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Transnationalisation processes of enterprises lead to extended needs of qualification and knowledge. There are no corresponding concepts and learning culture designs. Knowledge as a category and as a realistic interpretation of demands is not well enough developed as part of these arrangements. Entrepreneurial interests hide learning needs, this becomes obvious in findings of working cooperation analysis in contexts of cultural diversity. This article explains one part of an analytical access to explore the constitution of knowledge and processes of knowledge transfer of expatriates within german enterprises in china. Research findings on working and cooperation contexts reveal hybridization processes which are shaped by expatriates by using certain knowledge resources.

"In seinem Konzept des Bildungsmoratoriums geht Zinnecker davon aus, dass Eltern Ressourcen, die für den Bildungserfolg ihrer Kinder relevant sind, auf vier verschiedenen Ebenen bzw. Bereichen weitergeben - er nennt diese Bereiche Transferbeziehungen. Neben der Weitergabe von ökonomischem und kulturellem Kapital umfassen diese Bereiche auch den psychologischen Austausch innerhalb der Familie (Entwicklungskapital) sowie Unterstützungsleistungen wie die gemeinsame Erledigung von Haushaltsaufgaben und Hilfe bei den Hausaufgaben. Quantität und Qualität der Transferbeziehungen sind ihrerseits verbunden mit dem Bildungserfolg der Familienkinder und mit der erfolgreichen Weitergabe von sozialem Status zwischen den Familiengenerationen. Gestützt auf zwei Studien - die erste durchgeführt 2001 und die zweite 2012 - können wir zeigen, dass entgegen unserer Erwartung die Effekte der Transferbeziehungen auf den Bildungserfolg der Kinder über die Zeit hin abnimmt und der (direkte) Effekt des elterlichen Bildungshintergrunds dagegen zunimmt. Unsere Befunde regen neue Forschung an und weisen darauf hin, dass bei der Untersuchung familiärer Strategien der Weitergabe von Bildungserfolg und sozialem Status zukünftig zusätzlich zu den familieninternen Transferbeziehungen verstärkt der Blick auf externale Strategien (externe Unterstützungsangebote) gerichtet werden sollte." (Autorenreferat)

The recent developments of Cultural transfer history & shared history focus in particular on border regions & cultural interference. With that, it enters the field of East European History. If both jointly challenge the understanding of Eastern Europe as historical periphery, the usual distinction between "general" (west-) European history, on the one hand, & peripheral & special histories of certain regions, on the other, can be overcome. More recent works are already drafting a complementary history of Europe that uses East European examples. Adapted from the source document.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, millions of Russians pulled out of Central Asia & went to Russia. Now the Central Asians are following -- as workers. This migration brings with it opportunities & risks. Russia wins workers, but social instability looms due to a growing xenophobia. The migrants transfer their income back home. This influx of money creates prosperity & stability. But the shrinking of the population is also leading to social dislocations. Adapted from the source document.

The theory of social capital suggests that organizations of civil society promote social integration & economic development, & strengthen democratic potential. However, closer examination of this theory reveals conceptual & empirical weaknesses. Democratic tendencies of socialization & transfer hypotheses can only truly be understood through examination of the uncivil anti-democratic tendencies within a real civil society. These activities can be oriented toward extreme negative effects, as exemplified by the rise of the Nazi regime. While participation in connected associations tends to have a more positive democratic influence, isolated organizations tend to exert a more negative influence. Dangers from within the civil society include market expansion, increasing corruption, & right-wing radicalism. Thus, the discussion of real civil society requires not only an objective look at the systems within the sphere of civil society, including uncivil & anti-democratic tendencies, but also the realization of support & destructive influences from within the civil society environment. 48 References. Adapted from the source document.

UNESCO is in the unique position of solving problems connected with the return of unlawfully transferred cultural assets. Important instruments are 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict & the 1970 Convention on the Prevention of the Illicit Import, Export & Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Since 1978, an intergovernmental committee has promoted the exchange of information & arbitrated disputes. Its goal is to conclude a declaration of principles on how to deal with cultural property that was unlawfully transferred to other countries as a consequence of the Second World War. Adapted from the source document.

The end of communism has brought a cultural division between old Europe & the nations of the near & Middle-East despite their geographic proximity. The definition & theory of modernization encompass a rich but controversial tradition that for the West is based on Enlightenment values aimed at multileveled change. In contrast, Islamic social science is concerned about collateral damage caused by Western-style modernization & has different preconceptions generally focused on bringing harmony to religion & politics, a difference that is of intercultural relevance & historically based. Throughout history, a double standard has existed in the application of European values & legal structures to lands that were considered beyond the European line. Although not fundamentally against modernization, the Middle East opposes the Western model, suggesting that intercultural communication theory may be more appropriate than modernization theory in this age of globalization & mobilization revolution. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the transfer & spread of standards of political governance has become increasingly important. Emphasizing the fact of the mobility revolution as the core may provide a new impulse to stagnating modernization discussions. 1 Diagram. L. Kehl

"This contribution reminds us of the fact that the
analysis of processes of transnationalization and
transfer across borders are not only important for
European history but that these processes can also
be observed for and between regions in Africa, in
the Middle East and in Asia. The article points out
that reciprocal relations and interactions between
these regions are by no means recent phenomena,
even if they increased and underwent signifi cant
transformations in the modern period as a result
of historical changes. The article presents preliminary
results of an ongoing research programme
at the Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO) in Berlin /
Germany on south-south relationships in past and
present. The concept of 'translocality' focuses on
the relationship between spatial fl ows and social
or cultural change in non-European regions. This
relationship is seen as a fi eld of tension, involving
entanglements at a variety of scales, from small to
global. Thus the article aims at opening up the discussion
on global history to a variety of regional
and local levels of analysis in order to strengthen
non-European perspectives. The focus is on the dialectics
of transfer and demarcation as a crucial
access to the understanding of globalization." (author's abstract)

'Institutioneller Wandel bzw. institutioneller Transfer in einer sich erweiternden Europäischen Union wird streng genommen erst dann ein staats- und sozialwissenschaftliches Thema, wenn man unter dem institutionellen Aspekt der Erweiterung nicht nur Anpassungsschemata für die Erfüllung der Erfordernisse des Gemeinsamen Markts versteht, sondern wenn man auch fragt, welche Abgleichungen von Problemwahrnehmungen, von sozialen Normen, von soziokulturell programmierten Standardoperationsverfahren und von Europagedanken erfolgen müssen. Im Rahmen der Diskussion über Governance in Europa betrifft das die Dimension der reflexiven Institutionalisierung. Die Assoziierungspolitik sowie die Beitrittsstrategie der EU werden vor diesem Hintergrund resümiert und bewertet. Dabei wird herausgearbeitet, zu welchen Problemen und spezifischen Beitrittskonflikten es führt, wenn die Union zu wenig Gewicht auf die reflexive Komponente ihrer Erweiterung legt.' (Autorenreferat)

In this article, we contribute to research on the reproduction of social inequality by emphasising the relevance of psyche in class-specific socialisation. For this purpose, we utilise the concept of habitus. Using representative survey data from the German National Education Panel Study (NEPS), we empirically address the psychic dimension of habitus formation in adolescents, and examine mechanisms of intergenerational transmission. In particular, we apply multiple correspondence analysis to construct a 'social space' of adolescents, including latent indicators of personality types as well as parents' class fractions. Our analysis shows that parents' social class is not only relevant for their children's manifest economic and cultural resources or their cultural practices, knowledge and skills (as research has repeatedly shown) but plays an important part in the development of what psychologists refer to as personality. However, whereas psychological research on intergenerational transmission tends to focus on the transfer of personality types, and most sociological research focuses on economic and cultural assets, habitus perspective emphasises the indirect route of transmission: the material foundation of emerging dispositional structures, and the cultural dimension of emerging material structures.

This article examines which research-ethical, methodological and linguistic means can be used to adequately and sensitively represent non-binary and genderqueer genders in scientific research in order to transfer normatively non-intelligible genders into a scientific linguistic practice.

Since the foundation of ASEM in 1996, civil society participation has been heavily discussed among both member states and civil society actors themselves, thereby also touching the question of legitimacy in interregional relations. Cultural differences between European and Asian states led to the creation of the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) as the socio-cultural pillar of the ASEM process. Civil society participation was finally decoupled from the official political dialogue by integrating civil society into ASEF activities. The question remains to what extent this participation contributes to the legitimacy of the ASEM process. On the one hand, the activities of the Asia-Europe Environment Forum (ENVforum), for example, which involves civil society actors, has already impacted on ASEM summits und generally promotes knowledge and information transfer. On the other hand, the participating civil society actors are rather apolitical and applying criteria for assessing legitimacy shows very mixed results. Adapted from the source document.