Suchergebnisse

Currently, the use of cryptocurrency is becoming global in nature around the world. In this regard, there is a need to regulate cryptocurrency business. However, due to novelty and complexity, the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies requires a special approach on the part of legislators. Many countries were not ready for a quick response to the settlement of cryptocurrency relations. Uncertainty in understanding the new type of virtual money did not allow representatives of the legislative power of the states to adopt specific legal provisions in the field of cryptocurrency. This is also the relevance of the study - the lack of a unified legal approach to cryptocurrencies, and, as a result, uncertainty in the sphere of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this master's work is to develop the most correct and effective methods of legal regulation of cryptocurrency, taking into account the experience of the countries in question, which already have features in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve several of the most important tasks. The Tasks of the master's work are as follows: 1) to uncover the essence of cryptocurrency from an economic and technological point of view. 2) to reveal the legal nature and the main issues of legal regulation of cryptocurrency. 3) to identify the most acceptable unified approach to critical case. 4) to analyze the experience of the countries in question in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. 5) to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the countries in question. 6) to identify the most progressive and effective legislation in the field of cryptocurrency activities. 7) based on the analysis of the countries, to determine the most favorable and effective directions in the field of further legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The object of the research is the legislation's of countries in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. The methods in this master's work are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, synthesis of scientific literature and authors' works in the field of cryptocurrency, theoretical and historical methods in determining the essence of cryptocurrency. The study revealed the essence of cryptocurrency. In disclosing the essence of cryptocurrency, historical reasons for their occurrence, as well as economic and technological features were taken into account. The main legal issues of cryptocurrency that states are currently facing were also identified. The paper also analyzed the legal and public experience of the Republic of Belarus and several foreign countries. As a result, it was concluded which of the countries has the most developed legislation in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The study concluded that the main problem in the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the countries in question is the lack of a uniform approach to the nature of cryptocurrencies, as a result of which the state authorities, both legislative and executive, cannot come to a common consensus in establishing and securing cryptocurrencies as new type of virtual money at the highest legislative level; in the conditions of almost complete lack of practical experience in the regulation of this type of money, states face the difficulty of defining the civil legal sphere of cryptocurrencies, the problem of attributing cryptocurrencies to any object of civil rights, therefore, it is problematic to establish the legal nature of cryptocurrencies in private law . This master's work is of interest to: legislators, government agencies, heads of cryptocurrency organizations, researchers and authors exploring issues of a new type of virtual money, individuals and individual entrepreneurs engaged in cryptocurrency activities.

Currently, the use of cryptocurrency is becoming global in nature around the world. In this regard, there is a need to regulate cryptocurrency business. However, due to novelty and complexity, the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies requires a special approach on the part of legislators. Many countries were not ready for a quick response to the settlement of cryptocurrency relations. Uncertainty in understanding the new type of virtual money did not allow representatives of the legislative power of the states to adopt specific legal provisions in the field of cryptocurrency. This is also the relevance of the study - the lack of a unified legal approach to cryptocurrencies, and, as a result, uncertainty in the sphere of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of this master's work is to develop the most correct and effective methods of legal regulation of cryptocurrency, taking into account the experience of the countries in question, which already have features in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve several of the most important tasks. The Tasks of the master's work are as follows: 1) to uncover the essence of cryptocurrency from an economic and technological point of view. 2) to reveal the legal nature and the main issues of legal regulation of cryptocurrency. 3) to identify the most acceptable unified approach to critical case. 4) to analyze the experience of the countries in question in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. 5) to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the countries in question. 6) to identify the most progressive and effective legislation in the field of cryptocurrency activities. 7) based on the analysis of the countries, to determine the most favorable and effective directions in the field of further legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The object of the research is the legislation's of countries in the field of cryptocurrency regulation. The methods in this master's work are: analysis, synthesis, comparison, synthesis of scientific literature and authors' works in the field of cryptocurrency, theoretical and historical methods in determining the essence of cryptocurrency. The study revealed the essence of cryptocurrency. In disclosing the essence of cryptocurrency, historical reasons for their occurrence, as well as economic and technological features were taken into account. The main legal issues of cryptocurrency that states are currently facing were also identified. The paper also analyzed the legal and public experience of the Republic of Belarus and several foreign countries. As a result, it was concluded which of the countries has the most developed legislation in the field of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. The study concluded that the main problem in the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the countries in question is the lack of a uniform approach to the nature of cryptocurrencies, as a result of which the state authorities, both legislative and executive, cannot come to a common consensus in establishing and securing cryptocurrencies as new type of virtual money at the highest legislative level; in the conditions of almost complete lack of practical experience in the regulation of this type of money, states face the difficulty of defining the civil legal sphere of cryptocurrencies, the problem of attributing cryptocurrencies to any object of civil rights, therefore, it is problematic to establish the legal nature of cryptocurrencies in private law . This master's work is of interest to: legislators, government agencies, heads of cryptocurrency organizations, researchers and authors exploring issues of a new type of virtual money, individuals and individual entrepreneurs engaged in cryptocurrency activities.

The article analyzes the current state of digital economy and crypto currency. It also attempts to outline the main development directions of the Russian legislation on legal regulation of digital currency usage on the basis of current national legislation and foreign experience. Significant attention is given to digital economic concept, its main paths, development of legal framework for digitalization of economic processes. The article includes a review of modern scientific publications on questions under investigation and highlights the necessity of the complex approach both to the analysis of phenomena under study and to their legal regulation. It is also shown that crypto currency circulation is ambiguous and multifaceted and it has both financial advantages and criminological threat. Special consideration is given to the provisions of the draft law on "Digital Financial Assets", the first project dedicated to the regulation of relations arising in the creation, release, storage and circulation of digital financial assets, which contains key definitions for the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and transactions with them in the Russian Federation. ; Проанализировано современное состояние цифровой экономики и криптовалюты, на основе действующего национального законодательства и зарубежного опыта предпринята попытка определить основные направления развития российского законодательства по правовому регулированию использования цифровой валюты. Значительное внимание уделяется рассмотрению концепции цифровой экономики, ее основных направлений, развитию правовой базы для цифровизации экономических процессов. Содержится обзор современных научных публикаций по исследуемым вопросам, показана необходимость комплексного подхода как к анализу исследуемых явлений, так и к их нормативно-правовому регулированию. Показана неоднозначность и многоаспектность обращения криптовалюты, наличие у нее как финансовых преимуществ, так и криминологических угроз. Отдельно рассмотрены положения законопроекта о цифровых финансовых активах, посвященного регулированию отношений, возникающих при создании, выпуске, хранении и обращении цифровых финансовых активов, в котором содержатся главные определения для правового регулирования криптовалют и операций с ними в Российской Федерации.

The article is devoted to the study of the use of cryptocurrencies in the modern economy and the identification of changes in the financial system under the influence of the use of new technologies. In particular, the problems of using the most common cryptocurrencies are described, their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, their application areas are examined. The article addresses the issue of developing a national cryptocurrency to ensure the security of its use, in contrast to existing cryptocurrencies. As a result of the analysis of the use of existing cryptocurrencies, it seems that in a number of countries they are already used, since legal regulation has been developed. In Russia, at the moment, all the necessary conditions for the introduction of cryptocurrency into everyday use have not yet been created. This is, first of all, the legislative permission to use cryptocurrency, the presence of people with special knowledge and equipment. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы использования криптовалют в современной экономике и выявление изменений финансовой системы под воздействием применения новых технологий. В частности, изложены проблемы использования наиболее распространенных криптовалют, проанализированы их достоинства и недостатки, рассматриваются сферы их применения. В статье затронут вопрос о разработке национальной криптовалюты для обеспечения безопасности ее использования в отличие от уже существующих криптовалют.В результате анализа применения существующих криптовалют представляется, что в ряде стран, где разработано правовое регулирование, они уже используются. В России на данный момент ещё не созданы все необходимые условия для введения криптовалюты в повседневное пользование. Это, в первую очередь, законодательное разрешение на использование криптовалюты, наличие у людей специальных знаний и оборудования.

Purpose - to analyze the current trends and the state of the international market of leading cryptocurrencies and to evaluate the possible prospects for their further development and integration into the world financial system. Findings. The authors traced the history of the origin and formation of Bitcoin retrospectively, considered some features of the "Blokchain". The paper analyzed the positive and negative aspects of working with cryptocurrencies. The research considered the closest on capitalization to Bitcoin - the Ethereum cryptocurrency and analyzed the main differences between them. On the basis of results of the study, the authors made the forecast about the most likely direction of the development of the cryptocurrency market for the near future and the possibility of their integration into the world financial system. Theoretical implications. The issues studied in the work and its results should contribute to the solution of the global scientific task - the formation of scientifically grounded opinion of academic science to a new phenomenon in the economy - the cryptocurrencies and their role in the world financial system. Originality/Value. This research work is one of the few which is dedicated to the new phenomenon in the economy - cryptocurrencies; author's forecasts about possible directions of further development of the crypto-currency market are presented. Research limitations/Future research. This paper opens the possibility of further research in the field of the crypto-currency market, its further development and integration into the world financial system. Paper type - empirical.

Rapid spread of cryptocurrencies and the underlying technologies (blockchain) can transform the global financial system, as cryptocurrency has the potential to become a universal global currency. The article makes the conclusion concerning the timeliness and importance of cryptocurrency legitimization in Russia, which alongside the identified shortcomings contains significant competitive preferences for the banking industry, financial services market as well as for the state, drawing on quality blockchain technology mastering. The paper recommends to clarify the definition of electronic money in the Federal law «On National Payment System» under which a transaction with the cryptocurrency eliminates a third party intermediation. According to the authors, the spread of cryptocurrencies and the use of the blockchain technology will with a high degree of probability result in the transformation of the world monetary system due to the development of cryptoeconomy.

In this article, the authors review and analyze the features of functioning and development of a new financial market segment - the cryptocurrency market or electronic cash (specific digital assets). At present, the cryptocurrency segment (and digital financial assets at large) cannot be recognized as a formal institution, since there is no legal framework in this area, and informal interaction regarding the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies is not an established social and financial-economic phenomenon. The analytic comparison using discount methods allows to a certain extent to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of e-cash issuance from the viewpoint of physical persons. The authors identify the main directions in institutionalizing the cryptocurrency segment of the financial sector of the national economy and substantiate the need for legal recognition of cryptocurrencies in the status of digital goods, which in turn involves the need to improve the Russian Federation legal framework.

Раскрываются основные подходы и базовые направления развития нормативного правового и финансово-экономического обеспечения смарт-контрактов, во взаимосвязи с цифровыми финансовыми активами (криптовалютами и токенами) в современных условиях развития цифровой экономики; внесены предложения по совершенствованию правового регулирования смарт-контрактов с учетом выявленных недостатков действующего законодательства Российской Федерации. The paper analyzes the main approaches and basic directions of development of regulatory legal support of smart contracts, in conjunction with digital financial assets (cryptocurrencies and tokens) in the modern conditions of the digital economy; made proposals to improve the legal regulation of smart contracts, taking into account the identified shortcomings of the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

In conditions of financial institutions' development it is crucial to examine the transformation in the form of a collective investment institution under the influence of digitalization and, in particular, the emergence of cryptocurrencies. The subject of the research refers to the features of ICO functioning as a transformation of a financial institution for collective investment. The goal is to explore the ICO as a new form of collective investment. The results of the research are achieved through a comprehensive comparative analysis of ICO and IPO as a basic tool of financial institutions. The paper highlights the advantages and disadvantages, identifies the factors, analyzes the institutional regulation of ICO and proposes development vectors from three angles: for project creators, investors, regulators. The results can be used in policymaking, the functioning of joint investment platforms, in training specialists in the field of digital economy and financial markets.

The issues of changing the tax system of the Russian Federation, the system of tax control under the influence of digital technologies have been examined. Electronic government services in the field of taxation, as well as the prospects and directions for the further development and expansion of electronic services used for taxpayers and tax authorities have been considered. The problems of taxation of operations with cryptocurrencies and their tax regulation have been touched upon. Conclusions have been formulated to improve the efficiency of taxation and tax control in the transition to a digital economy. ; Исследованы вопросы изменения налоговой системы Российской Федерации, системы налогового контроля под влиянием цифровых технологий. Рассмотрены электронные государственные услуги в сфере налогообложения, а также определены перспективы и направления дальнейшего развития и расширения применяемых электронных сервисов для налогоплательщиков и налоговых органов. Затронуты проблемы налогообложения операций с криптовалютами и их налогового регулирования. Сформулированы выводы по повышению эффективности налогообложения и налогового контроля в условиях перехода к цифровой экономике.

A global trend in recent years is the so-called digitalization of crime, that is, the use of information technology as a means and instrument of crime. Remote methods of committing crimes have become widespread, in which direct contact is excluded not only between the offender and the victim, but also between the accomplices of illegal activities. The real damage from cybercrimes is currently difficult to calculate, while the number of these crimes is growing rapidly from year to year. This study analyzes the state and dynamics of crimes in the field of information technology, as well as identifies gaps in legislation, law enforcement practice and accounting in which information about crimes of this type is accumulated. Purpose of the research. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state and dynamics of crimes in the field of information technology. Within the framework of the article, it is necessary to give a definition of crimes in the field of information technology for the purpose of conducting static analysis, while distinguishing between identical concepts. Highlight the main types and methods of their commission, form the classification of crimes in the field of information technology and designate the criteria for their construction. Analyze the experience of foreign countries and the results of the operational activities of the economic security and anti-corruption units of the territorial internal affairs bodies and suggest measures to improve the efficiency of the work being done.Materials and methods. When writing the work, the author used the methods of mathematical statistics; methods of the general theory of statistics, namely, relative, absolute and average values, methods of synthesis and analysis. For visual display of statistical data, graphical and tabular methods of data visualization were used. The information and empirical base was compiled by data on crimes in this area of the Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court and the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation.Results of the research. When writing the article, a quantitative assessment of the state of crime in the field of information technology was made, the main objects of attack by cybercriminals were identified; the most characteristic features and methods of committing crimes in the field of information technology were described. A statistical classification system for assessing the level of cybercrime is proposed. The effectiveness of the work carried out by law enforcement agencies to counter these criminal manifestations has been analyzed. Various ways of increasing the efficiency of the work of law enforcement agencies are proposed. When analyzing the law enforcement practice, a number of problems were identified related to the proof of crimes of this orientation, namely, insufficient interaction between law enforcement agencies, on the one hand, and financial institutions, telecommunication service providers, on the other hand.Conclusion. The author proposes ways to improve the quality of the verification measures to identify persons involved in the commission of crimes in the field of information technology, as well as to assess the effectiveness of economic security and anti-corruption units of territorial internal affairs bodies in identifying this category of crimes. These measures are not exhaustive; in order to increase the effectiveness of countering cybercriminals, it is necessary to apply a systematic approach aimed not only at improving the quality of the work of law enforcement and investigative agencies, improving the software system and material and technical equipment, but also improving information support of the banking sector, increasing bank response measures, and most importantly, the literacy of the population. ; Общемировой тенденцией последних лет является так называемая цифровизация преступности, то есть использование информационных технологий в качестве средства и орудия совершения преступления. Широкое распространение получили дистанционные способы совершения преступлений, при которых исключается прямой контакт не только между преступником и потерпевшим, но и между соучастниками противоправной деятельности. Реальный ущерб от киберпреступлений в настоящее время подсчитать сложно, при этом количество данных преступлений растет из года в год быстрыми темпами. В данном исследовании проведен анализ состояния и динамики преступлений в сфере информационных технологий, а также определены пробелы в законодательстве, правоприменительной практике и учетах в которых аккумулируется информация о преступлениях данной направленности.Цель исследования: Целью исследования является проведение всестороннего анализа состояния и динамики преступлений в сфере информационных технологий. В рамках статьи необходимо дать определение преступлениям в сфере информационных технологий для целей проведения статического анализа, при этом разграничить тождественные понятия. Выделить основные виды и способы их совершения, сформировать классификации преступлений в сфере информационных технологий и обозначить критерии их построения. Проанализировать опыт зарубежных стран и результаты оперативно-служебной деятельности подразделений экономической безопасности и противодействия коррупции территориальных органов внутренних дел и предложены меры по повышению эффективности проводимой работы. Материалы и методы: при написании работы автором использовались методы математической статистики; методы общей теории статистики, а именно относительных, абсолютных и средних величин, методы синтеза и анализа. Для наглядного отображения статистических данных применялись графический и табличный методы визуализации данных. Информационно-эмпирическую базу составили данные о преступлениях в указанной сфере Главного информационно-аналитического центра МВД России, Судебного департамента при Верховном Суде и Генеральной прокуратурой Российской Федерации.Результаты исследования: при написании статьи произведена количественная оценка состояния преступности в сфере информационных технологий, выделены основные объекты посягательства киберпреступников, описаны наиболее характерные черты и способы совершения преступлений в сфере информационных технологий. Предложена система статистических классификация для оценки уровня киберпреступности. Проанализирована эффективность работы проводимой правоохранительными органами по противодействию данным преступным проявлениям. Предложены различные пути повышения эффективности работы правоохранительных органов. При анализе правоприменительной практики выявлен ряд проблем, связанных с доказыванием преступлений указанной направленности, а именно недостаточным взаимодействием между правоохранительными органами с одной стороны и кредитно-финансовыми учреждениям, провайдерами телекоммуникационных услуг с другой стороны.Заключение. Автором предложены пути повышения качества проводимых проверочных мероприятий по установлению лиц, причастных к совершению преступлений в области информационных технологий, а также оценки эффективности подразделений экономической безопасности и противодействия коррупции территориальных органов внутренних дел по выявлению данной категории преступлений. Данные меры не являются исчерпывающими, с целью повышения эффективности противодействия киберпреступникам необходимо применять системный подход, направленный не только на повышения качества работы правоохранительных и следственных органов, совершенствованием программного комплекса и материально-технического оснащения, но и улучшать информационное обеспечение банковской сферы, повышать меры банковского реагирования, а самое важное грамотность населения.

The article explores modern trends in the development of digital money. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the risks of digital money, and to study scientific approaches and tools for managing these risks. The authors use general scientific and special research methods, including comparative legal analysis and a systematization method, as well as methods of economic theory: positive analysis and scientific abstraction. The research highlights the strategic challenges and guidelines in the development of digital money in the Russian Federation and shows the difference and common features of digital and electronic money. Based on a comparative analysis of private and national digital money, we conclude that the digital money of Central Banks is more flexible and more reliable for consumers than private cryptocurrencies. We systematize the risks of digital money circulation at the micro, mezzo and macro levels, as well as identify the essential tools for managing them. The authors note that exogenous risk management tools are more typical for private cryptocurrencies, and endogenous tools will apply to digital money of central banks, in particular, the development of an appropriate configuration of Central Bank digital currency. The study may be useful for digital money users, as well as government agencies implementing policies and regulations on the issue and circulation of digital money in Russia. ; Статья посвящена исследованию современных тенденций в развитии цифровых денег. Цель статьи состоит в идентификации и анализе рисков, присущих цифровым деньгам, и определении научных подходов и инструментов управления обозначенными рисками. Авторы используют общенаучные и специальные методы исследования, включая сравнительно-правовой анализ и метод систематизации, а также методы экономической теории: позитивного анализа и научной абстракции. Выделены стратегические вызовы и ориентиры в развитии цифровых денег в Российской Федерации. Показаны отличие и общие черты цифровых и электронных денег. На основе сравнительного анализа характеристик частных и национальных цифровых денег сделан вывод, что цифровые деньги центробанков обладают большей гибкостью и более надежны для потребителей, чем частные криптовалюты. Систематизированы риски обращения цифровых денег на микро-, мезо- и макроуровнях, а также необходимый инструментарий для управления ими. Авторы отмечают, что для частных криптовалют более характерны экзогенные инструменты управления рисками, а для цифровых денег центральных банков актуальны эндогенные инструменты, в частности разработка соответствующей конфигурации цифровой валюты центробанка. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны для пользователей цифровых денег, а также для государственных органов при реализации политики в области регулирования эмиссии и обращения цифровых денег в России.

The article analyses the development of international agreements on the means of controlling financial activities, concluded to counteract the laundering of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism. The study was carried out by analytical methods based on domestic legislation, international agreements and regulations. As a result of thirty years of work on organizing interaction in the developing three-level financial monitoring system, a whole set of measures has developed, the main development trend of which is to reduce information uncertainty. In this regard, the fifth generation of agreements on the limitation of potentially illegal activities in the financial sector, introduced in 2020, is acquiring special importance. The legal entities covered by the restrictive and control measures now include crypto exchange platforms, virtual wallet providers, as well as firms that provide currency exchange services. In a number of areas, information is automatically exchanged about ongoing transactions, as well as about their participants – clients of banks, insurance and brokerage companies, investment funds, in order to prevent aggressive tax planning and make it difficult to access unjustified tax breaks. The paper presents the economic and organizational results of the introduced legal measures. ; Проанализировано развитие международных соглашений по средствам контроля финансовой деятельности, заключаемых для противодействия отмыванию доходов, полученных преступным путем, и финансированию терроризма. Исследование проводилось аналитическими методами на основе отечественного законодательства, международных соглашений и нормативных актов. В результате тридцатилетней работы по организации взаимодействия в развивающейся трeхуровневой системе финансового мониторинга сложился целый комплекс мер, основной тенденцией развития которого является снижение информационной неопределенности. В связи с этим особую важность приобретает пятое поколение соглашений по ограничению потенциально нелегальной деятельности в ...

The modern world is changing rapidly. Digitalization is becoming more and more important and penetrates into all spheres of society. The digital transformation of financial and monetary processes and systems deserves special attention. It is important to determine the place and role of the state in the regulation of these processes. This paper examines the current state and prospects of using cryptocurrency as an element of monetary circulation. Analysis of the dynamics of the bitcoin rate showed that the use of cryptocurrencies is promising. However, it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework. The introduction and use of the national cryptocurrency in Russia will stabilize the state of the financial system in relation to the dollar, ensure the safety of economic development and reduce transaction costs. ; Современный мир стремительно меняется. Цифровизация занимает все более важное значение и проникает во все сферы жизни общества. Особого внимания заслуживает цифровая трансформация финансово-денежных процессов и систем. Важно определить место и роль государства в регулировании данных процессов. В статье исследованы современное состояние и перспективы использования криптовалюты как элемента денежного обращения. Анализ динамики курса биткоина показал перспективность использования криптовалют. Однако необходимо совершенствование нормативно-правовой базы. Введение и использование национальной криптовалюты в России позволит стабилизировать состояние финансовой системы по отношению к доллару, обеспечить безопасность экономического развития и сократить транзакционные издержки.

This article presents the analyze of the cryptocurrency market, the practice of state regulation of the cryptocurrency. During the market research of the cryptocurrency and the experience of its regulation, author identified certain similarities. First, each state strives to create a favorable climate for the development of new technologies (blockchain), seeing a great potential for using technology in the public and private sectors. Secondly, there is a rapid growth of the cryptocurrency market, and the state, not adapting the existing national legislation to the existing challenges of the digital economy, faces a lack of revenue to the budget, since the cryptocurrency is outside the legal jurisdiction. Third, today there are over a thousand different cryptocurrencies, accordingly, unified standards for their regulation should be developed. ; Проведен анализ рынка криптовалют, изучена практика государственного регулирования криптовалют. В ходе исследования рынка криптовалют и опыта его регулирования, выявлено определенное сходство. Каждое государство стремится к созданию благоприятного климата развития новых технологий (блокчейн), учитывая большой потенциал использования технологии в государственном и частном секторе. В связи с тем, что происходит стремительный рост рынка криптовалют, государство, не адаптировав действующее национальное законодательство под существующие вызовы цифровой экономики, сталкивается с недополучением доходов в бюджет, поскольку криптовалюта находится за пределами правовой юрисдикции. Сегодня насчитывается свыше тысячи разных криптовалют, соответственно, поэтому должны быть разработаны стандарты их регулирования.