marriage among Qataris is on the rise. Qatari society has become more accepting of cross-national marriage over the years. Yet, negative perceptions and resistance to cross-national marriage still persist. Furthermore, acceptance and consent are not expressed uniformly between families. Some families are more open and supportive towards cross-national marriages, while others express rejection and resentment that may or may not resolve itself as time passes. The results further showed that the costs of marriage and mahr (dowry), background similarities, exposure to other nationalities, and attraction to individual attributes have been identified as dominant reasons for interviewees who chose to marry outside their nationality. More research is needed to further investigate this phenomenon using a mixed-method approach.

National pride is the psychological hinge that joins self-fulfillment with public purposes of government. A survey conducted by the European Values Systems Study Group in 15 nations shows that pride in country is expressed by the majority in every country; however, the degree of pride differs cross-nationally. National pride is higher in countries with a strong war of independence tradition (eg, Ireland, US, & Mexico) & lower in countries unsuccessful in war (eg, Germany & Japan). Comparisons of attitudes toward nation & bellicose attitudes show that pride in nation does not encourage support for military action. 5 Tables, 4 Illustrations, 14 References. AA

Examines drug control strategies in various countries in the twenty-first century; some focus on Denmark, France, Portugal, Sweden, Australia, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Iran, Russia, and Canada; 12 articles. Contents: Danish drug policy, by Lau Laursen, Jorgen Jepsen; Policy paradigms, ideas, and interests: the case of the French public health policy toward drug abuse, by Henri Bergeron, Pierre Kopp; Decriminalization of drug use in Portugal: by Mirjam van het Loo et al.; Swedish drug policy in the twenty-first century: by Leif Lenke, Boerje Olsson; Harm minimization in a prohibition context--Australia, by Gabriele Bammer et al.; Science, ideology, and needle exchange programs, by Martin T. Schecter; Illegal drugs in Colombia, by Francisco E. Thoumi; Policy paradox: implications of U.S. drug control policy for Jamaica, by Marlyn J. Jones; Mexico's war on drugs, by Jorge Chabat; The price of freedom: illegal drug markets and policies in post-Soviet Russia, by Letizia Paoli; Money laundering and its regulation, by Michael Levi.