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Book reviewed in this article:REALIGNMENT OF WORLD POWER: The Russo‐Chinese Schism Under the Impact of Mao‐Tse‐tung's Last Revolution. By Oton Ambroz.SAMUEL TERRY: The Botany Bay Rothschild. By Gwyneth M. Dow.RURAL INDUSTRY IN THE PORT PHILLIP REGION 1835–1880. By Lynnette J. Peel.NOT A WHITE WOMAN SAFE: Sexual Anxiety and Politics in Port Moresby 1920–1934. By Amirah Inglis.SOCIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT. Edited by E. de Kadt and Gavin Williams.POLITICAL CHANGE: Collected Essays. By David E. Apter.RICH NATIONS AND POOR IN PEACE AND WAR: Continuity and Change in the Development Hierarchy of Seventy Nations from 1913 through 1952. By Henry Barbera.ECONOMIC REALITIES IN POOR COUNTRIES. By Leslie Stein.G.D.H. COLE: An Intellectual Biography. By L.P. Carpenter.HISTORY AND WILL: Philosophical Perspectives of Mao‐Tse‐Tung's Thought. By F. Wakeman Jr.TO PHOENIX SEAT: An Introductory Study of Maoism and the Chinese Communist Quest for a Paradise on Earth. By L.R. Marchant.THE COUNTER REFORMATION. By G.W. Searle.ON THE MEDIEVAL ORIGINS OF THE MODERN STATE. By Joseph R. Strayer.IMPERIAL ECONOMIC POLICY, 1917–1939: Studies in Expansion and Protection. By Ian M. Drum‐mond.TAMATE — A KING: James Chalmers in New Guinea. 1877–1901. By Diane Langmore.THE BASES OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER. Essays in Honour of C.A.W. Manning. Edited by Alan James.SMALL STATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: Nobel Symposium 17. Edited by August Schou and Arne Olav Brundtland.THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 1914–1973. A History and Guide With Texts. By J.A.S. Grenville.INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: A Behavioral Interpretation of Contemporary International Law and Politics. By A. Sheikh.FULL CIRCLE. By S.F. Rowell.THE NUREMBERG FALLACY: Wars and War Crimes Since World War II. By Eugene Davidson.THE AUSTRALIAN COLONISTS: An Exploration of Social History 1788–1870. By K.S. Inglis.JEREMY BENTHAM: Ten Critical Essays. Edited by Bhikhu Parekh.THE DAMNED INHERITANCE: The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Crises, 1924–35. By G.A. Lensen.GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND THE RISE OF SWEDEN. By Michael Roberts.SOCIALISM AND THE CHALLENGE OF WAR: Ideas and Politics in Britain 1912–18. By J.M. Winter.ACCUMULATION ON A WORLD SCALE: A critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment. Vols. 1 and 2. By Samir Amin. Translated by Brian Pearce.GERMANY CONFRONTS MODERNISATION: German Culture and Society, 1790–1890. By Robert Anchor.WORKERS AND PROTEST: The European Labor Movement, The Working Classes and the Origins of Social Democracy, 1890–1914. By Harvey Mitchell and Peter N. Steams.MAJOR IDEOLOGIES: An Interpretative Survey of Democracy. Socialism, and Nationalism. By Alexander Groth.CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT AND POLITICS. By Ernest Gellner. Edited with a preface by I.C. Jarvie and Joseph Agassi.MODERN DEMOCRACIES: Economic Power versus Political Power. By Maurice Duverger.DICK DETERRED: A Play in Two Acts. By David Edgar.THE IMAGE OF AUSTRALIA. British Perception of the Australian Economy from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, By Craufurd D.W. Goodwin.CONFIDENTIAL DISPATCHES: Analyses of America by the British Ambassador, 1939–1945. Edited by Thomas E. Hachey.THE STATE'S SERVANTS: The Civil Service of the English Republic 1649–1660. By G.E. Aylmer.NORMAN LINDSAY, The Embattled Olympian. By John Hetherington.MARKETING BOARDS AND MINISTERS: A Study of Agricultural Marketing Boards as Political and Administrative Instruments. By P.J. Giddings.ELITES IN THE POLICY PROCESS. By Robert Presthus.LAW, LEGISLATION AND LIBERTY: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. Vol. I Rules and Order. By F.A. Hayek.DEPRESSION AND RECOVERY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 1928'29–1938'39: A Study in Cyctical and Structural Change. By G.D. Snooks.INDIA'S SECOND LIBERATION. By Pran Chopra.NORMALIZATION OF JAPANESE‐SOVIET RELATIONS 1945–1970. By S. Vishwanathan.MAOISM IN ACTION: The Cultural Revolution. By C.L. Chiou.THE PLANS OF WAR: The General Staff and British Military Strategy c. 1900–1916. By John Gooch.REVUE INTERNATIONALE d'HISTOIRE MILITAIRE.A NEW HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA. Edited by F.K. Crowley.AUSTRALIAN CULTURAL ELITES: Intellectual Traditions in Sydney and Melbourne. By John Docker.SUEZ 1956. By Robert R. Bowie.LABOR IN POLITICS: The State Labor Parties in Australia 1880–1920. Edited by D.J. Murphy.J.H. SCULLIN: A Political Biography. By John Robertson.

AbstractThe nature of the relations between the agricultural sector and its context has been given much attention lately. Although there has been a shift in focus ‐ from explaining the disappearance of the peasant to explaining the consolidation of the family farm ‐ these theories have often tended to be one‐directional, treating agricultural forms of production mainly as the outcome of external factors. In this paper, based on data from a winegrowing region in Southern France, the interaction of processes at different levels is the focus of attention. Economic, technological and cultural processes influencing the agricultural production unit are described, as are the internal dynamics of the family holding. Reference is made to Chayanov's micro theory of the peasant economy. By analysing the interrelation of both external and internal factors it is shown that several types of adaptation can be accounted for within a single theoretical frame. In this way not only the consolidation of the family holding, the overall tendency towards capitalized farming, but also processes of differentiation and marginalization can be explained.RésuméCe n'est que tardivement que la recherche s'est intéressée a la nature des relations entre le sccteur agricole et son environnement. On peut observer une rupture entre les analyses centrées sur la disparition des paysans et celles centrées ensuite sur la résistance de ľagricul‐ture familiale, mais ces théories paraissent souvent unilatérales, considérant les formes de production agricole comme effet de facteurs exogénes. Cet article, basé sur une recherche empirique dans une région vinicole du Sud de la France, tente de montrer ľinteraction de processus de niveaux différents II décrit les processus économiques, technologiques et culturels qui déterminent la production agricole, ainsi que la dynamique interne des exploitations agricoles. II fait référence à la théorie de Chayanov. ľanalyse des interactions entre facteurs extcrnes et internes suggére un modéle théorique simple pour rendre compte de divers types ?adaptation: on peut ainsi rendre compte non seulement de la consolidation de la famille agricole, de la tendance dominante vers une agriculture capitaliste mais aussi des processus de differenciation et de marginalisation.ZusammenfassungDer Art der Beziehungen zwischen dem Agrarsektor und seiner Umwelt wurde in jüngster Zeit große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Obwohl cs eine änderung der zcntralen Fragestel‐lung gab ‐ von der Erklärung des Verschwindens der bäuerlichen Landwirtschaft zur Erklärung des Festigung der Familienbetriebe ‐ haben diese Theorien oft dazu geneigt, nur in eine Richtung zu gehen, nämlich die Formen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion hauptsächlich als Ausfluß externcr Faktoren zu sehen.In diesem Artikcl werden ‐ gestützt auf empirische Datcn aus einer Weinbauregion in Südfrankrcich ‐ die Wechselwirkung vom Prozessen auf vcrschiedenen Ebenen ins Blickfeld gerückt. ökonomische, technologische und kulturelle Prozesse, die die Agrarproduktion becinflussen, werden ebenso beschricben wie die interne Dynamik der Familienbetriebe. Es wird Bezug genommen auf Tschajanows Mikrothcorie der bäuerlichen Wirtschaft. Durch Analyse der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen externen und internen Faktoren wird gezeigt, daß verschiedene Formen der Anpassung innerhalb eines einzigen theoretischen Be‐zugsrahmen angenommen werden können. So konncn nicht nur die Festigung der Familienbetriebe, die Gesamttendenz zu einer kapitalisierten Landwirtschaft, sondern auch Prozesse der Differenzierung und Marginalisierung erklärt werden.

SummaryIndustrialization and Changes Within the FamilyThe phenomenon of industrialization and urbanization has had a profound impact on the social structure of the family in the western world. The purpose of the present comparative study is to delineate crucial changes within the family under the influence of industrialization. The data analyzed stem from a cross‐national study conducted in the years of 1959 and 1960 in Great Britain, Italy, Western Germany and the USA. They were collected by means of sample surveys and personal interviewing in connection with a standardized questionnaire, the questions of which were largely structured.The cross‐national data support Burgess' central thesis that the family is in transition from an institution to a companionship, i.e., from the traditional patriarchal type of family to a more equalitarian partnership type of family. Furthermore, the empirical data show that this shift is strongly associated with the processes of industrialization: the more industrialized a society, the more pronounced the trend toward an egalitarian, companionship form of a family. The results for Germany indicate that patriarchalism survives primarily in the upper classes.The differences between rural and urban family patterns diminish with increasing industrialization and urbanization. While in less industrialized societies the integration of the rural family into urban society lags behind, existing rural‐urban differences are differences in degree rather than in kind. Total integration is a question of time. The cross‐national results tend to support Ogburn's cultural lag theory, according to which various segments of society and culture are not changing at the same rate.Résumé INDUSTRIALISATION ET MODIFICATIONS DES STRUCTURES FAMILIALES L'industrialisation et l'urbanisation ont provoqué des mutations profondes dans la structure socio‐psychologique et dans les relations internes de la famille occidentale. Le but de l'étude est de montrer quelques aspects de ces modifications. Les informations qu'elle contient proviennent d'une enquête internationale qui a été réalisée en 1919 et 1960 en Angleterre, en Italie, en République Fédérale d'Allemagne et aux Etats‐Unis. Ces informations ont été saisies au cours d'interviews directes réalisées à l'aide d'un questionnaire standard valable pour tous les pays.Les résultats internationaux renforcent la thèse formulée par Burgess selon laquelle la famille a évolué d'une forme patriarchale vers une communauté de camaraderie égalitaire. C'est la preuve pratique que la disparition de la structure patriarchale est essentiellement fonction du degré d'industrialisation des sociétés humaines, et que la structure familiale nouvelle correspond au développement de l'industrialisation. Le patriarchat ne subsiste en Allemagne que dans les classes sociales les plus élevées.L'opposition entre les structures familiales urbaine et rurale diminue avec le développement de l'industrialisation et de l'urbanisation. L'intégration de la famille rurale dans la société industrielle est retardée, parce que les différences existantes entre les familles urbaines et rurales sont dans la rapidité d'assimilation et non dans leur nature meme. Les résultats concordent avec la théorie de W. F. Ogburn qui concerne l'adaptation par phases successives des secteurs sociaux en fonction des modifications socio‐culturelles.ZusammenfassungIndustrialisierung Und Strukturwandlungen in Der FamilieIndustrialisierung und Urbanisierung haben tiefgreifende Veränderungen in der inneren Ordnung und sozialpsychologischen Struktur der westlichen Familie hervorgerufen. Ziel der vergleichenden Studie ist, einige Aspekte der innerfamilialen Wandlungen aufzuzeigen. Die in dem vorliegenden Beitrag herangezogenen familiensoziologischen Daten entstammen einer internationalen Untersuchung, die in den Jahren 1959 und 1960 in England, Italien, Westdeutschland und den USA durchgeführt wurde. Erhebungsinstrument bildete das persönliche Interview in Verbindung mit einem standardisierten Fragebogen, der für alle Länder Frageformulierung und Frageablauf identisch und unveränderlich vorgab.Die interkulturellen Resultate erhärten die von Burgess aufgestellte These, nach der die Familie von einer patriarchalisch‐institutionellen Form zu einer Form der gleichrangigen Gefährtenschaft sich entwickle. Es wird der empirische Nachweis erbracht, daß die Ablösung der patriarchalischen Familienform in engem Zusammenhang steht mit dem Industrialisierungsgrad einer Gesellschaft, und daß mit fortschreitender Industrialisierung ein Trend zur partnerschaftlichen Familienform einhergeht. In Deutschland überlebt der Patriarchalismus vornehmlich in den oberen sozialen Schichten.Der Gegensatz zwischen städtischer und ländlicher Familienform wird mit zunehmender Industrialisierung und Urbanisierung abgebaut. Die Enfügung der Landfamilie in die Industriegesellschaft erfolgt allerdings verspätet, wobei vorhandene Unterschiede jedoch nicht wesensmäßiger, sondern gradueller Natur sind. Die familiensoziologischen Befunde stützen die von W. F. Ogburn entwickelte Theorie von der phasenverschiedenen Anpassung sozialer Sektoren im Zuge des sozio‐kulturellen Wandels.

Book reviewed in this article:A HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA. Volume IV: The Earth Abideth For Ever 1851–1888. By C.M.H. ClarkAUSTRALIAN LIBERALISM AND NATIONAL CHARACTER. By Tim RowseINSIDE THE AUSTRALIAN PARLIAMENT. By David SolomonTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY. By Ruth AtkinsTHE ADVANCEMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES TO THE PRESENT. By F.A. LarcombeFEDERAL AID TO AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS. By Don SmartTHE JOURNEY TO WORK. By Ian ManningSILVER, SIN, AND SIXPENNY ALE: A Social History of Broken Hill 1883–1921. By Brian KennedyLITERATURE AND THE ABORIGINE IN AUSTRALIA. By J.J. HealyTRADE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: A Commentary on the Trade Practices Act 1974. Second edition. By G.Q. Taperell, R.B. Vermeesch and D.J. HarlandPOSTAL UNIONS AND POLITICS: A History of the Amalgamated Postal Workers' Union of Australla. By Frank WatersAUSTRALIAN ARMOUR: A History of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, 1927–1972. By R.N.L. HopkinsCHAUVEL OF THE LIGHT HORSE: A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. By A.J. HillPATRIARCH AND PATRIOT: William Grant Broughton 1788–1853, Colonial Statesman and Ecclesiastic. By G.P. ShawTHE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU: A Sociological Study. By Alan W. Black and Russell A. CraigCOLONIAL EVE: Souras on Women in Australia 1788–1914. Edited by Ruth TealeTHE CATHOLIC CAMPAIGN FOR STATE AID: A Study of a Pressure Group Campaign in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory 1950–1972. By M.C. HoganLAST QUARTER: The Next Twenty‐five Years in Asia and the Pacific. By Malcolm BookerEMPLOYMENT, INCOMES AND MIGRATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA TOWNS. By Ross Garnaut, Michael Wright and Richard CurtainPOLITICS IN NEW ZEALAND: A Reader. Edited by Stephen LevineTHE INDONESIAN TRAGEDY. By Brian MayUNLESS HASTE IS MADE: A French Skeptic's Account of the Sandwich Islands in 1836. By ThCodore‐Adolph Barrot. Translated by Rev. Daniel DoleSELF AND BIOGRAPHY: Essays on the Individual and Society in Asia. Edited by Wang GungwuTHE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA. Volume 10: LateCh'ing. 1800–1911, Part 1. Edited by D.C. Twitchett and J.K. Fairbank20th CENTURY CHINA. Third edition. By O. Edmund ClubbA SHORT HISTORY OF CHINA. By Gwendda MilstonP'YONGYANG BETWEEN PEKING AND MOSCOW: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino‐Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. By Chin 0. ChungPOLITICAL CHANGE IN AN INDIAN STATE: Mysore 1917–1955. By James ManorBETWEEN A TORY AND A LIBERAL: Bombay under Sir James Fergusson, 1880–85. By Amit Kumar GuptaNEHRU AND THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT. By V.T. PatilBUSINESSMEN AND POLITICS: Rising Nationalism and a Modernising Economy in Bombay, 1918–1933. By A.D.D. GordonA HISTORY OF LADAKH. By A.H. FranckeTHE KILLING OF THE IMAM: South African Tyranny defied by Courage and Faith. By Barney Desai and Cardiff MorneyBRITISH GOVERNMENT IN AN ERA OF REFORM. Edited by W.J. StankiewiczLABOUR AND THE LEFT IN THE 1930s. By Ben PimlottCONSERVATIVE DISSIDENTS: Dissent within the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1970–74. By Philip NortoBRITISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER SIR EDWARD GREY. Edited by F.H. HinsleyLLOYD GEORGE AND FOREIGN POLICY. Volume one: The Education of a Statesman: 1890–1916. By Michael G. FryWILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM: The Great Commoner. By Peter Douglas BrownI. Paul Langord, 'William Pitt and public opinion, 1757'2. John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III3. Stanley Ayling, The Elder PittTHE CHURCH AND POLITICS IN THIRTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND: The Career of Adam Orletonc. 1275–1345. By Roy Martin HainesISSUE VOTING AND PARTY REALIGNMENT. By Donald S. StrongAGGRESSION AMERICAN STYLE. By William H. BlanchardEVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT SINCE WORLD WAR II. Edited by Paul R. SchratzEMERGENCY EMPLOYMENT: A Study in Federalism. By Howard W. HallmanCONTAINMENT: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950. Edited by Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis GaddisTHE POLITICS OF ATTRACTION: Four Middle Powers and the United States. By Annette Baker FoxCLASS, RACE, AND WORKER INSURGENCY: The League of Revolutionary Black Workers. By James A. GeschwenderTHE FRONTIER IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY. By Alistair HennesseyPUBLIC PAPERS OF THE SECRETARIES—GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Volume 8: 1968–1971, U Thant. Edited by Andrew W. Cordier and Max HarrelsonSUEZ 1956: A Personal Account. By Selwyn LloydCONSCIOUSNESS AND HISTORY: Nationalist Critics of Creeksociety 1897–1914. By Gerasirnos AugustinosTHE POLITICS OF FRIENDSHIP: Pompey and Cicero. By Beryl RawsonEPIRUS. By Arthur FosSTHE SOVIET UNION AND INTERNATIONAL OIL POLITICS. By Arthur Jay KlinghofferA SHORT HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY. By Miklós MolnárFEUDALISM. By J.S. CritchleyMARXIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY: An Outline. By James F. BeckerTHE POLITICS OF BUREAUCRACY: A Comparative Perspective. By B. Guy PetersHUMAN RIGHTS. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh‐Soon TayADAM SMITH'S POLITICS: An Essay in Historiographic Revision. By Donald WinchASPECTS OF POLITICAL THEORY: Classical Concepts in an Age of Relativism. By W.J. StankiewiczTHE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LEON TROTSKY. By Baruch Knei‐PazFISCAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY. Edited by James M. Buchanan and Richard E. WagnerESSAYS ON ECONOMIC POLICY. By J. Marcus FlemingTHE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC PLANNING. By Zoltan KenesseyTHE CULTURAL ROOTS OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM. By Hermann GlaserTHE NEW LIBERALISM: An Ideology of Social Reform. By Michael FreedenEXPERIENCE AND ITS MODES. By Michael OakeshottREVOLUTIONS AND REVOLUTIONARIES: Four Theories. By Barbara SalertACTION AND INTERPRETATION: Studies in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Edited by Christopher Hookway and Philip PettitJOHN LOCKE AND THE THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY: Mixed Monarchy nnd the Right of Resistance in the Political Thought of the English Revolution. By Julian H. FranklinTHE JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, 49, 1977 — Special Issue on the English Revolution. Edited by William H. McNeill

Book reviewed in this article:THE RISE OF ANGLO‐GERMAN ANTAGONISM 1860–1914. By Paul Kennedy.DOCUMENTS ON AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1937–49. Volume IV: July 1940–June 1941. Edited by W. J. Hudson and H. J. W. Stokes.AUSTRALIA AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. By W. J. Hudson.MY DEAR P.M.: R. G. Casey's letters to S. M. Bruce 1924–1929. Edited by W. J. Hudson & Jane North.A HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION. By Alan Barcan.THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF AUSTRALIA. By L. R. Smith.AGAINST THE TIDE. By B. A. Santamaria.RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by Patrick Weller and Dean Jaensch.ESSAYS ON WESTERN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. Edited by Ralph Pervan and Campbell Sharman.ECONOMIC CRISIS, CITIES AND REGIONS: an analysis of current urban and regional problems in Australia. By Frank J. B. Stilwell with contributions by Graham Larcombe.LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS OF AUSTRALIA. Edited by J. Power, R. Wettenhall and J. Halligan.STATE GOVERNMENTS AND AUSTRALIAN TARIFF POLICY. Ry John Warhurst.SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY: An International Perspective. Edited by Sol Encel and Jarlath Ronayne.PUBLIC CHOICE IN TASMANIA: Aspects of the Lower Gordon River Hydro‐Electric Development Proposal. By Hugh Saddler, Jeff Bennett, Ian Reynolds and Ben Smith.INDUSTRIAL ACTION: Patterns of Labour Conflict. Edited by Stephen J. Frenkel.WAR FOR THE ASKING: Australia's Vietnam Secrets. By Michael Sexton.THE MILITARY AND AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE. Edited by F. A. Mediansky.LEGISLATION AND SOCIETY IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by Roman Tomasic.EROSION OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS: An Aspect of Church‐State Entanglement in Australia. The struggle of citizens to be heard in the Australian Full High Court on the State Aid issue: 1956–1980. By M. J. Ely.THE AUSTRALIAN WELFARE STATE. By M. A. Jones.A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO POLICY ANALYSIS: Health Care Policy in Four Nations. By Howard M. Leichter.A SUITABLE PIECE OF REAL ESTATE: American Installations in Australia. By Desmond Ball.THE MEDIA AND POLITICS IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by David Turbayne.VICEROY OF THE PACIFIC: The Majesty of Colour. A Life of Sir John Bates Thurston. By Deryck Scarr.MILITARY POWER AND POLICY IN ASIAN STATES: China, India, Japan. Edited by Onkar Marwah and Jonathan D. Pollock.THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA. Vol 11: Late Ch'ing 1800–1911. Part 2. Edited by John K. Fairbank and Kwang‐Ching Liu.MAO: A Biography. By Ross Terrill.WHO'S WHO OF BRITISH MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. Volume 111, 1919–1945. A Biographical Dictionary of the House of Commons. Edited by Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees.LLOYD GEORGE'S SECRETARIAT. By John Turner.RELIGION AND PUBLIC DOCTRINE IN MODERN ENGLAND. By Maurice Cowling.BRITAIN SINCE 1918. Second Edition. By Bentley B. Gilbert.THE TRIUMPHS OF PROVIDENCE. The Assassination Plot, 1696. By Jane Garrett.THE LIBERALS AND IRELAND: The Ulster Question in British Politics to 1914. By Patricia Jalland.THE OTHER WESTERN EUROPE: A Political Analysis of the Smaller Democracies. By Earl H. Fry and Gregory A. Raymond.STATE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 1550–1650. By V. G. Kiernan.THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GERMANY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. By Karl Hardach.IN THE EYE OF THE STORM: Kurl Riezler and the Crises of Modern Germany. By Wayne C. Thompson.AUGUST BEBEL: Shadow Emperor of the German Workers. By William Harvey Maehl.THE SOVIETIZATION OF UKRAINE 1917–1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self‐Determination. Revised Edition. By Jurij Borys.UKRAINIAN NATIONALISM IN THE POST–STALIN ERA: Myth, Symbols and Ideology in Soviet Nationalities Policy. By Kenneth C. Farmer.STRIKES. By Norman McCord.ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION: A Comparative Analysis. Edited by Richard Rose.THE FIRST CRUSADE. By Steven Runciman.THE DIPLOMACY OF IDEAS: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations, 1938–1950. By Frank A. Ninkovich.CAUDILLO AND PEASANT IN THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION. Edited by D. A. Brading.MORAL PRINCIPLES AND POLITICAL OBLIGATIONS. By A. John Simmons.PEOPLE'S HISTORY AND SOCIALIST THEORY. Edited by Raphael Samuel.EDMUND BURKE AND THE CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL RADICALISM. By Michael Freeman.COMPARING POLITICAL THINKERS. Edited by Ross Fitzgerald.AUTHORITY AND DEMOCRACY. By April Carter.THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LEON TROTSKY. By Baruch Knei‐Paz.FABIANISMUS UND BERNSTEIN'SCHER REVISIONISMUS 1884–1900. By Herbert Frei.THE DOMINANT IDEOLOGY THESIS. By Nicholas Abercrombie, Stephen Hill and Bryan S. Turner.

SUMMARYThe results of the present investigation can be summed up under six points:

 The officials themselves, to a great extent, had to formulate the problems they were to solve.The general train of thought has been that the goals the administration carries into effect are presented in such a way that the administration's task consists of solving problems which are already formulated. This description is not applicable to the administrative organization under investigation. Although very precise definitions could be set up of technically rationalised agriculture, the problems which the administration had to solve were not completely formulated. Rationalization could occur in several ways — there was room for a number of productivity models. The agronomists themselves took part in formulating the problems they were to solve. They could take the dlemands for the administration's decisions for granted, as Smitt did, or try to increase the demand by establishing voluntary associations and other modernizing mechanisms.
 The definition of the problems took place under the influence of the official's "private" aims and social identifications.The appropriate procedures selected for the ratiionalization work altered according to the social values it was based upon, aned the agronomists chose the productivity models which were in accordance with their general social attitudes. In the same way, the conflicts in which the agricultural administration was involved were caused not by disagreement over the technical efficiency of the measures but by the evaluation of the social consequences of the different methods.
 The roles of the employees were not given but the employees themselves to a greater or lesser extent took part in forming them.The description of the administration's positions and roles as given is not applicable to the administrative organization we have examined. The officials' freedom of choice during the structuring of the role varied according to the clientele the agronomists decided to work with.
 The structuring of the roles took place in accordance with the official's "private" aims and social identifications.It was Smitt's "private" aim to build up a bureaucratic organization recruited from officials with a strong professional orientation, and these roles functioned best when the organization served a high status clientele. Conversely, the officials working with lower status clientele developed roles with a strong element of agitation.
 The structuring of the roles took place in close connection with the structuring of the problems.The roles Smitt evolved suited the problems which in his opinion ought to be solved. They appeared to be both the least expensive and most labor‐saving because they were based upon a division of labor between clientele and employees. The clientele provided capital and motivation, the organization knowledge and modern production equipment. Everything points to Smitt being blind to the connections which can arise between rationalization and social discrimination. His considerations concerning efficiency were that most of the work which technical rationalization involved could be transferred to the clientele. If the organization was relieved of the task of motivating the clients, it could achieve more without increasing costs.When in the last half of the 1880's this notion of economy was put into a wider social perspective it was easy to demonstrate that this sort of rationalization in fact involved a tremendous waste of public means. Srnitt's methods were, without doubt, labor‐saving from a narrow organizational point of view, but meaningless when seen in consideration of the need for an urgent modernization, which required great social support among the farmers if the new co‐operative efforts were to survive. The motivating task, which Smitt had rationalized away, became the centre of the organizations' activity.This shows not only how meaningless narrow efficiency considerations can be, but also how purposeless it can be to build up a wealth of knowledge about public administration without at the same time increasing our knowledge of the society in which the administration functions.
 The structuring of the organization's problems and roles took place in accordance with traits of the political system.The agronomists' freedom in structuring their problems and roles varied not only from situation to situation but also over a period of time. Smitt's freedom of action became curtailed during the last half of the 18803, and the reduction was connected with the new types of demands and support and with the administrative system's reactions to these alterations. While "in‐puts" and the system's inner processes at first pulled together, they were later in conflict. The low adaptability evoked external adjustment mechanisms which deprived the administrative system of initiative and responsibility, weakened its technical authority and widened its political obligation. An additional explanation — which, it is true, cannot be tried out without bringing in material of much larger proportions — is the assertion that the changes in the role‐structure were also a link in a general re‐arrangement of the relationship between the Storting, government and administration.An alteration took place in the distribution of initiative, responsibility, obligation and authority in the relations between the director of agriculture and the political authorities. These changes can be described in relation to two ideal types of distribution patterns. We have mapped out one movement in the direction of a bureaucracy which has initiative, responsibility and authority and is strongly Committed to the cause. Conversely, the other movement goes in the direction of an ideal type where the bureaucarcy is deprived of initiative and responsibility, where it is under strong obligation to political authority and its professional authority is weak.These findings can be generalized by connecting them with the bureaucracy model sketched out by Eisenstadt. The core of this model is the tensions between the need for a relatively autonomous bureaucracy and the need for a bureaucracy which is under control of the environment wherein it functions. By giving the bureaucracy an area where it can work relatively independently one ensures that the officials have a strong goal orientation but, at the same time, one risks losing control over the values the bureaucracy implements. By putting the bureaucracy under strict control, one has greater chance of deciding which goals are implemented, but one also risks the bureaucracy becoming impotent and formalistic. (Eisenstadt, 1958, pp. 100–103; Bendix, 1949, p. 12).The tensions between the needs for autonomy and independence have to do with the basic principle of bureaucratic organization:; that the officials do not own the means of administration. Morroe Berger has shown how the needs are built‐in in the bureaucratic organization: the organization is hierarchial, and at the same time every official has been given his own area where he rules with a varying degree of independence. (Berger, 1957, p, 49) We shall maintain that the tensions between these two needs are expressed in continually changing distributions of initiative, responsibility, obligation and professional authority.An autonomous bureaucracy is rich in initiative, it takes the responsibility for its own decisions, it is committed to its cause and the decisions can be easily legitimated by the official's technical competence. A dependent bureaucracy takes less initiative, outwardly others carry the responsibility for its decisions, it is not committed to a cause and the professional legitimacy of its decisions is weak. Because both needs cannot be completely satisfied simultaneously, there will always be tensions between them. The distribution of the components is not very stable and will change over time. Consequently, there is a basic lack of stability in the role relationships between the administration and political authority and the bureaucratic roles are being constantly redefined in one or the other direction in step with more far‐reaching changes in the political system.The increase of Smitt's dependence upon the political authorities occured during a period when the Storting increased its influence. We will call this a political contraction process, characterised by drawing together initiative, responsibility and obligation‐potential in the Storting. A bureaucratic role developed which stressed the official's loyalty, his ability to conform according to the politician's changing aims, his abilities as "the good counsel".These tendencies stand strongly opposed to a development which has occurred in Norway after the Second World War, and which in many ways had for its object the spreading of intiative, responsibility, professional authority and a weaker obligation to the political authorities outwardly and down through the administrative organization. A period where bureaucratic roles of this kind develop and where tendencies are also expressed in the formal organization, we will call a detraction process.These movements which succeed each other in time, have bearing upon the officials' role‐learning. Director Smitt was taught to take the initiative, to accept criticism, to be strictly responsible to his profession and to expect that great consideration would be given to his professional skill. When he was drawn into a contraction process it was difficult for him to follow. The opposite would be the case of the official who had his role‐learning in a contraction period ‐he would not find it so easy to adapt himself to the role expectations met in a detraction process. On account of these upheavals in the official's role the picture of the ideal official in one period will resemble the distorted picture of an official in another period. The enterprising, responsibility conscious and cause‐committed official would be an ideal in a detraction period but a frightening picture in a contraction period.The theory of political contraction‐ and detraction processes has therefore certain consequences for the accumulation of verified knowledge of bureaucratic behaviour, for the building up of a systematic theory of bureaucracy. It does not dismiss the possibility of making general assertions concerning bureaucratic behadour, but it stresses the need for cultural references for specification of time and place. In the words of Lasswell and Kaplan: "Empirical significance requires that the propositions of social science, rather than affirming unqualifiedly universal invariances, state relations between variables assuming different magnitudes in different social contexts. To omit this context is not to universalize the proposition, but rather to hide its particularized reference to the situations characteristic of our own culture." (Lasswell and Kaplan, 1958, p. XXI)This says, among other things, that one cannot generalize about bureaucratic organizations from intra‐bureaucratic data alone. Assertions that the bureaucracy will attract persons who wish to take responsibility or assertions to the opposite, that the bureaucracy will attract persons who wish to escape from responsibility, can both be confirmed and denied, because bureaucratic organization in a contraction process will appeal to people who wish to avoid responsibility while the same administration in a detraction process will attract the responsibility conscious and enterprising. Neither can it be generally said that officials in a bureaucratic organization will strive after independence or "power". The opposite can be the case, all depending upon the pattern of distribution between administration and political authorities. The officials' independence will change with time, in step with social changes.The greater part of common sense‐notions concerning bureaucratic behaviour are contradictory and this is not remarkable, the prebstige of popular wisdom rests entirely upon its probability to provide a proverb to suit every occasion. (Krech and Crutchfield, 1948, p. 41) Meanwhile, the same applies to many social science hypotheses and findings concerning bureaucratic behaviour; their area of validity has not been limited by data concerning the system‐situations in which the administrative organizations have worked. The official's behaviour cannot be explained by studies of internal administrative processes alone. The official's position will be defined by the expectations of the clientele in the widest sense — the public, press, associations and political authorities, i.e. the society with which the official comes into contact. These expectations move with the alterations in society and in the political system.