Suchergebnisse

The article highlights important issues of national state-building processes in the context of growing external information aggression, new challenges and social threats; socio-pedagogical approaches to optimization of the essence of information and communication educational policy have been grounded. It has been proved that state and civil society should pay much more attention to the formation of healthcare- saving environment, its high-quality social, moral and ethical, spiritual, ecological characteristics; it forms psychology of people and individuals on the basis of positive "I-concept". It has been determined that the values of education, intelligence, gentlehood of Ukrainian nation are distinguished in the humanistic priority and strategic task of the state. Those approaches are regularity of global and national processes, as the UN among the 17 main indicators of the world's development has identified education as the cornerstone of progress, security, and survival of humanity. The author has come to the conclusion that the Strategy of sustainable development of the country and national security should be based on human-centered policy with the recognition of a personality as the highest social value, the active formation, preservation and optimal usage of high quality human capital, the ethical synergy of a personality and nature for the prosperity of nation and the strengthening of statehood. This paradigm should become the quintessence of the Law of Ukraine "About Education" at the level of its practical implementation. An effective means of achieving this socially important task is the bases of a continuous community-state dialogue. It has been stated that the methodology of education is spiritual and material culture of Ukrainian people and humanity. It will depend on the fact, what socio-cultural and socio-political environments the nation will be brought up in, how safe, cultural, natural, spiritual, moral and aesthetic will be the information and communication dimension for ethical living. Economics and social status of teachers, information space and lawmaking, political will and educational motivation of society not indirectly, but directly affect the quality of training and education for citizenship. Extremely strong interconnectedness of the mentioned factors with the education obliges the state and civil society to pay much more attention to the formation of healthcare-saving environment, high-quality social, moral and ethical, spiritual, ecological characteristics. ; У статті висвітлено важливі питання націодержавотворчих процесів в умовах зростаючої зовнішньої інформаційної агресії, нових викликів і суспільних загроз; обґрунтовано соціально-педагогічні підходи щодо оптимізації сутності інформаційно-комунікаційної освітньої політики. Доведено, що держава і громадянське суспільство має приділяти значно більше уваги формуванню здоров'язбережного середовища, його якісних соціальних, морально-етичних, духовних, екологічних характеристик, що формує психологію народу й особистості на основі позитивної «Я-концепції» буття.

У статті розглянуто визначення поняття «обдарованість» у педагогічній та психологічній літературі Великобританії. Здійснено огляд поняття «обдарованість» в довідниковій літературі – Енциклопедії талановитості, креативності і таланту та Енциклопедії Британіка. Подано концептуальні моделі «обдарованості», які є актуальними для Великобританії, такі моделі як: Г. Гарднера, Дж. Рензуллі, Ф. Монкса, Д. Ейр. Здійснено диференціальний огляд таких понять як «обдарований», «талановитий», «здібний», «дуже здібний». Охарактеризовано основні тенденції дослідження «обдарованоcті» протягом ХХ століття. Диференційовано дослідження «обдарованості» за спадковим та соціальним факторами.В статье рассмотрены определение термина «одаренность» в педагогической и психологической литературе Великобритании. Осуществлен обзор понятия «одаренность» в справочной литературе – Энциклопедии талантливости, креативности и таланта и Энциклопедии Британника. Подано концептуальные модели «одаренности», которые являются актуальными для Великобритании, такие модели как: Г. Гарднера, Дж. Рензулли, Ф. Монкса, Д. Эйр. Осуществлен дифференциальный обзор таких понятий как «одаренный», «талантливый», «способный», «очень способный». Охарактеризованы основные тенденции исследования «одаренности» в течение ХХ века. Дифференцированно исследования «одаренности» по наследственному и социальным факторам.The study of talent is part of the study of individual differences. It is not difficult to conclude that those who are seen as talented are the ones who have had adequate provision to learn and develop their potential. Over the last 100 years thinking in gifted education has developed through three broad phases. In the early to mid-20th century it focused on a small number of unique individuals (Unique Individual Paradigm). The mid to late twentieth century saw the advent of a focus on selecting groups of gifted students from amongst the general school population (Cohort Paradigm). As we moved into the 21st century the focus of leading research has shifted away from identification and towards creating the educational conditions in which 'giftedness' might best be developed (Human Capital Paradigm).Two of the most significant, long running and unresolved debates in education are, firstly the issue of how to raise the overall performance of an education system, and secondly how to support the most able pupils within the system. For the most part these debates have been conducted in isolation. It should be noted that in the UK the support of gifted and talented youth at the national level is realized in the framework of the program for talented youth «Young, gifted and talented».The article deals with the definition of «giftedness» in pedagogical and psychological literature of Great Britain. The overview of the concept «giftedness» in The Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent and Encyclopedia Britannica is done. Various aspects of «giftedness» are highlighted in the works of contemporary British scientists such as J. Webb, J. Delisle, D. Eyre, H. Gardner, R. Zorman, D. Montgomery, M. Neihart, F. Post, J. Raffan, G. Trost, J. Freeman, K. Heller and many others.Special attention is pointed to the works of J. Freeman, a distinguished psychologist working in the development of human abilities to their highest levels. She has conducted and supervised substantial research, notably her continuing study of gifted children since 1974, and has published widely in this area. For the UK government she has written two major reports and provides advice.The conceptual models of «giftedness», popular in Great Britain, such as of H. Gardner, J. Renzulli, F. Monks, J. Eyre are described. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and Joseph Renzulli's «three ring» definition of gifted behavior serve as precise examples of multifaceted and expanded conceptualizations of intelligence and giftedness. Gardner's definition of «giftedness» is «the ability to solve problems, or create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings». Within his theory, he articulates at least seven specific intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Gardner believes that people are much more comfortable using the term «talents» and that «intelligence» is generally reserved to describe linguistic or logical «smartness»; however, he does not believe that certain human abilities should arbitrarily qualify as «intelligence» over others.Renzulli's definition, which defines gifted behaviors rather than gifted individuals, is composed of three components as follows: Gifted behavior consists of behaviors that reflect an interaction among three basic clusters of human traits-above average ability, high levels of task commitment, and high levels of creativity. Individuals capable of developing gifted behavior are those possessing or capable of developing this composite set of traits and applying them to any potentially valuable area of human performance.

У статті розглянуто визначення поняття «обдарованість» у педагогічній та психологічній літературі Великобританії. Здійснено огляд поняття «обдарованість» в довідниковій літературі – Енциклопедії талановитості, креативності і таланту та Енциклопедії Британіка. Подано концептуальні моделі «обдарованості», які є актуальними для Великобританії, такі моделі як: Г. Гарднера, Дж. Рензуллі, Ф. Монкса, Д. Ейр. Здійснено диференціальний огляд таких понять як «обдарований», «талановитий», «здібний», «дуже здібний». Охарактеризовано основні тенденції дослідження «обдарованоcті» протягом ХХ століття. Диференційовано дослідження «обдарованості» за спадковим та соціальним факторами.В статье рассмотрены определение термина «одаренность» в педагогической и психологической литературе Великобритании. Осуществлен обзор понятия «одаренность» в справочной литературе – Энциклопедии талантливости, креативности и таланта и Энциклопедии Британника. Подано концептуальные модели «одаренности», которые являются актуальными для Великобритании, такие модели как: Г. Гарднера, Дж. Рензулли, Ф. Монкса, Д. Эйр. Осуществлен дифференциальный обзор таких понятий как «одаренный», «талантливый», «способный», «очень способный». Охарактеризованы основные тенденции исследования «одаренности» в течение ХХ века. Дифференцированно исследования «одаренности» по наследственному и социальным факторам.The study of talent is part of the study of individual differences. It is not difficult to conclude that those who are seen as talented are the ones who have had adequate provision to learn and develop their potential. Over the last 100 years thinking in gifted education has developed through three broad phases. In the early to mid-20th century it focused on a small number of unique individuals (Unique Individual Paradigm). The mid to late twentieth century saw the advent of a focus on selecting groups of gifted students from amongst the general school population (Cohort Paradigm). As we moved into the 21st century the focus of leading research has shifted away from identification and towards creating the educational conditions in which 'giftedness' might best be developed (Human Capital Paradigm).Two of the most significant, long running and unresolved debates in education are, firstly the issue of how to raise the overall performance of an education system, and secondly how to support the most able pupils within the system. For the most part these debates have been conducted in isolation. It should be noted that in the UK the support of gifted and talented youth at the national level is realized in the framework of the program for talented youth «Young, gifted and talented».The article deals with the definition of «giftedness» in pedagogical and psychological literature of Great Britain. The overview of the concept «giftedness» in The Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent and Encyclopedia Britannica is done. Various aspects of «giftedness» are highlighted in the works of contemporary British scientists such as J. Webb, J. Delisle, D. Eyre, H. Gardner, R. Zorman, D. Montgomery, M. Neihart, F. Post, J. Raffan, G. Trost, J. Freeman, K. Heller and many others.Special attention is pointed to the works of J. Freeman, a distinguished psychologist working in the development of human abilities to their highest levels. She has conducted and supervised substantial research, notably her continuing study of gifted children since 1974, and has published widely in this area. For the UK government she has written two major reports and provides advice.The conceptual models of «giftedness», popular in Great Britain, such as of H. Gardner, J. Renzulli, F. Monks, J. Eyre are described. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and Joseph Renzulli's «three ring» definition of gifted behavior serve as precise examples of multifaceted and expanded conceptualizations of intelligence and giftedness. Gardner's definition of «giftedness» is «the ability to solve problems, or create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings». Within his theory, he articulates at least seven specific intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Gardner believes that people are much more comfortable using the term «talents» and that «intelligence» is generally reserved to describe linguistic or logical «smartness»; however, he does not believe that certain human abilities should arbitrarily qualify as «intelligence» over others.Renzulli's definition, which defines gifted behaviors rather than gifted individuals, is composed of three components as follows: Gifted behavior consists of behaviors that reflect an interaction among three basic clusters of human traits-above average ability, high levels of task commitment, and high levels of creativity. Individuals capable of developing gifted behavior are those possessing or capable of developing this composite set of traits and applying them to any potentially valuable area of human performance.

У статті висвітлено результати історико-педагогічних пошуків із проблеми розвитку осередків художньо-промислової освіти Галичини й розкрито вплив соціально-економічних, соціально-культурних чинників на розбудову художньопромислової освіти краю. Схарактеризовано особливості становлення осередків художньо-промислової освіти в умовах Австро-Угорської імперії. Розкрито становлення й особливості функціонування осередків художньо-промислової освіти на локаціях Львова, Косова, Коломиї, Станіславова. Виявлено взаємовплив традицій народного мистецтва та поступу осередків художньо-промислової освіти. ; The article highlights the results of historical and pedagogical search of problems of development of artistic-industrial education centers of Galicia and discloses the impact of socioeconomic, socio-cultural factors on the development of artistic-industrial education in this territory. The author determined peculiarities of artistic-industrial education centers in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The article reveals formation and features of functioning of artisticindustrial education centers at city locations: Kosovo, Colomia, Stanislavov. Interplay between traditions of folk art and development of artistic-industrial education centers is discovered. According to the results of historiographical analysis, we have found out that the problem of development of artistic-industrial education centers of Galicia (end of the XIX century) was not properly researched. The intelligence revealed the connections between the socio-cultural situation in Galicia and the development of folk crafts based on traditional ethnoesthetics. The formation of artistic-industrial education centers was influenced by traditions and innovative European art, the economic situation and the normative regulation of education in general. It was discovered that public opinion played a significant role in the formation of industrial arts educational centers in Galicia at the end of the 19th century. Under the conditions of the political system of the Austrian Empire, public associations (in professional interests) developed. Public opinion was the engine of the formation of artisticindustrial education centers. The association of weavers, woodworkers, potters were involved in financing and organizing the activities of artistic-industrial schools, which became the focal point of education in the region. The article deals with the peculiarities of content-methodological provision of teaching in industrial artistic-industrial of Galicia. The content of the preparation of the future masters of artistic-industrial specialties was formed taking into account the finds of folk masters, traditions that have been forming over the years. Therefore, the development of artistic-industrial education centers was characterized by both authentic approaches and those that took place at the institutions of vocational education of the European countries (Austria-Hungary, Italy, Poland). Cultural and educational integration of traditions in the development of artistic-industrial education centers in Galicia took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. Positive changes in the development of artistic-industrial education centers of Galicia in the chronological boundaries contain new knowledge about the organization, content, teaching methods and contribution of teachers in this process.

Problem setting. The 21st century is a time of global change. Globalization is spreading in all areas of human life. Against the background of these changes, culture is turning into an important factor of social and economic progress for both the human civilization as a whole and for individual countries. However, as historical experience shows, the state and its institutions play an essential role in the development of the cultural sphere, which should not only create the appropriate conditions, but also shape and implement the national cultural strategies, laying a solid foundation for the development of the entire society. The scientific task is to identify specific features of the cultural sphere as an object of state regulation, which will create opportunities for the development of the applied mechanisms of the state impact on the cultural sphere development.Recent research and publications analysis. The issues of public administration in the field of culture were investigated by a number of scientists, including: V. Averianov, S. Drozhzhina, V. Karlova, E. Kubko, V. Tsvetkov and other scholars. The theoretical and methodological foundations and aspects of public administration of the sphere of culture were studied by such researchers as V. Andrushchenko, V. Bakumenko, S. Chukut, I. Dziuba, O. Gritsenko, V. Skuratovsky, M. Zhulinskyi and others. The subject of the structure and mechanism for implementing the function of culture in public administration has been covered in the works by such scientists as O. Boiko, P. Hudzenko, V. Klochko, Y. Mandryk, M. Semenova and other researchers. A considerable contribution has been made by V. Andrushchenko, Y. Bohutskyi, G. Chmil, V. Malimon, L. Vostryakov, V. Zhidkov. The works of foreign scientists, in particular D. Adams, V. Bolto, H. Chartrand, A. Goldbard, C. McCaughey and a number of others also draw attention in terms of our study.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The current research of the concept of "culture" has an extensive structure that needs to be defined (re-defined) along the lines of state regulation. The paper defines the concept of "culture", based on generalization of various approaches, and distinguishes the characteristic features of the sphere of culture and its constituents. Culture is considered as an object of state regulation; effective ways for the state to influence the development of the sphere of culture in the modern conditions are determined.However, a number of priority areas still remain understudied, one of them being the support of the so-called "cultural diplomacy" and the specificity of promoting its development.Paper main body. Today, there exist several hundred definitions of the concept of "culture", as well as many approaches to its study, theoretical concepts, models and types of culture. It should be noted that the evolution of the scientific understanding of the concept of "culture" can be considered in three interrelated aspects: historical, political and philosophical.Scientists believe that the 21st century is the time when the intelligence of human resources will serve as the core, and when the largest in size European country will continue its development, focusing on cultural affairs and cultural policy. Culture should enrich the society, and shape the best thoughts of each individual. The present day should unite traditions and innovations – this is the task of the new age. The 21st century is a time of creating new conditions for the development of culture and a qualitatively new level of governance.There has always existed a close relationship between culture and politics. The development of culture depends on the state insofar as the support of culture is important for the political power. Culture is a multifaceted phenomenon. It is a certain standard, relationships between people, and specific human activities as well. At the same time, it is an integral system. However, the culture of every individual is interpreted precisely through this standard.Speaking about culture and politics and their relationship, it is worth mentioning that culture, eventually, is the result of a set of different factors, while politics is part of culture. There are certain values and behaviors in political activity. The specificity of this interaction is difference, i. e. the difference between cultures. And this is exactly what makes it possible to understand the instability of the political system under different conditions.In our opinion, in the modern world it is most appropriate to understand culture from the standpoint of the activity approach. Accordingly, from the point of view of dynamics, culture is a way of human activity, the activity of communities related to creation, dissemination and preservation of material, social and spiritual values; while in terms of statics, these are the results of the said activity. Therefore, culture is people's achievement attained through their own intellectual and creative abilities, which lays the foundation for the development of society as a whole and its individual areas.Concerning the concept of the "sphere of culture", we might note that it is of composite nature in relation to the entire set of sector-specific systems; yet, it's content can not be regarded as fully established. The specificity of the cultural sphere lies in the ways of satisfying the aesthetic and informational needs of people. Cultural activities are carried out by organizations, institutions of various forms of ownership, as well as by private individuals. This makes it obvious that the development and efficient functioning of the cultural sphere is impossible without a unified system of management in the cultural sphere. A high-quality system should stimulate the development of cultural institutions and create new opportunities for the new forms of cultural activity.The sphere of culture is multifunctional and possesses a high capacity for self-organization; but it is these qualities that makes one reflect upon whether it is really an instrument of state regulation of society's development, or whether it can be regulated at all. If we step back deeper into history, it becomes clear that long ago there existed institutions that regulated the sphere of culture, such as the government, the church, and the market.In today's world, the relationship between the state and the sphere of culture is changing; the role of the state is becoming less direct, the forms of governance undergo certain transformations. The state pays more attention to how transformation processes will take place and how effective they will be. Actually, problems do exist, and they have to be addressed. State regulation is not simply a key task, but also an important indicator of the state's activity in the world. The implementation of state regulation must have certain priorities. First and foremost, they are: preservation of the cultural heritage; creation of a unified space, based on traditions; accessibility for the general public; strengthening of the material and technical base; and ensuring the innovative development of the sphere of culture.Investigating the peculiarities of the state regulation of the sphere of culture, it should be noted that the problem resides in using the methods and modes of management that do not meet the needs of cultural institutions' integration into the market economy. This results in an inefficient utilization of resources, proving once again that formation of a single effective system of management of the cultural sphere components is a prerequisite for their future development.In this context, there are two areas of the state impact on the sphere of culture: the first is formation of cultural life in general, the second – coordination of the cultural needs and interests of different social groups. In order to effectively manage culture, a certain integration of control and self-regulation is required, with the relevant measures to be taken for the intended effect.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Having analyzed the existing definitions of the concept of "culture", one can understand that they all reflect the characteristics of this social phenomenon. Culture is one of the most important spheres of human life and the benchmark that determines the level of development of society in general.The study of the concept of "culture" in terms of the historical, political and philosophical approaches has made it possible to establish that culture is a way of human activity, the activity of communities related to creation, dissemination and preservation of material, social and spiritual values; while in terms of statics, they are the results of these activities.In the modern world, a successful development of culture at the national level implies state intervention through the mechanisms and instruments of state regulation. At the same time, the state regulation in the sphere of culture should be carried out in accordance with a set of priorities, the main of which for the time being are as follows: preservation of the cultural and spiritual heritage; promotion of moral values in the cultural space; ensuring maximum accessibility for the general public of the best samples of culture and art; creation of cultural clusters and tourism brands; a maximum involvement of tourism in the cultural sphere; ensuring innovative development of the cultural sphere; application of modern technologies; effective training of personnel; strengthening the material base of cultural institutions countrywide; support for the "cultural diplomacy".The features of facilitating the development of the cultural diplomacy will be the subject of our further research. ; Досліджено характерні особливості культури як об'єкта державного регулювання. Розглянуто різні поняття "культури", її складові, аспекти та підходи. Визначено специфічні риси сфери культури як об'єкта державного регулювання, а також способи впливу держави на розвиток сфери культури у сучасних умовах.

Problem setting. The 21st century is a time of global change. Globalization is spreading in all areas of human life. Against the background of these changes, culture is turning into an important factor of social and economic progress for both the human civilization as a whole and for individual countries. However, as historical experience shows, the state and its institutions play an essential role in the development of the cultural sphere, which should not only create the appropriate conditions, but also shape and implement the national cultural strategies, laying a solid foundation for the development of the entire society. The scientific task is to identify specific features of the cultural sphere as an object of state regulation, which will create opportunities for the development of the applied mechanisms of the state impact on the cultural sphere development.Recent research and publications analysis. The issues of public administration in the field of culture were investigated by a number of scientists, including: V. Averianov, S. Drozhzhina, V. Karlova, E. Kubko, V. Tsvetkov and other scholars. The theoretical and methodological foundations and aspects of public administration of the sphere of culture were studied by such researchers as V. Andrushchenko, V. Bakumenko, S. Chukut, I. Dziuba, O. Gritsenko, V. Skuratovsky, M. Zhulinskyi and others. The subject of the structure and mechanism for implementing the function of culture in public administration has been covered in the works by such scientists as O. Boiko, P. Hudzenko, V. Klochko, Y. Mandryk, M. Semenova and other researchers. A considerable contribution has been made by V. Andrushchenko, Y. Bohutskyi, G. Chmil, V. Malimon, L. Vostryakov, V. Zhidkov. The works of foreign scientists, in particular D. Adams, V. Bolto, H. Chartrand, A. Goldbard, C. McCaughey and a number of others also draw attention in terms of our study.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The current research of the concept of "culture" has an extensive structure that needs to be defined (re-defined) along the lines of state regulation. The paper defines the concept of "culture", based on generalization of various approaches, and distinguishes the characteristic features of the sphere of culture and its constituents. Culture is considered as an object of state regulation; effective ways for the state to influence the development of the sphere of culture in the modern conditions are determined.However, a number of priority areas still remain understudied, one of them being the support of the so-called "cultural diplomacy" and the specificity of promoting its development.Paper main body. Today, there exist several hundred definitions of the concept of "culture", as well as many approaches to its study, theoretical concepts, models and types of culture. It should be noted that the evolution of the scientific understanding of the concept of "culture" can be considered in three interrelated aspects: historical, political and philosophical.Scientists believe that the 21st century is the time when the intelligence of human resources will serve as the core, and when the largest in size European country will continue its development, focusing on cultural affairs and cultural policy. Culture should enrich the society, and shape the best thoughts of each individual. The present day should unite traditions and innovations – this is the task of the new age. The 21st century is a time of creating new conditions for the development of culture and a qualitatively new level of governance.There has always existed a close relationship between culture and politics. The development of culture depends on the state insofar as the support of culture is important for the political power. Culture is a multifaceted phenomenon. It is a certain standard, relationships between people, and specific human activities as well. At the same time, it is an integral system. However, the culture of every individual is interpreted precisely through this standard.Speaking about culture and politics and their relationship, it is worth mentioning that culture, eventually, is the result of a set of different factors, while politics is part of culture. There are certain values and behaviors in political activity. The specificity of this interaction is difference, i. e. the difference between cultures. And this is exactly what makes it possible to understand the instability of the political system under different conditions.In our opinion, in the modern world it is most appropriate to understand culture from the standpoint of the activity approach. Accordingly, from the point of view of dynamics, culture is a way of human activity, the activity of communities related to creation, dissemination and preservation of material, social and spiritual values; while in terms of statics, these are the results of the said activity. Therefore, culture is people's achievement attained through their own intellectual and creative abilities, which lays the foundation for the development of society as a whole and its individual areas.Concerning the concept of the "sphere of culture", we might note that it is of composite nature in relation to the entire set of sector-specific systems; yet, it's content can not be regarded as fully established. The specificity of the cultural sphere lies in the ways of satisfying the aesthetic and informational needs of people. Cultural activities are carried out by organizations, institutions of various forms of ownership, as well as by private individuals. This makes it obvious that the development and efficient functioning of the cultural sphere is impossible without a unified system of management in the cultural sphere. A high-quality system should stimulate the development of cultural institutions and create new opportunities for the new forms of cultural activity.The sphere of culture is multifunctional and possesses a high capacity for self-organization; but it is these qualities that makes one reflect upon whether it is really an instrument of state regulation of society's development, or whether it can be regulated at all. If we step back deeper into history, it becomes clear that long ago there existed institutions that regulated the sphere of culture, such as the government, the church, and the market.In today's world, the relationship between the state and the sphere of culture is changing; the role of the state is becoming less direct, the forms of governance undergo certain transformations. The state pays more attention to how transformation processes will take place and how effective they will be. Actually, problems do exist, and they have to be addressed. State regulation is not simply a key task, but also an important indicator of the state's activity in the world. The implementation of state regulation must have certain priorities. First and foremost, they are: preservation of the cultural heritage; creation of a unified space, based on traditions; accessibility for the general public; strengthening of the material and technical base; and ensuring the innovative development of the sphere of culture.Investigating the peculiarities of the state regulation of the sphere of culture, it should be noted that the problem resides in using the methods and modes of management that do not meet the needs of cultural institutions' integration into the market economy. This results in an inefficient utilization of resources, proving once again that formation of a single effective system of management of the cultural sphere components is a prerequisite for their future development.In this context, there are two areas of the state impact on the sphere of culture: the first is formation of cultural life in general, the second – coordination of the cultural needs and interests of different social groups. In order to effectively manage culture, a certain integration of control and self-regulation is required, with the relevant measures to be taken for the intended effect.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Having analyzed the existing definitions of the concept of "culture", one can understand that they all reflect the characteristics of this social phenomenon. Culture is one of the most important spheres of human life and the benchmark that determines the level of development of society in general.The study of the concept of "culture" in terms of the historical, political and philosophical approaches has made it possible to establish that culture is a way of human activity, the activity of communities related to creation, dissemination and preservation of material, social and spiritual values; while in terms of statics, they are the results of these activities.In the modern world, a successful development of culture at the national level implies state intervention through the mechanisms and instruments of state regulation. At the same time, the state regulation in the sphere of culture should be carried out in accordance with a set of priorities, the main of which for the time being are as follows: preservation of the cultural and spiritual heritage; promotion of moral values in the cultural space; ensuring maximum accessibility for the general public of the best samples of culture and art; creation of cultural clusters and tourism brands; a maximum involvement of tourism in the cultural sphere; ensuring innovative development of the cultural sphere; application of modern technologies; effective training of personnel; strengthening the material base of cultural institutions countrywide; support for the "cultural diplomacy".The features of facilitating the development of the cultural diplomacy will be the subject of our further research. ; Досліджено характерні особливості культури як об'єкта державного регулювання. Розглянуто різні поняття "культури", її складові, аспекти та підходи. Визначено специфічні риси сфери культури як об'єкта державного регулювання, а також способи впливу держави на розвиток сфери культури у сучасних умовах.

In the conditions of cultural, economic and political crisis in society there is an aggravation of interpersonal, intercultural, and interethnic relations, inconsistency of interests of the individual and the community, and the growth of competition in all spheres of life. Accordingly, the role of social protection services is growing, providing people with qualified social and psychological assistance, which requires increasing the attention of higher education institutions to quality training of future professionals in this field, the main content of whose professional activity is contact with people. In view of this, we consider the formation and development of a high level of communicative culture of social protection specialists, in particular, training in professional communication in conflict situations, to be one of the key vectors of the educational process in higher education. The article considers conflicts as an element of social interaction that generates and develops tendencies to balance forces in a certain social environment, and a natural component of the professional activity of social protection specialists. The authors highlight the constructive functions of the conflict, which ensure its productivity in terms of optimizing interpersonal relationships, promoting self-improvement of the specialist's personality and improving the quality of their professional activity. The essence of a rational-intuitive method of overcoming conflicts based on the involvement of "social intelligence" (J. G. Scott) is revealed, which consists in observing the basic principles of communication and the ability to apply an algorithm of actions to prevent conflicts. Some methodological aspects of training future social protection specialists for effective professional communication in probable conflict situations are highlighted. ; В умовах культурно-економічної і політичної кризи у суспільстві спостерігається загострення міжособистісних, міжкультурних, міжетнічних стосунків, неузгодженість інтересів особистості та ...

У статті розглянуто міждисциплінарну проблему впровадження інноваційного винаходу в Китаї – системи соціального кредиту як нової державної соціальної реформи в Китайській Народній Республіці (надалі – КНР), у ракурсі широкомасштабного експерименту з цифровізації в суспільстві цифрової епохи. Розкрито сутність, архітектуру та специфіку системи соціального кредиту (кит. 社会信用体系; англ. Social Credit System або скорочено SCS), принципи дії, призначення системи – визначення індивідуального рейтингу громадян. Система соціального кредиту побудована на ключових світоглядних культурологічних засадах Стародавнього Китаю – манізму (культ предків), конфуціанстві та маоїзмі, парадигмі застосування штучного інтелекту та глобалізації, концепції доповненої реальності, інноваційних технологіях і новітніх технічних винаходах. Для таких сфер життєдіяльності людини, як техніко-технологічна, соціокультурна, наукова, інформаційно-комунікаційна, освітня, управлінська та сфери послуг і штучного інтелекту система соціального кредиту є інноваційною Жодна держава світу не демонструвала таких систем або їх аналогів, масштабів ідентифікації людей та об'єктів у реальному часі в конкретному просторі, таких обсягів обчислення великих даних, їх упровадження в ракурсі континууму «Реальність-Віртуальність» (Reality – Virtuality coontunuum) та доповненої реальності крізь призму побудови гармонійного суспільства.Акцентовано увагу, що система SCS та її впровадження з 2010 року в пілотному режимі в містах Китаю під керівництвом Компартії в межах Урядової програми є найбільш обговорюваною проблематикою в міжнародних ЗМІ та світовій «павутині», оскільки вона може не тільки швидко змінити форму правління на цифрову диктатуру в одній окремій країні, але й вплинути на функціонування усіх країн у глобальному просторі.Описано призначення системи соціального кредиту – забезпечити комфортну життєдіяльність особистості у глобальному цифровому світі, а не лише для ведення бізнесу та визначення у цифровий спосіб ступеню довіри, добропорядності, безпеки й чесності як громадян, так і юридичних осіб. Порушено проблему етичності використання персональних даних у системі соціального кредиту в ракурсі безпеки людини та її життєдіяльності, переформатування та інтеграції життєдіяльності людини в реальному та віртуальному світі, акцентовано увагу на соціальному менеджменті в Китаї та загрозах і ризиках упровадження системи SCS. ; The article highlights the multidisciplinary problem of an innovative invention - the system of social credit and its implementation, as a large-scale experiment of real human life in a digital society.It is emphasized that the Government Program of China - SCS system and its implementation is the most discussed issue in the world media and the web, which can quickly change not only the form of government in the country to digital dictatorship, but also the life of all countries in the global dimension.The innovativeness of the system for such spheres of human activity in the digital age as technical and technological sphere, socio-cultural, scientific sphere, information, management, service sphere, educational, artificial intelligence has been proved. A systematic analysis reveals the nature, architecture, and specificity of the Social Credit System (SCS) as the basis for a new state social reform in the People's Republic of China, implemented since 2010 in a pilot regime of 30 cities in China under the leadership of the Communist Party.The social credit system is built on the key cultural foundations of Ancient China - monism (cult of ancestors), Confucianism and Maoism, paradigm of artificial intelligence and globalization, concept of augmented reality, innovative technologies and technical inventions, methodology of rational combination of rigid and soft approach systems in their syncretism. The reasons for the emergence of such a system are considered in China and the ideal of Confucianism is presented. It is emphasized that no state in the world has demonstrated analogues of such Management Information Systems (MIS) and the scale of implementation of social experiment in the perspective of the "Reality - Virtuality coontunuum" through the lens of building a harmonious society, augmented reality.The features of the system functioning, principles of its operation and purpose for determining the individual rating of citizens are considered. The purpose of the system of social credit, designed to digitally determine the degree of trust, integrity, security and honesty, both citizens and legal entities. The problem of ethics of using personal data in the social credit system in the context of their benefits and risks for the individual is raised.

The article is devoted to the semi-military formation of the subcarpathian Russophiles, known as the "Guard of the Blackshirts", which operated between October 1938 and April 1939. In particular, their intelligence-sabotage and propagation work against the Ukrainian and Czech authorities in the Carpathian Ukraine is revealed, the structure and scope of the organization are determined, and their cooperation with the Hungarian authorities is analyzed. The main focus of the article is on the Guards pro-Hungarian activity aimed on the destabilization of the situation in the Carpathian Ukraine. The organization was established in Subcarpathian Rus in October 1938, during a period of exacerbation of the political crisis in the Czechoslovak Republic, and was primarily intended to assist the Czechoslovak authorities in counteracting the Hungarian propaganda and sabotage work against the Czechoslovak Republic. The organization core was the youth of Russophiles public-cultural organizations and the members of the pro-fascist Russian National-Autonomous party led by Stepan Fentsik. In Hungarian-controlled territory of Subcarpathian Rus were formed three cells of organization from November 1938: in Uzhhorod (Radvanka), Mukachevo and Berehovo. The total membership is amounted about 800–1000 people, most of whom were involved in propagation work. Another type of their activity was intelligence and sabotage work, which was mainly carried out by the Guards in the border area. Small blackshirts forces were also involved in the occupation of the Carpathian Ukraine in March 1939 and in repressive actions against the Ukrainian movement in the occupied territory. Actually, starting as a regional youth organization aimed to assist Czechoslovak authorities in countering of Hungarian aggression, blackshirts guardsmen were already at the forefront of the hybrid war against the Czechoslovak Republic through a month. ; Стаття присвячена напіввійськовому формуванню підкарпатських русофілів, відомій як «гвардия чернорубашечников», що діяла протягом жовтня 1938 – квітня 1939 р. Зокрема, розкрито їх розвідувально-диверсійну та пропагандистську роботу проти української та чеської влади в Карпатській Україні, визначено структуру та масштаби організації, а також проаналізовано їх співпрацю із угорською владою. Основний акцент в статті зосереджений на активній проугорській діяльності гвардійців спрямованій на дестабілізацію ситуації в Карпатській Україні. Організація виникла на Підкарпатської Русі у жовтні 1938 р., в період загострення політичної кризи в Чехословацькій республіці і, першочергово, мала на меті допомагати чехословацькій владі у протидії угорській пропагандистській та диверсійній роботі проти ЧСР. Ядром організації стала молодь русофільських громадсько-культурних організацій та члени профашистської Російської національно-автономної партії (РНАП) під проводом Степана Фенцика. З листопада 1938 р. на підконтрольній Угорщині території Підкарпатської Русі були сформовані три осередки організації: в Ужгороді (Радванка), Мукачеві та Берегові. Загальна кількість членства сягала близько 800–1000 осіб, більшість з яких були задіяні в агітаційно-пропагандистській роботі. Іншим напрямком була розвідувально-диверсійна діяльність, яку гвардійці здійснювали переважно у прикордонній смузі. Також, незначні сили чорносорочечників були задіяні в окупації Карпатської України у березні 1939 р. та в репресивних акціях проти українського руху на окупованій території. Фактично, сформувавшись як регіональне молодіжне об'єднання спрямоване допомагати чехословацькій владі у протидії угорській агресії, вже через місяць чорносорочечники були в авангарді гібридної війни Угорщини проти ЧСР. Незважаючи на це, в квітні 1939 р. організація була заборонена угорською окупаційною владою.

The article is devoted to the semi-military formation of the subcarpathian Russophiles, known as the "Guard of the Blackshirts", which operated between October 1938 and April 1939. In particular, their intelligence-sabotage and propagation work against the Ukrainian and Czech authorities in the Carpathian Ukraine is revealed, the structure and scope of the organization are determined, and their cooperation with the Hungarian authorities is analyzed. The main focus of the article is on the Guards pro-Hungarian activity aimed on the destabilization of the situation in the Carpathian Ukraine. The organization was established in Subcarpathian Rus in October 1938, during a period of exacerbation of the political crisis in the Czechoslovak Republic, and was primarily intended to assist the Czechoslovak authorities in counteracting the Hungarian propaganda and sabotage work against the Czechoslovak Republic. The organization core was the youth of Russophiles public-cultural organizations and the members of the pro-fascist Russian National-Autonomous party led by Stepan Fentsik. In Hungarian-controlled territory of Subcarpathian Rus were formed three cells of organization from November 1938: in Uzhhorod (Radvanka), Mukachevo and Berehovo. The total membership is amounted about 800–1000 people, most of whom were involved in propagation work. Another type of their activity was intelligence and sabotage work, which was mainly carried out by the Guards in the border area. Small blackshirts forces were also involved in the occupation of the Carpathian Ukraine in March 1939 and in repressive actions against the Ukrainian movement in the occupied territory. Actually, starting as a regional youth organization aimed to assist Czechoslovak authorities in countering of Hungarian aggression, blackshirts guardsmen were already at the forefront of the hybrid war against the Czechoslovak Republic through a month. ; Стаття присвячена напіввійськовому формуванню підкарпатських русофілів, відомій як «гвардия чернорубашечников», що діяла протягом жовтня 1938 – квітня 1939 р. Зокрема, розкрито їх розвідувально-диверсійну та пропагандистську роботу проти української та чеської влади в Карпатській Україні, визначено структуру та масштаби організації, а також проаналізовано їх співпрацю із угорською владою. Основний акцент в статті зосереджений на активній проугорській діяльності гвардійців спрямованій на дестабілізацію ситуації в Карпатській Україні. Організація виникла на Підкарпатської Русі у жовтні 1938 р., в період загострення політичної кризи в Чехословацькій республіці і, першочергово, мала на меті допомагати чехословацькій владі у протидії угорській пропагандистській та диверсійній роботі проти ЧСР. Ядром організації стала молодь русофільських громадсько-культурних організацій та члени профашистської Російської національно-автономної партії (РНАП) під проводом Степана Фенцика. З листопада 1938 р. на підконтрольній Угорщині території Підкарпатської Русі були сформовані три осередки організації: в Ужгороді (Радванка), Мукачеві та Берегові. Загальна кількість членства сягала близько 800–1000 осіб, більшість з яких були задіяні в агітаційно-пропагандистській роботі. Іншим напрямком була розвідувально-диверсійна діяльність, яку гвардійці здійснювали переважно у прикордонній смузі. Також, незначні сили чорносорочечників були задіяні в окупації Карпатської України у березні 1939 р. та в репресивних акціях проти українського руху на окупованій території. Фактично, сформувавшись як регіональне молодіжне об'єднання спрямоване допомагати чехословацькій владі у протидії угорській агресії, вже через місяць чорносорочечники були в авангарді гібридної війни Угорщини проти ЧСР. Незважаючи на це, в квітні 1939 р. організація була заборонена угорською окупаційною владою.

The article examines the socio-psychological aspect of the influence of political processes and changes in the civil society of the Russian Empire in ХІХ century. on the personality of the nobleman-liberal Alexander Lindfors (1837–1890) – one of the founders of the Russian constitutional movement.The purpose of the article is to cover the formation of his life position through the lens of influences on the personality of political processes and changes in civil society from 1837 to 1890.The main methods of research were the method of analysis of life path and the method of socio-cultural transmissions, which allowed to cover the problem more thoroughly.The scientific novelty of the study was the attempt for the first time to analyze the effects that contributed to the foundation of certain ideals of A. Lindfors, on which his worldview was based.The intelligence findings highlight important factors in the domestic political situation in the nineteenth-century Russian Empire that helped shape the necessary ideals of the well-known representative of the Zemsky Liberal Movement.A. Lindfors' involvement in liberal ideas came about through his noble origin, the example of his father (F. Lindfors, who served as the conciliator of Gorodnia county), in connection with the friendly relations with I. Petrunkevich (a well-known representative of the liberal movement), as well as directly related to the overall situation in post-reform Russia. However, for the first time he managed to get acquainted with liberal ideas in educational institutions, first and foremost in the Pagus of His Imperial Majesty's Corps. A significant catalyst for the formation of A. Lindfors' views in the liberal movement was the introduction of a constitution in Bulgaria and the creation of a Supreme Administrative Commission.It later helped, in our view, to realize A. Lindfors' need for a constitutional monarchy for the Russian Empire.

The article examines the socio-psychological aspect of the influence of political processes and changes in the civil society of the Russian Empire in ХІХ century. on the personality of the nobleman-liberal Alexander Lindfors (1837–1890) – one of the founders of the Russian constitutional movement.The purpose of the article is to cover the formation of his life position through the lens of influences on the personality of political processes and changes in civil society from 1837 to 1890.The main methods of research were the method of analysis of life path and the method of socio-cultural transmissions, which allowed to cover the problem more thoroughly.The scientific novelty of the study was the attempt for the first time to analyze the effects that contributed to the foundation of certain ideals of A. Lindfors, on which his worldview was based.The intelligence findings highlight important factors in the domestic political situation in the nineteenth-century Russian Empire that helped shape the necessary ideals of the well-known representative of the Zemsky Liberal Movement.A. Lindfors' involvement in liberal ideas came about through his noble origin, the example of his father (F. Lindfors, who served as the conciliator of Gorodnia county), in connection with the friendly relations with I. Petrunkevich (a well-known representative of the liberal movement), as well as directly related to the overall situation in post-reform Russia. However, for the first time he managed to get acquainted with liberal ideas in educational institutions, first and foremost in the Pagus of His Imperial Majesty's Corps. A significant catalyst for the formation of A. Lindfors' views in the liberal movement was the introduction of a constitution in Bulgaria and the creation of a Supreme Administrative Commission.It later helped, in our view, to realize A. Lindfors' need for a constitutional monarchy for the Russian Empire.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the requirements for the quality of the preparation of bachelors of philology (teachers of foreign and native languages, teachers, translators) in the context of research by domestic and foreign scientists of normative documents (educational standards, curricula and programs, methodological recommendations, etc.) and the best examples of the advanced countries of the world - Canada. The USA, Poland, the countries of the European Union. The fact that the modern intensive processes of socio-cultural development of the world community caused changes in educational ideology and caused the intensive dynamics of foreign language education systems in many countries, filled the new requirements of the purpose, content and technology of teaching foreign languages, radically changed the quality of training specialists. The aspects of expanding the sociocultural content of the study of foreign languages, the priorities of language education of the globalized world educational space are singled out. The problem of preparing bachelors of philology (teachers and teachers of native and foreign languages, translators) is defined as particularly acute. In the proposed context, the analysis of domestic and foreign discourse presents the problem of reaching the leaders of countries that have gained world recognition in the field of vocational training of such specialists, which causes scientific interest and the need for detailed study, systematization and synthesis of experience to ensure effective monitoring of the quality of such training in Ukraine . The purpose of intelligence is determined by the identification of promising achievements of the best world and national educational systems, ascertaining the possibilities of their application in the national system of vocational education and in the national educational space. The reasons and prospective ways of perfection of standards and technologies of professional preparation of bachelors of philology in Canada, Poland, Ukraine are ...

Mechanisms counter the Communist Party of Ukraine deployment democratic processes in the USSR in 1987 - 1988. The features of social and political activity known Ukrainian dissident Ivan Gel initially Gorbachev's perestroika in the light of its relationship with the State Security Committee of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (KGB USSR), central and local authorities. Particular attention is paid to the forms of intelligence of intellectuals, informal community organizations, including the Committee to Protect UCC. It is proved that the Soviets opposed the spread of glasnost and democratization in the country in the study period, trying to preserve the established political system, prevent the development of Ukrainian national-cultural and political movement that represented dissidents and "Informals". ; Проанализированы механизмы противодействия Компартии Украины развертыванию демократических процессов в УССР в 1987-1988 гг. Определены особенности общественно-политической деятельности известного украинского диссидента Ивана Геля на начальном этапе горбачевской перестройки сквозь призму его отношений с Комитетом государственной безопасности Украинской Советской Социалистической Республики (КГБ УССР), центральными и местными органами власти. Особое внимание обращено на формы работы спецслужб с интеллигенцией, неформальными общественными организациями, среди которых Комитет защиты УКЦ. Доказано, что советская власть противодействовала распространению гласности, демократизации в стране в исследуемый период, пыталась законсервировать сложившуюся политическую систему, не допустить развития украинского национально-культурного и политического движения, которое представляли диссиденты и "неформалы". ; У статті проаналізовано механізми протидії Компартії України розгортанню демократичних процесів в УРСР у 1987-1988 рр. Визначено особливості громадсько-політичної діяльності відомого українського дисидента Івана Геля на початковому етапі горбачовської перебудови крізь призму його відносин із Комітетом державної безпеки Української Радянської Соціалістичної Республіки (КДБ УРСР), центральними та місцевими органами влади. Особливу увагу звернено на форми роботи спецслужб із інтелігенцією, неформальними громадськими організаціями, серед яких Комітет захисту УКЦ. Доведено, що радянська влада протидіяла поширенню гласності, демократизації в країні в досліджуваний період, намагалася законсервувати усталену політичну систему, не допустити розвитку українського національно-культурного та політичного руху, який репрезентували дисиденти та т. зв. "неформали".

InUkraine, that has for centuries been deprived of its own statehood, the problem of social change vector has always been relevant and painful. That very fact they have been being administered in foreign capitals, is incredibly difficult for modernization and urbanization processes, not mentioning the problems of national identity. Only now, when Ukraine got its independence, the opportunity of social and transformational unbiased analysis of processes at different stages of the country's history with their inherent contradictions, achievements and losses, the struggle of the new with the old has become possible.Ethno-national changes in the Soviet era are highlited in the studies of S. Bilokin, N. Borysenko, V. Danylenko, G. Kasianov, S. Kulchytskyi, O. Malyarchuk, A. Rublov, D. Chornyi and others.The purpose of the article is to analyze the contradictions in the social consciousness of the urban and rural population in the process of "Ukrainianization" policy, to distinguish positive and negative effects of party influence in the political, economic and spiritual areas.Town and village oppose each other, first of all, not as two types of settlements, but as two principles of social life, and the transition from rural to urban society forms one of the main vectors of movement of society to a qualitatively new state. Analyzing the cultural relationship between city and countryside, it is worth noting a number of factors that determine the nature of this interaction. Features of the historical development of Ukraine led to the existence of the culture of the city and culture of the village as two separate parts in Ukrainian cultural process during the period studied in the article. Moreover, in contrast to the rural culture that, with its own social structure, was a coherent category, the culture of the Ukrainian city of 1920s was represented, so to say, by a conglomerate of different cultural types that differed not only in the social and but in ethnic aspects as well. These features of urban culture led to duality and ambivalence that took place in its impact on rural culture.Culture of the farmer, whose whole life was closely linked with nature, is based on harmony and interdependence of man and the environment, was of cosmocentric character. For its bearer emotional and sensory perception of the world is inherent, their mental structure is defined by its "cordocentrism", i.e the concentration around the "heart". In contrast to the rural culture, the culture of the city, with its predominantly industrial character of production, based on purely rational, logical principles, where there is no unity of man and nature, was based mainly on tecnocentrical perception of the world.On the other hand, the city transported its negative effects to the village through the interaction of cultures along with the achievements of civilization. Industrial nature of urban production, imposing a specific mark on a culture of the city, led to a negative impact of urban civilization in its extreme, technological, cultural manifestation on the situation in the country. Although in 1920s the negative effects of this influence manifestated still in the bud, during the industrialization of agricultural production a tendency towards separation of man and nature in the culture of the village appears together with the contrast between them, which led to the substitution of emotional principle by bare rationalism. This led to the emasculation from the rural culture of such important components as humanism, spirituality and emotion, which ultimately have a negative effect on the cultural and political life of the republic.For the active implementation of Ukrainianization higher authorities in the city faced a severe blow and considerably weakened their assimilatory effect on the village. It was weakened, but not eliminated. Russification trends of urban culture are being transformed into the so-called latent forms (supply of rural libraries mainly with Russian literature, appointment to administration of cultural institutions especially those individuals who had not spoken Ukrainian, maintaining the position of the Russian language in communication between the center and local authorities, etc.). But these effects weakened Russification affects of the town obstructed the cultural situation in the village. But the new government was characterized not so much by a national feature (although, despite the often declared internationalism, it clearly discerned great power trend), but social: the priority of the class over national.It is the interaction of rural and urban cultures, which (in the schematic manifestation) represented "ethnomaterial" and "intelligence" in culture genesis of Ukrainian people and determined the significant shift in the culture-forming process in Ukraine in the 1920s.But in general, the historical experience of cultural transformations of the 1920s shows that establishing of mature national culture is possible only through cooperation, mutual enrichment of rural and urban cultures. ; В статье раскрыт механизм интегрирования культур села и города в единый процесс - создание советской украинской культуры, что осложнялось существованием значительных различий между ними социального, бытового и этнического характера. Поиски оптимальных путей для преодоления этих разногласий вызвали обострение противостояния различных политических сил, художественных направлений, позиций отдельных деятелей, что часто с культурной сферы трансформировалось в плоскость политики. ; У статті розкрито механізм інтегрування культур села та міста в єдиний процес - творення радянської української культури, що ускладнювалося існуванням значних відмінностей між ними соціального, побутового та етнічного характеру. Пошуки оптимальних шляхів для подолання цих розбіжностей спричинили загострення протистояння різних політичних сил, мистецьких напрямків, позицій окремих діячів, яке часто із культурної сфери трансформувалося в площину політики.