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Political and Cultural "Translations": French Exiles and England : Political exile has above all aroused the interest of historians of the international labour movement and of emigration: This article proposes to adopt, alongside these - viewpoints, the approach of cultural and political transfer. These phenomena are analysed through the writings of both unknown and famous exiles, their encounter with the other and the complex stakes involved in linguistic skills. This approach also seeks to stand out by the number of tools it has borrowed from the social sciences. It is an attempt to think about the segmentation of fields of analysis and their constraints, while at the same time preserving each viewpoint.

The senior civil servants from France's Grandes Ecoles & Higher administrative bodies who served in Algeria during the conflict differ from the French administrative agents who were directly linked to the colonial administration. Not only were they far less numerous but they also do not seem to have belonged in a 'community of fate' after 1962. The administrative reconfiguration upon their return in France does not fit easily into clear-cut patterns. Its analysis requires paying attention to the administrative bodies they were attached to as well as their hierarchical position, the diversity of the civil servants' incorporated dispositions as well as the configuration they came back to. On the basis of empirical research on France's immigration policies, the article demonstrates nonetheless how some agents were able to use their passage to Algeria as a transferable resource in other administrative areas. But such a transfer was dependent on a continuous work to create a space for their skills to be recognized, directed at politicians as well as "against" the administrative agents already in charge of the administration of foreigners. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Jacques Maurice: The State of autonomies : affirmations of identities and new lectures of history.
The current rule of democracy in Spain is based on a transfer of authority from the central administration to the seventeen autonomous communities that make up the country. The term "self-government" is full of a symbolism - cultural as well as linguistic - which follows the example of policy over "historical nationalities". Supported by a tradition championed by the Academies, Spanish nationalism claims to found the legitimacy of the nation-state on history, while simultaneously criticising the way in which history is taught.

The Support of Culture and New Federalism in the United States.
Since the Hatch Act of 1887, and up to the end of the 1970s, federal intervention in the cultural field has considerably increased. With President Reagan's election in 1980 and his administration's action, a new policy has been implemented. The reduction of aid programs and the transfer of responsibilities from Washington to the States were called «New Federalism». The objective was to reduce the role of ail government levels in comparison to private sector, by tax reductions, budgetary cuts, giving global grants to the States and by reducing and simplifying regulations. As a consequence of this policy in the cultural field, States and cities desperately look for an increase in their resources, whereas the federal government goes on with a policy wich is reducing them.

Soviet development policy in Central Asia : reflections on transfe- rability to the Middle Eastern periphery
In order to identify the impact of Soviet development policy on Central Asia, its economy in 1926 is described and contrasted with that of the R.S.F.S.R. It is shown that differences in occupational structure and in living standards were moderate but that, culturally, Central Asia differed markedly from Russia. This is taken to suggest that cultural factors play a significant role in Soviet concepts of backwardness.
It is shown that, after 1928 industrialisation results in the growing differentiation of industrial structures in the RSFSR and Central Asia. This latter region comes to specialise on the growing of cotton and its "export" to the rest of the USSR in exchange for foodstuffs and capital goods. There is little change in income disparities but Central Asia experiences significant cultural modernisation. This suggests that economic interdependence is not inconsistent with Soviet notions of development and it reinforces the importance previously attached to cultural factors.
On the basis of this material it is argued that the Soviet strategy of development is applicable in other countries ; but it is suggested that it would be much more effective if it is accompanied by the incorporation of the territory where it is to be applied into a larger political unit - for example to USSR.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been embraced enthusiastically by Africans as a new resource for African development. AI could improve well-being by enabling innovation in business, education, health, ecology, urban planning, industry, etc. However, the high expectations could be little more than pious wishes. There are still too many open questions regarding the transfer required, and the selection of appropriate technology and its mastery. Given that the 'technology transfer' concept of modernization theories of the 1960s utterly failed because it had not been adapted to local needs, some scholars have called for an endogenous concept of African AI. However, this caused a lot of controversies. Africa became a battlefield of 'digital empires' of global powers due to its virtually non-existent digital infrastructure. Still, African solutions to African problems would be needed. Additionally, the dominant narratives and default settings of AI-related technologies have been denounced as male, gendered, white, heteronormative, powerful, and western. The previous focus on the formal sector is also questionable. Innovators from the informal sector and civil society, embedded in the local sociocultural environment but closely linked to transnational social spaces, often outperform government development efforts. UNESCO also warned that the effective use of AI in Africa requires the appropriate skills, legal framework and infrastructure. As in the past, calls by African politicians for a pooling of resources, a pan-African strategy, were probably in vain. AI may develop fastest in the already established African technology hubs of South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. But promising AI-focused activities have also been identified in Ethiopia and Uganda. Gender equality, cultural and linguistic diversity, and changes in labour markets would also be required for AI to enhance rather than undermine socioeconomic inclusion. In addition, ethical questions related to a specific African identity have been raised. The extent to which African ideas of humanity and humanitarianism should be taken into account when developing an African AI remains an open question. In short, calling for the rapid deployment of AI in Africa could be a double-edged sword.

The Migratory Movements of the Siberian Population
Unlike many other regions of the U.R.S.S., Siberia has a manpower shortage ; its needs will be covered in 1980 only partially by the local labour force. In order to conteract this shortage, the Soviet government encourages the transfer of population from central, southern and western regions to Siberia, by means of material and moral « stimulation».
However, research done on this problem, especially by the Siberian section of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, showed that a sizable proportion of the population began to surge back to their place of origin as early as 1956 and that the number of emigrants was greater than the number of immigrants. At the same time, one may observe an important movement of migration from villages to cities in Siberia itself and some movement inside the towns ; the problem of the mobility of skilled workers is linked to the problem of migration.
This essay intends to study, from a sociological point of view, the origin and importance of the migratory movements in Siberia, the factors which favour immigration and, most specifically, the factors which urge people to leave Siberia and not remain there for any lenght of time. The primary causes behind emigration are related to living conditions (housing shortage, lack of socio-cultural equipment...) and to working conditions (too low wages, underemployment of women...).