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This article discusses the historical trajectory of educational assessment in the Brazilian academic scenario, pointing out the influence of American literature on the Brazilian scientific production, its models break as well as the efforts in order to construct a theory and a practical assessment applied to the Brazilian reality. It supports the hypothesis that educational evaluation is still an area of knowledge that is in process of setting up and strengthening in the country, the last two decades enabled them to overcome the named «cultural transfer» in the field of scientific production, allowing the constitution and hegemony of an approach grounded on a emancipatory political-pedagogical character in the scientific community ; En este artículo se discute históricamente la trayectoria de la evaluación educacional en el escenario académico brasileño, abordando la influencia de la literatura norteamericana sobre la producción científica nacional, el rompimiento con esa influencia, como los esfuerzos realizados para construir una teoría y una práctica de evaluación aplicada a la realidad brasileña. Se defiende la hipótesis de que, aunque la evaluación educacional en el Brasil todavía sea una área de conocimiento que se encuentra en proceso de fortalecimiento, las dos últimas décadas permitió superar la llamada «transferencia cultural» en el campo de la producción científica, posibilitando la constitución y hegemonía, en el ámbito de la comunidad científica brasileña, de un abordaje construido por investigadores brasileños, denominado de evaluación emancipadora.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo tiene como objeto destacar el papel, poco conocido, de traductora y mediadora cultural de la pedagoga alemana Benedikta Zur Nieden de Echavarría en la cultura pedagógica en Antioquia (Colombia). Doña Benedikta, es reconocida en el medio cultural antioqueño de mediados del siglo XX como una dama de la alta sociedad que impactó significativamente la esfera social y educativa de la región, pero poco se sabe sobre su rol como traductora y mediadora en la transmisión del Modelo Pedagógico Waldorf al contexto local antioqueño. A través de una descripción y análisis de las traducciones publicadas en la Revista Cuadernos de Micael, instrumento de difusión por excelencia de dicho modelo, así como a través de la exploración de algunas de las actividades pedagógicas y culturales que llevó a cabo Benedikta, construiremos el perfil traductivo de esta mujer que trasciende la sola labor "altruista" para demostrar que esta educadora se convirtió en una difusora de conocimiento pedagógico y una gestora de gran valor para la historia cultural y pedagógica antioqueña moderna. ; ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of German philanthropist and pedagogue Benedikta Zur Nieden de Echavarría, as a translator and cultural mediator in Antioquia (Colombia), a role which has been unacknowledged so far. Zur Nieden de Echavarría is acknowledged in the local cultural scene of the mid-20th century as a high-society lady, who had a significant impact on the political and educational spheres of the region, but whose role as a translator and mediator in the transmission and implementation of the Waldorf education model in the local context is largely ignored. We will present a translational profile of zur Nieden de Echavarría through the description and analysis of the translations published in Revista Cuadernos de Micael, which she founded, and which became the vehicle for the dissemination of said model. We will also explore some pedagogical and cultural activities that she undertook, in order to build such profile. Thus, we make the case that her work transcends a mere "altruistic" nature, and becomes a way of dissemination of pedagogical knowledge, presenting her as a cultural agent whose value for the history of culture and education in the region needs to be recognized. ; RESUMO: O presente artigo tem como objetivo destacar o papel, pouco conhecido, de tradutora e mediadora cultural da pedagoga alemã Benedikta Zur Nieden de Echavarría na cultura pedagógica em Antióquia (Colômbia). Doña Benedikta é conhecida no meio cultural da Antióquia de meados do século XX como uma dama da alta sociedade que impactou significativamente a esfera sóciopolítica e educacional da região, porém pouco se sabe sobre seu papel como tradutora e mediadora na transmissão do Modelo Pedagógico Waldorf para o contexto local de Antióquia. Através de descrição e análise das traduções publicadas na Revista Cuadernos de Micael, instrumento de difusão por excelência do referido modelo, assim como através da exploração de algumas das atividades pedagógicas e culturais que realizou Doña Benedikta, construiremos o perfil de tradução desta mulher que transcendeu o mero trabalho "altruísta", demonstrando que esta pedagoga se converteu numa difusora de conhecimento pedagógico e numa gestora cultural de grande valor para a moderna história cultural e pedagógica de Antioquia. ; RÉSUMÉ: cet article vise à mettre en évidence le rôle inexploré de traductrice et médiatrice culturelle de la pédagogue d"origine allemand Benedikta Echavarria Zur Nieden dans la culture éducative à Antioquia (Colombie). Doña Benedikta est reconnue dans le milieu culturel d"Antioquia du XXe siècle comme une dame de la haute société qui a influencé significativement la sphère social, politique et éducative de la région, mais on en sait peu sur son rôle en tant que traductrice et médiatrice du transfert du Modèle Pédagogique Waldorf au contexte local. En tenant compte de la description et analyse des traductions publiées dans Revista Cuadernos de Micael, outil de propagation par excellence de ce modèle et l"exploration des activités pédagogiques et culturelles menées par Doña Benedikta, nous construirons le portrait de traductrice de cette femme qui transcende la seule œuvre « altruiste » pour montrer que cette pédagogue est devenue une divulgatrice du savoir pédagogique et une agente culturelle considérable pour l"histoire culturelle et éducative moderne d"Antioquia.

This text reflects on the experiences of women who lived in exile led by the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship to France and Argentina, countries where Spanish communities residing abroad were more numerous. The differences in personal backgrounds and political contexts in the host societies, or the constant arrival of new migrants and exiled not prevent some common elements point to the Spanish women exiles: their role in the processes of cultural transfer –with the maintenance of cultural traits and Spanish or regional identity and the incorporation of new elements of the host country- as well as a political militancy with important international contacts, all of which strengthened transnational identities.

In spite of the neutrality declared by the Spanish government during the Second World War, this European military conflict sparkles off an ardent clash between two camps: Germanophiles and Francophiles, that is, between the defenders of the German Empire and those who support France. At the beginning of the 20th century there is an enormous interest in the German culture among the Spanish people; however, the image of Germany in Spain changes radically from 1914. The Spanish press echoes this ideological confrontation which is leaded by the intellectuals of the moment. The most representative figures of the Spanish thinking take an active part in politics, signing passionate manifestos that are published in the most important newspapers. The inclusion of a majority of influential intellectuals in the anti-German camp generates a social rejection and a generalized lack of interest in the German culture in Spain.

In the European Union, Spain is seen as a "nation of services"; therefore, the whole of society, both in Spain and in Europe, must prepare for plural cohabitation. Health and sickness are daily occurrences for people and groups, and have become a part of everyday life for various social and cultural groups. The Spanish healthcare system, and more specifically the Alicante system (both public and private), are accustomed to catering for patients/customers from different cultural backgrounds. Regarding Nursing Management, the need has been observed to create schemes for the management of clinical practice, identifiyng and understanding the specific characteristics of our patients, in order to make decisions and intervene in health planning (Andrews, 2003). This requires a consideration of cultural care, beliefs, references and ways of living of people from both similar and different cultures; this will yield profitable and satisfactory results concerning the general quality of healthcare, as perceived by patients/customers. From June 2001, an intereuropean social and health project has been carried out for the reduction of waiting time for surgical procedures, by the Dutch Healthcare System and the Clinica Vistahermosa in Alicante, Spain. What kind of care management has been implemented in clinical practice? An attempt has been made to avoid ethnocentrism, i.e. believing that our Spanish standards are the suitable and relevant ones, but also no attempt has been made to transfer a "hospital from the Netherlands" into Spain. A negotiation-management process has been designed. ; En la Unión Europea, España se presenta como nación de servicios, tanto la sociedad española como la europea deben preparase para una convivencia plural. La salud y la enfermedad son realidades cotidianas de las personas y los colectivos. El cuidado de la salud y la enfermedad forman parte de la vida de las personas en los diferentes grupos socioculturales. El sistema sanitario español y en concreto el sistema sanitario alicantino, tanto ...

En la Unión Europea, España se presenta como nación de servicios, tanto la sociedad española como la europea deben preparase para una convivencia plural. La salud y la enfermedad son realidades cotidianas de las personas y los colectivos. El cuidado de la salud y la enfermedad forman parte de la vida de las personas en los diferentes grupos socioculturales. El sistema sanitario español y en concreto el sistema sanitario alicantino, tanto público como privado, se encuentra acostumbrado a trabajar con pacientes-clientes procedentes de diversas culturas. Desde la Gestión de Enfermería se ve la necesidad de crear programas de gestión de la práctica clínica, identificando y comprendiendo las peculiaridades de los pacientes con los que se trabaja, siendo capaces de tomar decisiones e intervenir en la planificación sanitaria (Andrews, 2003) tomando en cuenta los valores de los cuidados culturales , las creencias, las referencias y formas de vida de la gente de culturas similares y diversas, para obtener resultados beneficiosos y satisfactorios en cuanto a la calidad asistencial global, percibida por el paciente-cliente. Desde junio de 2001, se esta llevando a cabo un Proyecto Socio sanitario Intereuropeo de disminución de listas de espera quirúrgicas entre el Sistema de Salud holandés y la Clínica Vistahermosa de Alicante, España. En la práctica clínica ¿qué Gestión de Cuidados se ha realizado? Se ha intentado no caer en el etnocentrismo, de pensar que sólo lo nuestro es lo adecuado y pertinente, tampoco intentar trasladar "un hospital de su país" a España… Se trata de realizar una NEGOCIACIÓN - GESTIÓN. ; In the European Union, Spain is seen as a "nation of services"; therefore, the whole of society, both in Spain and in Europe, must prepare for plural cohabitation. Health and sickness are daily occurrences for people and groups, and have become a part of everyday life for various social and cultural groups. The Spanish healthcare system, and more specifically the Alicante system (both public and private), are accustomed to catering for patients/customers from different cultural backgrounds. Regarding Nursing Management, the need has been observed to create schemes for the management of clinical practice, identifiyng and understanding the specific characteristics of our patients, in order to make decisions and intervene in health planning (Andrews, 2003). This requires a consideration of cultural care, beliefs, references and ways of living of people from both similar and different cultures; this will yield profitable and satisfactory results concerning the general quality of healthcare, as perceived by patients/customers. From June 2001, an intereuropean social and health project has been carried out for the reduction of waiting time for surgical procedures, by the Dutch Healthcare System and the Clinica Vistahermosa in Alicante, Spain. What kind of care management has been implemented in clinical practice? An attempt has been made to avoid ethnocentrism, i.e. believing that our Spanish standards are the suitable and relevant ones, but also no attempt has been made to transfer a "hospital from the Netherlands" into Spain. A negotiation-management process has been designed.

Desde los años cincuenta la Compañía de Jesús ha estado no solo presente a nivel europeo sino que ha contribuido en los discursos sobre Europa como espacio histórico, cultural y político. En el caso de España los jesuitas empujaron la reapertura hacia Europa sobre todo mediante el instituto Fe y Secularidad, fundado en reacción al Segundo Concilio Vaticano en 1967. Fe y Secularidad formó una nueva generación de intelectuales que aspiraba a renovar tanto la sociedad española como la Iglesia católica mediante una europeización del mundo cultural y académico en España. Uno de sus enfoques más importantes se centraba en la idea de la paz en Europa. El análisis del presente estudio se centrará en las ideas de paz de los dos Jesuitas fundadores y directores de Fe y Secularidad Alfonso Álvarez Bolado SJ (1928-2013) y José Gómez Caffarena SJ (1923-2013), contextualizan-do sus contribuciones en el discurso de los Jesuitas sobre Europa. ; Since the 1950s, the Society of Jesus has been not only present at European level but has contributed to the discourses on Europe as a historical, cultural and political space. In the case of Spain, Jesuits pushed the reopening towards Europe, especially through the institute Fe y Secularidad, founded in response to the Second Vatican Council in 1967. A new generation of intellectuals was formed in the institute, seeking for a renewal of Spanish society and the Catholic Church through a process of Europeanization of the cultural and academic world in Spain. One of the most important focuses of Fe y Secularidad. referred to the idea of peace in Europe. The analysis of this study focusses on the ideas of peace of the two founding Jesuits and directors of Fe y Secularidad. Alfonso Álvarez Bolado SJ (1928-2013) and José Gómez Caffarena SJ (1923-2013), contextualizing their contributions in the discourse of the Jesuits on Europe.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el modo en el que la guerra y temas relacionados con los conflictos bélicos aparecen en los manuales y gramáticas de la lengua alemana hechos en España hasta los años 60 del siglo pasado. La premisa central de la que parte la investigación es que los manuales escolares constituyen uno de los elementos claves en la formación de identidades colectivas: en este sentido contribuyen a formar la imagen de Alemania que se tiene en España antes y después de la Gran Guerra. De esta manera la presencia de los temas militares en los materiales para la enseñanza de la lengua alemana refleja las relaciones de España con el mundo germanófono en momentos decisivos de la historia reciente. ; This article aims to analyse the way in which war and issues related to military conflicts are treated in manuals and grammars of the German language made in Spain until the sixties of the last century. The central premise which underlies the present research is that school textbooks are one of the key elements in the formation of collective identities: in this sense they contribute to the formation of the image of Germany in Spain before and after the Great War. In this way the presence of military issues in the German-language teaching materials illustrates the relations of Spain with the German-speaking world at crucial moments of recent history.

[EN] This Doctoral Thesis is based on the establishing of protocols and processes of action in order to carry out the movement of a collection for temporary exhibitions, evaluating the risks associated with handling all the time. The main line of research has been the study of documentation sources with reference to national, regional and European legislation patrimonial, on issues concerning the mobility of collections, as well as analyzing their compliance and implementation in the context of the transfer of property cultural. In parallel, the research of a safety study on the mobility of collections has been conducted, considering both preventive conservation of heritage properties and transportation safety. In this research it has been fundamental to study real cases regarding the movement of a collection, noting the importance of management and procedures required to transfer cultural property. The information obtained has been the result of both bibliography compilation and interviews with cultural institutions, museums and specialized transport companies in the movement of cultural assets, with professionals who manage the collections and temporary exhibitions providing valuable data and testimonies for this research. The study shows us an objective view of the management of temporary exhibitions, being an excellent way to promote cultural exchange without losing sight of security which must be imposed throughout the entire process and the enhancement of improvements in order to facilitate the transfer of works art. ; [ES] La presente Tesis Doctoral se fundamenta en establecer los protocolos y procesos de actuación a la hora de llevar a cabo el movimiento de una colección destinada a exposiciones temporales, valorando en todo momento los riesgos inherentes a su manipulación. El eje principal de la investigación ha sido el estudio de las fuentes documentales con referencia a la legislación vigente patrimonial nacional, autonómica y europea, en los temas concernientes a la movilidad de colecciones, ...

10 páginas ; Este artículo analiza el sector de las industrias creativas y culturales desde el enfoque de la gestión del conocimiento mediante análisis de datos agregados y desagregados. La información para este análisis se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 110 directivos y empresarios de empresas del sector localizadas en Bogotá, Colombia. El análisis agregado de los datos indica que, en general, los encuestados reconocen la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento para construir ventaja competitiva en sus empresas pero que, al interior de éstas, se hace poca conversión de conocimiento tácito en explícito y poca transferencia de conocimiento entre las empresas. El análisis desagregado indica que la interiorización, comparada con la socialización, es el medio más usado por estas empresas para crear conocimiento. Estos resultados sirven de referente para que académicos y directivos empresariales y de organismos gubernamentales, interesados en las empresas de este sector, reflexionen y motiven acciones que permitan el diseño de estrategias de gestión del conocimiento tendientes a generar valor agregado y sostenible para estas empresas y sus diferentes grupos de interés. ; This article analyzes the creative and cultural industries sector from the perspective of knowledge management through the analysis of aggregate and disaggregated data. Information for this analysis was obtained through the application of a survey to 110 executives and entrepreneurs of companies in the sector located in Bogotá, Colombia. The aggregate analysis of the data indicates that the respondents recognize the importance of knowledge management to build competitive advantage in their companies, but that, within them, there are low levels of conversion of tacit knowledge into explicit and low transfer of knowledge among companies. The disaggregated analysis indicates that internalization, compared to socialization, is the most used means for these companies to create knowledge. These results serve as a reference for academic researchers and business executives, government agencies, and interested in companies in this sector, so they can reflect and motivate actions that allow the design of knowledge management strategies aimed to generating added and sustainable value and for these companies and their different stakeholders.

10 páginas ; This article analyzes the creative and cultural industries sector from the perspective of knowledge management through the analysis of aggregate and disaggregated data. Information for this analysis was obtained through the application of a survey to 110 executives and entrepreneurs of companies in the sector located in Bogotá, Colombia. The aggregate analysis of the data indicates that the respondents recognize the importance of knowledge management to build competitive advantage in their companies, but that, within them, there are low levels of conversion of tacit knowledge into explicit and low transfer of knowledge among companies. The disaggregated analysis indicates that internalization, compared to socialization, is the most used means for these companies to create knowledge. These results serve as a reference for academic researchers and business executives, government agencies, and interested in companies in this sector, so they can reflect and motivate actions that allow the design of knowledge management strategies aimed to generating added and sustainable value and for these companies and their different stakeholders. ; Este artículo analiza el sector de las industrias creativas y culturales desde el enfoque de la gestión del conocimiento mediante análisis de datos agregados y desagregados. La información para este análisis se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 110 directivos y empresarios de empresas del sector localizadas en Bogotá, Colombia. El análisis agregado de los datos indica que, en general, los encuestados reconocen la importancia de la gestión del conocimiento para construir ventaja competitiva en sus empresas pero que, al interior de éstas, se hace poca conversión de conocimiento tácito en explícito y poca transferencia de conocimiento entre las empresas. El análisis desagregado indica que la interiorización, comparada con la socialización, es el medio más usado por estas empresas para crear conocimiento. Estos resultados sirven de referente para que académicos ...

[EN] This work refers to the analysis of the process of transculturation which meant the transfer - and application-techniques and concepts from the fortification schools European (primarily Italian and French) to the Viceroyalty of new Spain, and specifically, to the shores and paths of the current state of Veracruz, a province of the Republic of Mexico, where today there are still many fortified buildings built between the 16th and 19th, examples of the work of some of the most renowned representatives of art and technique of engineering military service of the Spanish Crown in America. Composed of forts, batteries, towers, forts, telefres, magazines and other holdouts, the fortified heritage of Veracruz, it constitutes a diverse catalogue of buildings that respond to the influence of some of the most distinctive schools of fortification, from the of reminiscences medieval, as the of the Quiahuiztlan casafuerte, passing through key bastioned system in the various construction stages of the Fort of San Juan de Ulúa to the fortifications built in the route by Xalapa to Veracruz Mexico road under the aegis of the precepts of the Montalembert Marshal. Currently, these monuments are not only an example of military technology and construction advancements of the time, they also represent a unique testament to the political and social processes that defined the relations between Spain and its possessions in America during the stages of conquest, colonization and independence, so study and historical and cultural importance cannot can be detached from the long process of construction of the national States that throughout the tumultuous 19th-century foundations of the Spanish Empire. ; Vargas Matías, SA. (2015). Entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico: una travesía histórica y cultural. En Defensive architecture of the mediterranean: XV to XVIII centuries. Vol. I. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 199-206. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1694 ; OCS ; 199 ; 206

El artículo profundiza en el concepto de Europa de José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) investigando, mediante análisis de discursos, los factores de influencia incorporados en España, durante el período de entreguerras, las transferencias culturales de la Revista de Occidente y las traducciones de su editoral entre 1923 y 1936. Resulta que existen tres factores centrales que determinaron el concepto de »Europa« difundido por Ortega y el »círculo de la Revista de Occidente«: (a) la morfología histórica de Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), (b) la metafísica cultural de Herman von Keyserling (1880-1946), y (c) la psicología de los pueblos de Wilhlem Haas (1883-1956). Estos factores de impacto decisivo generaron diversos residuos en el concepto de »Europa« de Ortega y de la Revista de Occidente que impiden clasificarlo como moderno. ; The paper deals with the concept of "Europe" of José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955). Through discourse analysis the paper deepenth into the key factors of influence that were transfered to Spain during the interwar period by the Revista de Occidente and the numerous translations made by its publishing house between 1923 and 1936. The analisis reveals three decisive factors that determined the concept of "Europe" of Ortega and the so called "circle of the Revista de Occidente": (a) the historical morphology of Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), (b) the cultural metaphysics of Herman von Keyserling (1880-1946) and (c) the ethnological psychology of Wilhlem Haas (1883-1956). The decisive impact of these keyfactors generated several residua in the concept of "Europe" of Ortega and the Revista de Occidente which impede them from being classified as modern.

The current phase of economic development leans on knowledge, so the introduction of innovation in production is not only a technical and economic fact but also a social, political and cultural process. This process of innovation is not a linear one but a complex phenomenon which needs a territorial interface between knowledge owners and users. The discussion about the construction of territorial systems of innovation is not yet wide spread among us, and even less are the recommendations coming from the new interactive innovation point of view. It is necessary, therefore, to change nowadays routines, such as the actual research evaluation systems, which do not stimulate the application of knowledge in local productive systems, making more difficult the transference of innovation. ; La actual fase de desarrollo económico, basada en la incorporación de conocimientos, muestra la importancia de la introducción de innovaciones en los procesos productivos, un hecho que no es únicamente tecnoeconómico sino que incorpora, igualmente, un proceso social, político y cultural. Este proceso de incorporación de innovaciones no es lineal sino complejo, y requiere asegurar la vinculación territorial entre poseedores de conocimiento y usuarios del mismo. El debate sobre la construcción de sistemas territoriales de innovación no ha sido suficientemente amplio entre nosotros y, mucho menos aún, la incorporación de algunas de las recomendaciones que se derivan del nuevo enfoque interactivo de la innovación, razón por la cual parece oportuno reflexionar acerca de la necesidad de eliminar algunas de las rutinas de funcionamiento aún presentes, como el sistema de evaluación de la actividad de investigación, que no incentiva la vinculación con los sistemas productivos locales a fin de lograr un avance más sustantivo de la transferencia de conocimientos

14 páginas, 4 esquemas. ; [ES] La actual fase de desarrollo económico, basada en la incorporación de conocimientos, muestra la importancia de la introducción de innovaciones en los procesos productivos, un hecho que no es únicamente tecnoeconómico sino que incorpora, igualmente, un proceso social, político y cultural. Este proceso de incorporación de innovaciones no es lineal sino complejo, y requiere asegurar la vinculación territorial entre poseedores de conocimiento y usuarios del mismo. El debate sobre la construcción de sistemas territoriales de innovación no ha sido suficientemente amplio entre nosotros y, mucho menos aún, la incorporación de algunas de las recomendaciones que se derivan del nuevo enfoque interactivo de la innovación, razón por la cual parece oportuno reflexionar acerca de la necesidad de eliminar algunas de las rutinas de funcionamiento aún presentes, como el sistema de evaluación de la actividad de investigación, que no incentiva la vinculación con los sistemas productivos locales a fin de lograr un avance más sustantivo de la transferencia de conocimientos. ; [EN] The current phase of economic development leans on knowledge, so the introduction of innovation in production is not only a technical and economic fact but also a social, political and cultural process. This process of innovation is not a linear one but a complex phenomenon which needs a territorial interface between knowledge owners and users. The discussion about the construction of territorial systems of innovation is not yet wide spread among us, and even less are the recommendations coming from the new interactive innovation point of view. It is necessary, therefore, to change nowadays routines, such as the actual research evaluation systems, which do not stimulate the application of knowledge in local productive systems, making more difficult the transference of innovation. ; Peer reviewed