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The grid-group cultural theory of Mary Douglas (eg, 1975) is used to produce a basic categorization of polar approaches to control over public administration & management & to illuminate the self-disequilibrating dynamics of public administration control systems. The four polar types are based on contrived randomness, competition, mutuality, & review. The self-disequilibrating processes work through a combination of mutual repulsion among the polar types & the inherent limitations of each type, which tend to produce more serious side-effects & reverse effects the more emphasis is placed on any one type. Six hybrid types of control are discussed as simple pairwise combinations of the four polar types, but such hybrids are also likely to be unstable. The approach used here appears at least as good on three criteria as any other current available classification of controls over public administration, & it offers a distinctive agenda for examining control design & outcomes. 3 Tables, 45 References. Adapted from the source document.

ObjectiveCultural Theory (CT) has attracted significant attention across the social sciences and is increasingly being used in survey research. We assess the construct validity of three CT survey operationalizations to help interpret and improve these measures.MethodsA coding protocol for face and content validity of survey items was developed with input from several CT scholars and applied independently by two of authors of this article. Convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of these items were assessed using survey data.ResultsWe find that these measures generally lack face and content validity but have reasonably good convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity.ConclusionWhile these measures can continue to be used to predict attitudes and behaviors that CT hypothesizes will vary with culture, scholars interested in testing CT's basic claims in survey research should seek to improve their face and content validity, which will also allow better tests of convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity.