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Even though the general health and life expectancies of Western societies have been consistently rising throughout the 20th century, socioeconomic health inequalities continue to persist. Individuals from lower socioeconomic groups have substantially worse health and an increased mortality risk compared to individuals from higher socioeconomic groups. As external factors such as material resources cannot fully account for these health inequalities, personal factors such as intellectual abilities have been suggested as additional important explanatory factors. The research field concerned with the effects of intelligence on different health outcomes is called cognitive epidemiology. Results from this field of research have now established that childhood intelligence is an important predictor of different health outcomes in adulthood. Specifically, children with higher intelligence exhibit a lower mortality risk and enjoy better health in adulthood compared to children with lower childhood intelligence. Despite these findings, several open research questions remain: (1) Almost all previous studies on the relation between childhood intelligence and adult health have been conducted in English-speaking or Scandinavian countries. Can these findings be generalized to countries with different cultural backgrounds, health-care systems, or levels of social mobility? Specifically, Luxembourg offers universal access to quality health care, which may compensate for some of the effects of individual differences in intelligence on health, and as a result, intelligence may lose its impact. (2) Physical health is a multidimensional concept with three distinct subdimensions: a physical subdimension (e.g., presence of diagnosed diseases, number of doctor visits in a certain time period), a subjective subdimension (e.g., satisfaction with one's own health), and a (social-)functional subdimension (e.g., unimpaired participation in social and occupational activities or performing household tasks). Most previous studies on the relation between intelligence and health outcomes have focused on the physical health subdimension. Hence, considerably less is known about the effects of intelligence on the functional and subjective subdimensions. This issue is of particular importance as childhood intelligence may be differentially related to different aspects of adult health. (3) It remains unclear whether different facets of childhood intelligence (e.g., general, fluid, or crystallized intelligence) predict adult health equally well, as most studies on the topic have used only global measures of childhood intelligence to predict later health. However, investigating different facets of childhood intelligence as predictors of adult health would provide insights into which facets of intelligence are important in personal health management and could be targeted by interventions. (4) Despite considerable evidence that has emphasized the relevance of education and further indicators of subsequent socioeconomic status (SES) as potential mediators between childhood intelligence and later health outcomes, previous research has yielded inconsistent results regarding the extent to which these relations are mediated. Some studies have reported pronounced mediation via education and subsequent SES, yet others have reported little or no mediation. However, knowing and understanding which mediational mechanisms underlie the intelligence-health relation and the extent to which they mediate this relation are crucial for applying findings from cognitive epidemiology to public health. (5) As is the case for studies on intelligence and health outcomes, most studies on the relation between intelligence and mortality risk have been conducted in English-speaking or Scandinavian countries. Thus, it remains unclear whether the results of these studies can be generalized to Luxembourg. Further, there is controversy about whether the effect of intelligence on mortality exists across the entire range of intelligence scores or whether individuals at the lower end of the intelligence distribution constitute a risk group with a particularly high mortality risk. Identifying potential risk groups is crucial for determining which groups should be targeted by interventions to reduce inequalities in health and mortality risk. The present Ph.D. thesis addressed these five research questions with three distinctive studies. Study I investigated whether childhood intelligence would predict adult physical, functional, and subjective health 40 years later even when controlling for the effects of childhood SES. Study I also investigated whether a global measure of childhood general intelligence or whether more specific facets such as fluid and crystallized intelligence would better predict adult health. Study II investigated whether and the extent to which educational attainment and SES in adulthood would mediate the effects of childhood intelligence on the three adult health dimensions. Study III investigated whether childhood intelligence would predict adult mortality risk when controlling for childhood SES and whether individuals at the lower end of the intelligence distribution would constitute a risk group with a particularly high mortality risk. All three studies were embedded in the general framework of the Luxembourgish MAGRIP project. This large-scale longitudinal study comprised two waves of measurement over a 40-year period. In the first wave of measurement in 1968, detailed intelligence and socioeconomic data were collected on a randomly selected nationally representative sample comprising 2,824 students at the end of their primary education (M = 11.9 years; SD = 0.6 years; 50.1% male). In the second wave conducted 40 years later, 745 participants (M = 51.7 years, SD = 0.6 years; 46.7% male) provided data on their educational careers, adult SES, and functional, subjective, and physical health. In addition, the mortality rate was established for the participants in the first wave of MAGRIP: 166 participants (69.9% male) had died. The results of the three studies demonstrated that childhood intelligence, particularly childhood fluid intelligence, showed a significant association with adult health: Lower childhood intelligence scores were associated with worse health outcomes on all three dimensions of physical, functional, and subjective health in adulthood, even when controlling for childhood SES. These effects were entirely mediated via educational attainment and adult SES, with educational attainment playing a crucial role in these mediational processes. Further, childhood intelligence showed a significant association with adult mortality such that lower childhood intelligence scores were associated with an increased mortality risk. This effect was particularly strong among men at the lower end of the intelligence distribution. These results suggest that even high-quality public health care cannot fully offset the cumulative effects of childhood intelligence on adult health. Intelligence may thus be an important explanatory factor for socioeconomic inequalities in health. Promising means for reducing these socioeconomic health inequalities consist of interventions that are designed to improve childhood intelligence, to improve environments for childhood physical and intellectual development, and to make public health care and preventive measures or treatments accessible to adults with lower intellectual abilities.

Intro -- Contents -- 1: CROSS-CULTURAL CHILD DEVELOPMENT FOR SOCIAL WORKERS: AN INTRODUCTION -- Introduction -- Some definitions -- Limitations of Western developmental psychology -- Towards a black perspective -- Cross-cultural perspectives -- Ecological perspective -- Conclusions -- 2: ATTACHMENT THEORY: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES -- Attachment -- Ainsworth's classification system of attachment -- Cross-cultural studies on attachment -- Implications for social work practice -- Conclusions -- 3: RACIAL/ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT -- Some definitions -- Racial identity -- Ethnic identity -- Self-esteem -- Black children and identity development: a brief overview -- Theoretical approaches that relate to adolescent racial/ethnic identity development -- Racial identity development models -- Parham's lifespan nigrescence model -- Ethnic identity formation/development -- Critique of stage models -- Acculturation -- Muslim youth -- Mixed-parentage children and young people -- Refugees -- Issues for social work practice -- Case study -- Case study -- Transracial placements -- Conclusions -- 4: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES -- Introduction -- Piaget's theory of cognitive development -- Cross-cultural perspective of Piaget's stage theory -- Case study -- Other theories of cognitive development -- Intelligence as measured by IQ -- Intelligence in a cross-cultural context -- Cultural influences on the measurement of intelligence -- Implications for social work -- Case study -- 5: COMMUNICATION: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES -- Introduction -- Bilingualism and intercultural communication -- Language and identity expression -- Culture-bound values and intercultural communication -- Individualism-collectivism -- Power distance -- Uncertainty avoidance -- Direct versus indirect communication -- Low- and high-context communication.

[EN] In this paper, Maxine, a powerful engine to develop applications with embodied animated agents is presented. The engine, based on the use of open source libraries, enables multimodal real-time interaction with the user: via text, voice, images and gestures. Maxine virtual agents can establish emotional communication with the user through their facial expressions, the modulation of the voice and expressing the answers of the agents according to the information gathered by the system: noise level in the room, observer's position, emotional state of the observer, etc. Moreover, the user's emotions are considered and captured through images. For the moment, Maxine virtual agents have been used as virtual presenters for Cultural Heritage and Archaeological shows. ; This work has been partially financed by the Spanish "Dirección General de Investigación'' (General Directorate of Research), contract number Nº TIN2007-63025, and by the Regional Government of Aragon through the WALQA agreement. ; Seron, F.; Baldassarri, S.; Cerezo, E. (2010). Interactive Embodied Agents for Cultural Heritage and Archaeological presentations. Virtual Archaeology Review. 1(1):181-184. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.5143 ; OJS ; 181 ; 184 ; 1 ; 1 ; BALDASSARRI, S., CEREZO, E., SERON, F. (2007): An open source engine for embodied animated agents.In Proc. Congreso Español de Informática Gráfica: CEIG'07, pp. 89-98. ; BERRY, D.et al, (2005). Evaluating a realistic agent in an advice-giving task. In International Journal in Human-Computer Studies, Nº 63, pp. 304-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.03.006 ; BOFF, E. et al, (2005). An affective agent-based virtual character for learning environments. Proceedings of the Wokshop on Motivation and Affect in Educational Software, 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Amsterdam, Holland, pp 1-8. ; BURLESON, W. et al, (2004). A Platform for Affective Agent Research. Proceedings of the Workshop on Empathetic Agents, International Conference on Autonomous ...

Supplying accurate and actionable intelligence for the ǵlobal war on terror' is threatened by a convergence of societal and governmental trends that make it extremely difficult to hire the right people, train them or allow them to collaborate effectively. None of the current efforts to reform the US intelligence community addresses these virtually intractable pedagogical, cultural and organisational challenges. However, there are some possible measures to remedy these weaknesses, at least partially. Emerging information technology, already being adopted by commercial and non-governmental enterprises, has the potential to address key aspects of the structural problems plaguing the intelligence community. (Survival / SWP)

Pick a lesson plan that you have recently developed. How have you incorporated the culturalbackgrounds of your students? Discuss how you would modify that lesson plan to incorporatestrategies that meet the learning needs of auditory, visual, and tactile/kinesthetic learners. How couldyou tie in different intelligences?

This paper will briefly review the history, the emergence and the use of Artificial Intelligence. It will also show that the research in AI, which has enhanced human capacity incredibly, has proved to be the height of human intelligence. We will go on pinpoint the serious implications of the AI, showing how, on the one hand, it is a boon to the society, while, on the other hand, it can turn out to be disastrous for human life and society. While exposing the ever-growing human need and desire for advancements in this area and also human limitations in preventing its further growth, we will point out the alarming controversies involved therein and the havoc it can cause in different spheres like economic, political, social and cultural. However, it would discuss also the predictions it can make for the development of society admirably. Without fail, It will also expound as to how it can cause serious violations and invasion to human privacy, thus, alerting us, humans, to be realistic about all possible eventualities. Finally, the paper would end with a warning, or rather a personal note of caution that if we fail to address the challenges it brings with it with the seriousness it deserves, it would, no doubt, be at the risk of the existence of the humanity itself.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword. Intelligence, Civil-Intelligence Relations, and Democracy -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. Intelligence Reform: Balancing Democracy and Effectiveness -- Part One: Challenges to Effective Intelligence in Modern Democracies -- 1. Executive Privilege: Intelligence Oversight in the United States -- 2. Rethinking Judicial Oversight of Intelligence -- 3. U.S. Intelligence Prior to 9/11 and Obstacles to Reform -- 4. Keeping ''Earthly Awkwardness'': Failures of Intelligence in the United Kingdom -- 5. Cultural Legacies of French Intelligence -- Part Two: Democratic Control of Intelligence in New Democracies -- 6. Structural Change and Democratic Control of Intelligence in Brazil -- 7. Taiwan's Intelligence Reform in an Age of Democratization -- 8. Establishing Democratic Control of Intelligence in Argentina -- 9. Romania's Transition to Democracy and the Role of the Press in Intelligence Reform -- 10. Transforming Intelligence in South Africa -- 11. Terrorism's Threat to New Democracies: The Case of Russia -- 12. Ethical and Moral Issues in Intelligence Reform: The Philippines -- Conclusion. Best Practices: Balancing Democracy and Effectiveness -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index

How does one start to pinpoint or mark the impact one being has had on others? As we recollect our many moments with Joe, two important factors in any learning experience came to mind, langugage and lineage... most significantly through the sharing of stories and deciphering of imagery. With these experiences all too fresh in our minds, below we construct a textual/visual bricolage of unforgettable traces of Joe's impact on us, as teachers, thinkers, scholars, artists and most of all human beings.

"As John le Carré's fictional intelligence men admit, it was the case histories--constructed narratives serving shifting agendas--that shaped the British intelligence machine, rather than their personal experience of secret operations. Secret History demonstrates that a critical scrutiny of internal 'after action' assessments of intelligence prepared by British officials provides an invaluable and original perspective on the emergence of British intelligence culture over a period stretching from the First World War to the early Cold War. The historical record reflects personal value judgments about what qualified as effective techniques and organization, and even who could rightfully be called an intelligence officer. The history of intelligence thus became a powerful form of self-reinforcing cultural capital. Shining an intense light on the history of Britain's intelligence organizations, Secret History excavates how contemporary myths, misperceptions, and misunderstandings were captured and how they affected the development of British intelligence and the state."--

Preface -- Understanding cross-cultural psychology -- Critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology -- Methodology of cross-cultural research -- Cognition: sensation, perception, and states of consciousness -- Intelligence -- Emotion -- Motivation and behavior -- Human development and socialization -- Psychological disorders -- Social perception, social cognition, and social interaction -- Personality and the self -- Applied cross-cultural psychology : some highlights -- References -- Author index -- Subject index

AbstractA burgeoning of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in recent years has led to increased discussion about its potential to address many issues considered otherwise intractable, including those highlighted by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and associated Sustainable Development Goals. In tandem with this growth in AI is an expanding body of documentation regarding how such advanced technologies should be governed and managed. Issued by a variety of sources and comprising frameworks, policies and guidelines, this body of work encompasses the legal, social, ethical and policy issues around AI. With at least 470 such documents identified, as of May 2021, in the Council of Europe's tracker of AI initiatives, questions are emerging around the diversity of views expressed, especially regarding the influence of the Global North or Euro-American perspectives. Our previous analysis of a corpus of largely grey literature discovered blind spots regarding both gender representation and perspectives from the Global South. Expanding on that work, this paper examines a significantly extended corpus, with a focus on the role of underrepresented groups in the wider AI discourse. We find that voices from the Global South and consideration of alternative ethical approaches are largely absent from the conversation. In light of the prominence of social, cultural and ethical perspectives from the Global North, this paper explores implications for the development of standards for ethical AI. Concluding by offering approaches to incorporate more diverse ethical viewpoints and beliefs, we call for increased consideration of power structures when developing AI ethics policies and standards within these alternative socio-cultural and socio-economic contexts.

Draws upon the concept of poetic imagination to predict a future of "one planet-wide civilization based on the practice of collective intelligence in Cyberspace." The choice of poetic imagination over scientific prediction is based on the belief that imagination, especially collective imagination, "produces reality." It is argued that the internet, cyberspace, & the new economy are presenting the opportunity for a new kind of collective that is more creative. Reality is becoming a collective creation in which all people think within the same network. Emphasis is placed on the responsibility to invent a new human reality in which people are free to pursue creative enterprises & a more perfect collective human intelligence. Three dimensions along which intelligence can grow are discussed: 1) the dimension of power-sharing along the lines of Cyber-democracy; 2) the dimension of productivity & prosperity along the lines of Information Capitalism; & 3) the dimension of spiritual & artistic grace. The critical place of language in this cultural & technological evolution that is creating closer connections within humanity is discussed. J. Lindroth

PurposeHow does algorithmic information processing affect the thoughts and behavior of artificial intelligence (AI) users? In this study, the authors address this question by focusing on algorithm-based chatbots and examine the influence of culture on algorithms as a form of digital intermediation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a study comparing the United States (US) and Japan to examine how users in the two countries perceive the features of chatbot services and how the perceived features affect user trust and emotion.FindingsClear differences emerged after comparing algorithmic information processes involved in using and interacting with chatbots. Major attitudes toward chatbots are similar between the two cultures, although the weights placed on qualities differ. Japanese users put more weight on the functional qualities of chatbots, and US users place greater emphasis on non-functional qualities of algorithms in chatbots. US users appear more likely to anthropomorphize and accept explanations of algorithmic features than Japanese users.Research limitations/implicationsDifferent patterns of chatbot news adoption reveal that the acceptance of chatbots involves a cultural dimension as the algorithms reflect the values and interests of their constituencies. How users perceive chatbots and how they consume and interact with the chatbots depends on the cultural context in which the experience is situated.Originality/valueA comparative juxtaposition of cultural-algorithmic interactions offers a useful way to examine how cultural values influence user behaviors and identify factors that influence attitude and user acceptance. Results imply that chatbots can be a cultural artifact, and chatbot journalism (CJ) can be a socially contextualized practice that is driven by the user's input and behavior, which are reflections of cultural values and practices.