Suchergebnisse

The development of society in the context of globalization determines the need to search for the possibility of combining the universalization and localization of geoculture. These processes of globalization have an impact on the content and forms of transformation of the Eurasian geocultural space. The problem field of research is connected with the objective need to analyze the evolution of geoculture, to understand geoculture as a system characterizing the relations of general civilization universals and local specifics. The application of the civilizational approach makes it possible to identify trends in the socio-cultural development of local communities in the geocultural space, to solve the problems of coherence of locality and globality. Local communities are in a transitional stage of their development due to industrial, economic, institutional and socio-cultural processes, changes and the introduction of unusual patterns of life attitudes. It is shown that local communities in the process of transformation unite into a specific socio-territorial location. On the one hand, in their development, local communities are subject to the general laws of transformation in the context of global and regional restructuring. On the other hand, models of socio-cultural behavior are formed depending on the resources and technologies available to the community, expressed in an attempt to preserve the traditional way of life.

Assimilation of local cultures is accompanied by polarization of geocultural space, which contributes to the development of isolation and diversification of sociocultures. Geocultural processes influence the transformation of value-normative attitudes, contribute to the growth of social stratification, and increase social inequality. The socio-cultural tradition on which the life of local communities is built legitimizes the primacy of the community over the individual. Closed society, resists modernization processes. In geoculture, consensus about the foundations of life and the goals of the community is disappearing. The development of a multicultural world exacerbates the problem of understanding and preserving the socio-cultural identity of local communities. The study of the emerging geocultural models of the development of local communities determines the possibilities of theoretical substantiation of alternative scenarios for modeling the transformation of socio-cultural identity.

The article deals with the analysis of social justice as a universal value that determines the evaluation of social practices in all the spheres of social life. But the study of such an evaluation of society in the sphere of interethnic relations is faced with a number of theoretical problems. The authors show that when evaluating interethnic relations in accordance with the criterion of social justice, due to the ambiguous interpretation of their meaning, it is necessary to rely on an interdisciplinary approach. An important area of this analysis is the correlation of the theoretical understanding of ethnicity and the practice of state building in the context of the cultural diversity of the population. Two strategies for achieving social justice in the sphere of interethnic relations are shown: the building of the SU ethno-nations and the building of the RF nation with securing civil rights in the sphere of the implementation of ethno-cultural identity and providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural diversity.

The new book by Alexey Pautkin, professor at Lomonosov Moscow
State University, is a collection of papers on various aspects of Russian literary history. Th e book comprises two parts, the fi rst one concerning mediaeval and the
second modern literature. The book features diverse research approaches, comparing mediaeval and modern as well as Russian and foreign literature and interweaving criticism with adjacent disciplines, from chronology to art history and cultural
studies.

This paper reveals the specifics and role of video games and the video game industry as a tool for the development of modern culture, using historical, cultural, comparative, analytical and phenomenological methods. The special features of the formation of the video game industry are investigated with an analysis of the social, cultural and historical conditions that influenced it. Video games, having become a cultural layer of mankind, develop in extremely versatile (literary, musical, cinematographic, philosophical, psychological and technological) spheres, but a distinctive feature of modern products of the video game industry is a close connection with rapidly developing social ideas. International communities have been making a selection of video games of the greatest value for future generations for quite a long time. The very development of scientific and social movements is reflected in this cultural sphere, where they meet themselves in various genres, for example, in simulators aimed at developing professional skills. As an example, the authors analyze the development of the video game industry, as well as its separate, but inextricably linked direction, known as cybersport in the territory of the CIS countries, in particular in Russia. Along with the development of this cultural current, technologies are also progressing, which aim to reflect the widest range of different thoughts and conclusions in the best quality for the player. The author suggests that the further development of computer technology will be able to cause a feeling of deeper immersion in the atmosphere of a video game, with the synchronization of emotional experiences and thought processes. To some extent, the first steps in this area are already being taken, but they are at an early stage of their progress and can only provide access to a deeper integration process into virtual reality through visual and control-manipulative actions. In addition to all of the above, the article touches upon historical and social problems in the interaction between society and video games, and the video game is considered as the best tool presented by the video game industry in dealing with stress during a pandemic.

The dialogue between Russia and the European Union is a relationship between two major geopolitical actors, which has never been unambiguous and simple in history, although it is due to the proximity of the geographical location and mutual interest in long-term cooperation. The EU's cultural policy is quite pragmatic, in comparison with the significance of the factors of the economic space and the presence of the Euro zone, culture is not considered by Europeans as a binding factor in the development of the two countries. In order to enter the common European economic market, States are forced to apply for participation in cultural programs and grants funded by the EU.
The article emphasizes the idea that any attempts to block the development of national cultures will inevitably lead to conflicts. Only through culture is it possible to achieve true self-expression of each nation and dialogue among civilizations. The concept of «strategic culture» is considered as a tool of analysis and a way of knowledge, and identity and national character as a predisposition to a certain type of policy. As part of the study of strategic culture, the analysis of national ideology is of great practical interest.

At the governmental level, Russia and the European Union follow the course of a long-term strategic partnership, primarily in the fields of culture, education, science, and the humanitarian sphere. Large-scale challenges and the ongoing systemic transformation of the European Union add politicization and uncertainty to Russian-European relations. At the same time, cultural, scientific and humanitarian ties are seen as promising, and the Russian-European dialogue in the field of culture will promote and stimulate the expansion of Russia's cooperation with both EU member States and the EEU member States.

The article examines the cultural policy and cultural diplomacy of the European Union. It is proved that full-fledged cooperation between Russia and the European Union is possible only within the framework of a common humanitarian space – a value-ideological communication environment determined by equal and mutual respect of the participants and the nature of the relationship between the ideologies of independent international actors, excluding unilateral ideological expansion of any of the parties.

The article considers the role of a significant other in the process of socialization of the younger generation. A distinction is made between the concepts of a significant other and a generalized other based on classical works of G. Mead, I. Goffman, R. Coles, Ch. Cooley, and, also, on some works of contemporary Russian and foreign sociologists. The authors analyze the role of significant others at different levels of socialization — preconventional stage, conventional stage, and postconventional stage. At postconventional stage the ability to reflect on what is "right" or "wrong" appears, that is the formation of moral ideas and the system of values take place. It is emphasized that the role of parents as significant others still remains, but attention is paid to such phenomenon as reversive socialization which is characterized to mediatization of cultural environment, assuming that acquiring of knowledge becomes bilateral. It is underlined the increasing role of digital socialization, under the conditions of which the concepts of agents of socialization and the traditional roles of significant others are being transformed while such agents as Internet, mobile communication, social nets are acquiring special influence. The analysis of modern sociological studies gives the possibility to conclude that in the context of digital socialization such phenomenon as "unknown other" has appeared, fulfilling some socializing functions that used to be characteristic to a significant other. In spite of society secularization, religion still continues to be an important agent of socialization, providing not only patterns of a significant other but also patterns of a generalized other, expressed in archetypes of the savior, canonized saints or the images of epic heroes.

The article is dedicated to the issues of professional socialisation of legal students in modern Russia. The relevance of this research topic is defined by the meaningfulness of the successful formation of professional legal culture among legal students while studying at university and professional socialisation from the perspective of increasing the overall level of legal culture in the society and the efficiency of its legal institutions. The latter contains especially topical social and practical aspects for the contemporary Russian society which still experiences the consequences of social anomia and weakened legal control describing the initial period of system reforms. Making an attempt to solve the task, the author resorts to the methodology of Parson's structural functional approach, as well as to the socio-cultural approach. The author gives a detailed review of functional and role specific features of legal community and their value for modern developed society. According to the author's opinion, effective formation of professional legal culture while studying at university is required to provide the functionality of lawyers which first and foremost is related to comprehension of the rule of law as the highest professional value. Within this framework legal students are considered as representatives of young generation of Russian people. The author is pointing at the dominance of pragmatic and individualistic mindset when they enter legal educational establishments, which creates potential risk for the rule of law to be devalued in their professional motivation. The article underlines the communal value of effective professional socialization of legal students. The author studies the features of educational environment as its agent emphasizing the factors of insufficiency of students' socialization in legal universities from the point of view of shaping the value of the rule of law as the fundamental professional priority

The North Caucasus Federal District is one of the most difficult regions of Russia, which is due to multi-ethnicity, multi-confessionals in the first place, as well as a number of acute problems typical of the region, such as economic destabilization, open transnational issues around repeatedly changing borders, and the problem of repressed peoples. Such a circle of acute questions cannot but create a conflict-generating situation in the region.

This article partially discloses the problem of religion and its significance in the region. The author reveals the history of the emergence of the strengthening of traditional religions and branches of new religious trends from them. The article used the materials of a mass survey of the population of the republics of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation: in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Chechen Republic, the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Republic of Dagestan, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, conducted in the summer of 2016, North – The Ossetian Department of Social Research of the Institute of Social and Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Sociology of North Ossetian State University named after K.L. Khetagurova. In total, 1200 respondents took part in the survey, including 50 experts (journalists, scientists, officials, members of political parties, cultural workers, representatives of various faiths, lawyers). The opinion of the population of the republics of the North Caucasus Federal District and the expert community on the reasons for the spread of NRT is given. It is concluded that the basis of such movements is young people who seek their spiritual ideal, and sometimes simply social justice, which they today can't find either within the walls of traditional religious institutions or in high society.

The article thematically focuses on the analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to studying the social interactions of Armenian migrants with the local population. The components of the methodological basis on which empirical research is carried out are presented and described in detail. The procedural side of migrants 'adaptation is shown, as well as possible restrictions at various stages of migrants' adaptation. The concepts of accommodation, acculturation, and cultural shock are interpreted. The theory of social support and the acculturation model are analyzed. The possible consequences of migration for an individual or group are considered, including such categories as integration, assimilation, segregation, genocide. It is summarized: interethnic contact and the accompanying process of psychological adaptation for a migrant will depend on what acculturation strategy the individual adhered to.
The process of reproduction of ethnic identity in a non-ethnic environment is studied. The essence of the phenomenon of the Diaspora as an ethnic community, its mentality, main features and functions are investigated. It is emphasized that the restructuring of the diaspora's mentality occurs during the collision of established forms of interaction with new types of communication, which helps to reduce the cultural distance between the diaspora and the host society.
Ethnic identity is considered through its component part — the social identity of the individual. The phenomenon of identity is subjected to scientific observation from the position of its main component-self-identification. The methodological concepts of the study of factors and features of socio — cultural interaction of the dyad host community-ethnic migrants are analyzed.
It is concluded that individual and socio-group adaptation is focused on the process of achieving social and psychological integration with another culture without losing the achievements of their own. The idea is updated that adaptation by the type of integration is considered a successful option for migrants, and unsuccessful adaptation can occur in the form of segregation or isolation.

The First World War is called "Great" only among the British. This circumstance underlines its enduring importance for British spiritual, political and everyday culture. The conceptualization of historical events as an act of forming cultural memory, a form of presenting a significant past and its cultural heritage is considered in this article on the basis of the methodology of memory studies and heritage studies, its new direction — critical heritage studies. Within the framework of the latter, cultural heritage is interpreted as a process of permanent rethinking and redefinition of the cultural values of the past, which includes various social actors. The influential participants in this process are researchers: culturologists, historians, literary scholars, sociologists, who not only influence collective ideas about the events of the past, but also interpret their contemporary significance. Accordingly, from a huge number of works devoted to the Great War memorialization the authors of the article focus on those that consider the interaction of various forms of memory and their influence on the evolution of the collective memory of the British; they are created in the mainstream of the historical science of culture and distinguished by a pronounced historical and anthropological approach. The article identifies several conceptual approaches in the development of the problems of the cultural heritage and the memory of the war, analyzes the achievements in a comparative study of the image of war and its evolution in the cultural memory of the British, in studying the interaction of the official and popular, collective and individual forms of war memory, general and specific features of the British and foreign traditions of memory about the First World War. It also interprets the significance of the revisionist historiography in changing the notions of the Great War heritage. © 2021 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved.

The article is devoted to urban identity as a socio-cultural, psychological and emotional construct determined by a number of factors. As a significant component of social identity, urban identity is determined by how strong an individual's social ties are, whether he is included in long-term stable social groups, which, in turn, forms an emotional assessment of such identity in relation to «his» and «strangers», as well as group values, social norms, stereotypes, behavioral patterns. The author of the article presents the characteristics of urban identity as a result of self-determination of personality, its socialization and adaptation in a particular urban space, in the process of assimilation and reproduction of cultural symbols, accepted norms, traditions, lifestyle of city residents. The relevance of the study of urban identity is determined by the peculiarities of the urban environment and urban lifestyle: the author of the article puts forward a tendency to increase the mobility of the population and a decrease in the role of physical space in the life of a modern person as factors that can create barriers to the formation of a conscious urban identity. The article proves that the self-consciousness and personal identity of city residents are largely determined by various aspects of the cultural space of the city. The impossibility of perceiving urban space in its integrity does not hinder personal identity and self-determination, and the possibility of implementing the social practices of its residents forms their emotional attachment to the city. The formation of urban identity is conditioned by stable, changeable and symbolic factors. The author of the article also identifies parameters that allow assessing the degree of urban identity, among which the uniqueness of the city, identity and positivity of its perception play a decisive role in modern Russian society, which, in turn, determines in many ways the practical potential of urban identity. The conclusion is made about the importance of urban identity among other values of Russians, because active emotional experience and active embodiment of the urban identity of individuals and social groups contributes to the comprehensive economic, social and political development of modern Russian society.

The problems of new media in the mass communication system are becoming more and more urgent today due to the fact that the established discourse about the media and the familiar language of their description no longer cope with their functions. The emergence of new media is a consequence of widespread digitalization. The significance of the research in the raised issues lies in the fact that the characteristics of new media are considered in detail, terms that were not previously correlated with the theory of communication are given. It is emphasized that today the philosophical and cultural foundations of the phenomenon of new media are insufficiently reflected, although they are of great interest from the point of view of the key turning points of modern society. The article presents a literary review, an interpretation of the basic concepts is given, the theoretical and methodological base is clarified, the most striking characteristics of new media are highlighted and analyzed.
Seven basic characteristics of new media are considered, which not only give an idea of the specifics of the subject under study, but also represent its significant differences from the general concept of «media» in the culture of mass communications. Taking into account the attempt to deepen the understanding of the subject of the study, it is summarized that new media constantly and daily limit and redefine the identity and common features of digital communities, as well as user relationships within them, which in turn changes social and cultural interactions.
The author emphasizes that if researchers use the term new media only as well-established and intuitive, without seeing the need to describe its characteristics, then there is a danger of reducing the research search to a superficial perception of changes in the culture of mass communications, while missing important empirical information. The results obtained contribute to the development of the theory of culture of mass communication and have scientific and practical significance for the ideological, educational and cultural spheres of society.

II–III c. gave the world what is now called "Judaism" and "Christianity". Two religions, which are now perceived as original and separate from each other, at that time had many intersection points. Christianity had not yet rid itself of its Jewish past, and in the Jewish environment there were many people who accepted Jesus' messianism and converted to a new faith. However, more gentiles people in the II c. come to the Christian community, while the Jewish are closing themselves from the outside world. Christian literature directed against the Jews (Adversus Judaeos) contributed to this. Although studying the treatises created in this period from in different provinces of the Roman Empire, we can see how much more refined and reasoned these works become. However, it is evident that, in the process of the development of the Adversus Judaeos texts Christian authors rarely invest their own knowledge of Judaism, but only draw us the image of the Jew of that time, borrowing arguments from the writings of their predecessors. In this article we will trace the transformation of the image of the Jews and the emergence of the concept of "Judaism" in the Christian environment on the basis of three polemic works — Justin's "Dialogue with Trypho" (mid-2nd c.), "On the Passover" by Melito (160–170) and Tertullian's "Against the Jews" (2nd half of 3rd c). At the same time, the analysis of the historical and cultural context of the places there the treatises were created, shows that the extent to which the image of Judaism was perceived in the Christian anti-Judaic treatises was influenced by the position of these two communities in ancient society. Furthermore, the notion "Judaism" emerges in the Christian environment, which Christian authors counter posed to "Christianity", creating a counterculture, through which they indicated the distinctive features of their religion, showed its advantage.

The article concerns the peculiarities of the political humour and satire within the framework of the contemporary Italian political culture. Due to the political crisis of the late 20th century the image of the Italian politicians has undergone severe alterations, being associated with negative stereotypes. Referring to the political humour and satire, the Italians endeavour to control the political power, reveal the government`s inefficiency and its discrepancy with the nation`s values and ideals. Appealing to the example of the political cartoons dedicated to the former Prime Minister of Italy M. Renzi, the author defines the influence of the sociocultural factors and regional features on the contemporary political humour and political culture of Italy. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности политического юмора и сатиры в итальянской политической культуре Второй республики. В результате политического кризиса конца XX в. в Италии сложилось наполненное отрицательными стереотипами отношение к власти. Посредством смеха итальянцы пытаются корректировать деятельность государственного аппарата, высмеивая его несовершенства, несоответствие национальным ценностям и идеалам. На примере политических карикатур, посвященных бывшему премьер-министру Италии М. Ренци, определяется, как социокультурные особенности и региональная специфика влияют на политический юмор и политическую культуру страны.

The article analyzes the external and internal aspects of intercultural and interreligious dialogue in Catholic communities on the example of the Russian parishes of the RCC. Given the complex organizational structure of the Catholic Church, which includes the Vatican Curia, local dioceses in specific countries and regions, and local parishes, the system of interactions associated with cultural exchange and its regulation by pastoral manuals and documents turns out to be multi-stage and complex. Taking into account the geographical position and historical development of the Russian Catholic communities, they become an interesting object for sociological research.